【教学课件】第十三章运输业的外部性.ppt

1,第十三章 运输业的外部性,北京交通大学,运输经济学,2,本章要求,本章教学目的,本章教学内容,掌握外部性的表现了解负外部性的治理与政策选择,运输外部性的概念外部性的内部化外部性的币值估计治理运输外部性的政策选择可持续运输,3,一、移动载运工具成本的构成,4,一般性地说，当个人或企业的福利或成本要依赖其他人的行为，而这些“其他人”在他们自己的决策过程中又不会考虑这种相互影响的关系时，外部性就出现了。,5,交通运输提供了相当大的经济和社会效益，然而它对环境也产生了过度的冲击。交通运输的环境影响涉及多个方面，既包括大量的能源消耗和土地占用，又包括大量的空气污染、噪声、拥挤和交通事故，还造成水土流失、自然景观破坏和各种动植物的生态平衡被干扰等等。,6,内部化是指将运输的外部影响纳入市场过程，其目的是为了降低运输活动的外部成本，使之达到对社会适宜的水平，并减少市场失灵。通过外部性的内部化，人们就会从价格上获得更多有关成本和效益的正确信息，从而在各种与运输有关的替代方案中做出正确选择。有效的内部化既包括完全通过市场实现的严格内部化，也包括较多政府行政干预的准内部化。,7,近来人们探讨用各种方法，对由运输活动所引起的各种噪声、污染物排放、拥挤以及交通事故等的不良影响进行计算。但直到目前为止，人类在运输外部性的计量方面所掌握的方法应该说仍旧有很大的局限性，其中既有外部性在影响范围上的复杂性，也有这些影响在非线性方面的因素，此外，概念正确也是计算正确的基础。,8,运输业是外部性显著的部门，政府制定和推行运输政策的主要任务之一，就是要通过各种必要的政策手段，纠正由于运输活动的外部性。但内部化并不意味着能够完全消除运输活动外部性的影响，内部化无法回避的问题是对环境资源的产权界定和实施监测存在着巨大困难。要达到人类社会机动性目标和环境目标的协调，唯一的出路是实现可持续运输或可持续的移动性。,9,运输社会效益与外部效益的关系,10,运输社会成本与外部成本的关系,11,运输外部效益与外部成本的综合影响,12,运输外部性影响的时空范围,13,外部性的分类,14,各种外部性内部化的方法,15,欧洲国家运输外部成本的估计,16,伦敦居民,17,控制公路运输外部成本的政策选择,18,Global Sustainability,19,Sustainable Transportation,20,General Indicators of Urban Sustainability,Urban Sustainability,21,Integration of Urban Transportation Modes,Inner-citypedestrian area,Parking area,Main transit line,Secondary ring road,Primary ring road,Highway,Suburbandevelopmentcorridor,Passenger terminal,22,U.S.Traffic Fatalities死亡率,1960-2000,23,The Paradox of Mobility and its Costs,Mobility,Costs,Paradox,Growing demand,Motorization,Energy(petroleum),Internal costs(users),External costs(society),Environmental impacts,24,The Environmental System,Ecosphere,Atmosphere,Hydrosphere,Lithosphere,Biosphere,25,The Environmental Impacts of Transportation,26,Estimated Automobile Costs,27,World Automobile Production and Fleet,1965-1999,28,Environmental Dimensions of Transportation,Land Use,Economics,Other,Infrastructureconstructionand maintenanceVehicle and partsmanufactureTravelVehiclemaintenance andsupportDisposal ofvehicles and parts,Habitat changes,Emissions,Ambient levels,Exposure,Social orecologicaleffects,Health,environmentalor welfareeffects,Causes,Activities,Outputs,End Results,29,Transportation Activities Affecting the Environment,Infrastructure,Vehicle manufacture,Vehicle travel,Vehicle maintenance,Vehicle disposal,Road,Rail,Maritime,Air,Passengers,Freight,Activity,Mode,Traffic,30,Transportation Systems and the Environment,31,Fossil fuels,Atmosphere,Limestone,Animal activities,Decomposition,Human activities,Respiration and assimilation,Respiration and assimilation,Respiration,Respiration,Emission,Lithosphere,Ecosphere,Hydrosphere,Transportation,The Carbon Cycle,Vegetation,32,Level of intervention,Optimal cost,Intervention costs,Total costs,Externalities,The Concept of Externalities,L,L(O),0,L1,C(L1),C(O),C(E),E(L1),E(L1),C(L1),33,Concept 2,Transportation and Energy,34,Sources of Energy,Chemical Fossil fuels(Combustion)Nuclear Uranium(Fission of atoms),Energy,Non-Renewable,Renewable,Chemical Muscular(Oxidization)Nuclear Geothermal(Conversion)Fusion(Fusion of hydrogen)Gravity Tidal,hydraulic(Kinetic)Indirect Solar Biomass(Photosynthesis)Wind(Pressure differences)Direct Solar Photovoltaic cell(Conversion),35,Energy Content of some Combustibles(in MJ/kg),36,Power Generated by Steam Machines,Europe,1840-1888,37,Evolution of Energy Sources,38,Global Energy Systems Transition,(%of market),2000,1850,2150,2050,2100,1950,1900,100,80,60,40,20,0,Solids,Liquids,Gases,Wood,Coal,Oil,Natural Gas,Hydrogen,39,World Fossil Fuel Consumption per Source,1950-1998(in million of tons of equivalent oil),40,World Energy Consumption,1990-2020,41,Energy Consumption in the Transportation Sector,G7 Countries,1995,42,Energy Consumed by the Transportation Sector,United States,1949-1999(in billions of BTUs),43,Energy Flows,United States 1999,44,Energy Efficiency by Transportation Mode,45,Energy Used by the Transportation System,46,Factors of Fuel Use by Transportation,TechnologyVehicle efficiencyType of fuel,EconomicsPrices and incomes,Infrastructureprovision andLevels of service,Urban FormDensity and distribution,Fuel Use,47,Typical Energy Use for a Car,48,World Oil Energy Consumption by Sector,1973-2000,49,Demand for Refined Petroleum Products by Sector in the United States,1960-2000(in Quadrillion BTUs),50,Energy Consumption by Transportation Mode in the United States,1960-2000(in Trillion BTUs),51,Energy Consumption by Road Transportation in the United States,1970-2000(in Trillion BTUs),52,Energy Intensities of Passenger Modes,1980-2000,53,Fuel Consumption and Travel by Certificated Air Carriers in the United States,1960-2000,54,Average Miles per Gallon Traveled by Road Vehicle in the United States,1980-2000,55,Average Gasoline Consumption for New Vehicles,United States,1972-2001(in miles per gallon),56,Change in Average Vehicle Characteristics,1981-2001(in%),57,Light-Duty Vehicles Sales in the United States,1975-2001(in 1,000s),58,Emission of Pollutants by Cars,59,Total Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Travel in the United States,1960-2000,60,Cost of Gasoline,United States,1999,61,Gasoline Prices,1978-1999 Selected Countries(current 1998 dollars per gallon),62,Gasoline Price and Use,Western Industrial Countries,1994,63,Gas Consumption Tax in the United States,1999(in$per mile per gallon per vehicle),64,Concept 3,Transportation Pollutants and Environmental Externalities,65,Contribution of Transportation in the Emission of Major Air Pollutants in Selected Countries,1980(%),66,Emissions of Major Air Pollutants in the US by Transportation(in million short tons),1970-1998,67,Distance Driven and Carbon Emissions,U.S.Automobile Fleet,1970-2000,68,120,100,0,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,110,Desert,10,Broadcasting studio,Quiet room,Busy street through closed windows,Busy street through open windows,Noise level near a motorway,Busy crossroads,Lorry,motorcycle,underground train,Pneumatic drill at 1 meter,Aircraft at take off,dB(A),Noise Levels(in decibels),69,Hazmat Accidents in the United States,1975-2000,70,Concept 4,Transportation,Land Use and the Environment,71,Land Area Consumed by the Car in Selected Countries,72,Current and Potential Car Fleet in India and China,73,Form,Pattern,Interactions,Spatial Form,Pattern and Interaction and the Environmental Impacts of Transportation,74,Transportation Energy Use per Capita in Selected Cities,1990(in MJ),75,80,40,20,60,20,60,300,40,80,100,Los Angeles,Sydney,London,Singapore,United States,Australia and Canada,Europe,Asia,Hong Kong,Chicago,Houston,Phoenix,Detroit,Denver,Adelaide,Melbourne,Toronto,New York,Vienna,Paris,Berlin,Tokyo,Energy consumption per capita(1,000 millions of joules),Population density(people per hectare),Energy Consumption and Density in Major Metropolitan Areas,