英国资料.ppt

Area:total:244,820 sq km Population:61,113,205(July 2009 est.)Ethnic groups:white(of which English 83.6%,Scottish 8.6%,Welsh 4.9%,Northern Irish 2.9%)92.1%,black 2%,Indian 1.8%,Pakistani 1.3%,mixed 1.2%,other 1.6%(2001 census)Religions:Christian(Anglican,Roman Catholic,Presbyterian,Methodist)71.6%,Muslim 2.7%,Hindu 1%,other 1.6%,unspecified or none 23.1%(2001 census)Languages:English,Welsh(about 26%of the population of Wales),Scottish form of Gaelic(about 60,000 in Scotland),The British people,The Britons(sometimes Brythons or British)were the Celtic people living in Great Britain from the Iron Age through the Early Middle Ages.They spoke the Insular Celtic language known as British or Brythonic.They lived throughout Britain south of about the Firth of Forth;after the 5th century Britons also migrated to continental Europe,where they established the settlements of Brittany in France and the obscure Britonia in what is now Galicia,Spain.In current usage,Briton also refers to the modern,mainly English-speaking,inhabitants of the United Kingdom the British people.不列颠人，常被称为英国人，通常是指大不列颠岛上的原住民及其后代。,The Celts,Celts(pronounced/kelts/or/selts/,see names of the Celts;the most common academic usage is with a velar c,pronounced as k)is a modern term used to describe any of the European peoples who spoke,or speak,a Celtic language.The term is also used in a wider sense to describe the modern descendants of those peoples,notably those who participate in a Celtic culture.Today,the term Celtic is generally used to describe the languages and respective cultures of Ireland,Scotland,Wales,Cornwall,the Isle of Man and Brittany,also known as the Six Celtic Nations.These are the regions where four Celtic languages are still spoken to some extent as mother tongues:Irish Gaelic,Scottish Gaelic,Welsh,and Breton plus two recent revivals,Cornish(one of the Brythonic languages)and Manx(one of the Goidelic languages).,The Scottish people,The Scottish people(Scots Gaelic:Albannach),or Scots,are a nation and an ethnic group indigenous to Scotland.Historically they emerged from an amalgamation of the Celtic peoples the Picts,the Gaels,and the Brythons.In modern use,Scottish people or Scots is often used to refer to anyone born in,or with family origins in,Scotland.The Latin word Scotti originally applied to a particular,5th century,Gaelic tribe that inhabited Ireland and later in history became confused with the Gaelic language until the 15th century.,The Welsh,The Welsh people(Welsh:Cymry)are an ethnic group and nation associated with Wales and the Welsh language.John Davies argues that the origin of the Welsh nation can be traced to the late 4th and early 5th centuries,following the Roman departure from Britain,although Brythonic Celtic languages seem to have been spoken in Wales far longer.The term Welsh people applies to people who identify themselves as Welsh,and who are identified by others as Welsh.They may perceive themselves,or be perceived,as having a shared cultural heritage,or shared ancestral origins.,The English people,The English(from Old English:Englisc)are a nation and ethnic group native to England,who speak English.The English identity as a people is of early medieval origin,when they were known in Old English as the Anglecynn.The largest single English population live in England,the largest country of the United Kingdom.They are believed to be genetically a mixture of several groups that have settled in the area,including Angles,Saxons,Jutes,Frisians,who founded what was to become England(from the Old English Engla-lond)but also the earlier Britons(or Brythons)and the later Vikings and Normans.,1st row:Alfred the Great Oliver Cromwell William Shakespeare Michael Palin Georgiana Cavendish Walter Raleigh Sting 2nd row:Elizabeth I of England Bobby Moore Margaret Thatcher David Beckham Harold Godwinson Kate Winslet Charles Dickens 3rd row:Pope Adrian IV Daniel Craig Isaac Newton George Harrison Jane Austen Damon Albarn George Stephenson,Religion in the United Kingdom,Religion in The United Kingdom is about the development of religion in the United Kingdom since its formation in 1707.The Treaty of Union that led to the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain(which became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801 when Great Britain signed an Act of Union with Ireland)ensured that there would be a Protestant succession as well as a link between church and state that still remains.According to the 2001 UK census,Christianity remains the major religion,followed by Islam,Hinduism,Sikhism,Judaism and Buddhism in terms of number of adherents.In the 2001 census,71.6%of the population put themselves down as Christian.Though each country that makes up the UK has a long tradition of Christianity that pre-dates the UK itself,in practice all have relatively low levels of religious observance and today are secular societies.,National churchesThe Church of England.The Church of Ireland,an autonomous province of the Anglican Communion,operates across both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.The Church of Scotland.The Church in Wales.,Logo of the Church of Scotland,Modern logo of the Church in Wales,Saints,There is no Patron Saint of the United Kingdom as the individual countries each have their own patron saint:England-Saint George Ireland-Saint Patrick Scotland-Saint Andrew Wales-Saint David Traditionally,saints have often been venerated locally,nationally and internationally.,Religion in England and Wales,Christianity is the main religion in England with the Church of England the Established Church.It is the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican Communion(except the Scottish Episcopal Church which has separate origins and is a Sister Church rather than a Daughter Church)and the oldest among the communions thirty-eight independent national churches.It retains representation in the UK Parliament with the churchs 26 bishops sitting in the House of Lords as Lords Spiritual,and the British monarch is a member of the church(required under Article 2 of the Treaty of Union)as well as its Supreme Governor.,Religion in England and Wales,Roman Catholic diocesan hierarchies were re-established in England and Wales in 1850 following an influx of Irish Catholics fleeing the Great Irish Famine.Today the Roman Catholic Church in England and Wales is the second largest Christian church across England and Wales with around five million members,mainly in England.Pentecostal churches are continuing to grow and,in terms of church attendance,are now third after the Church of England and the Roman Catholic Church in England.Other Christian groups include Salvation Army,United Reformed Church,Plymouth Brethren,Baptist Union,Baptist Union of Wales,Methodists,Congregationalists and house churches.,Religion in Northern Ireland,Christianity is the main religion in Northern Ireland though the main denominations are organised on an all-Ireland basis.After that,though dwarfed by the Christian churches,the country also has small Muslim,Hindu,Sikh,Buddhist and Jewish communities.The 2001 UK census found that 40.3%of the population claimed Roman Catholic affiliation,20.7%in the Presbyterian Church,15.3%with the Church of Ireland and 3.5%with the Methodist Church.About 13.8%stated no religion,and members of other religions constituted 0.3%.,Religion in Scotland,The Presbyterian Church of Scotland is recognized by the Church of Scotland Act 1921 as the national church of Scotland.It is not subject to state control.The British monarch is an ordinary member and is required to swear an oath to defend the security of the church upon his or her accession.The Roman Catholic Church in Scotland is Scotlands second largest Christian church,representing a sixth of the population.The Scottish Episcopal Church is Scotlands third largest Christian church with around 39,000 members.Further splits in the Church of Scotland,especially in the nineteenth century,led to the creation of various other Presbyterian churches in Scotland,including the Free Church of Scotland.,Painting by Gustave Moreau depicting Saint George slaying the dragon,Saint Patrick,The Calling of Saints Peter and Andrew-Caravaggio(1571-1610).,Saint David,19th century stained glass window in Jesus College Chapel,Oxford.,English language,English is a West Germanic language that developed in England and south-eastern Scotland during the Anglo-Saxon era.The English language belongs to the Anglo-Frisian sub-group of the West Germanic branch of the Germanic family,a member of the Indo-European languages.As a result of the military,economic,scientific,political,and cultural influence of the United Kingdom from the 18th century,and of the United States since the mid 20th century,it has become the lingua franca in many parts of the world,and the most prominent language in international business and science.It is used extensively as a second language and as an official language in the European Union and many Commonwealth countries,as well as many international organizations.,History of English language,English is a West Germanic language that originated from the Anglo-Frisian and Lower Saxon dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers and Roman auxiliary troops from various parts of what is now northwest Germany,Denmark and the Netherlands in the 5th century.One of these Germanic tribes was the Angles,who may have come from Angeln,and Bede wrote that their whole nation came to Britain,leaving their former land empty.The names England(from Engla land Land of the Angles)and English(Old English Englisc)are derived from the name of this tribe.,Old English,The Anglo-Saxons began invading around AD 449,the date of the supposed landing of Hengest and Horsa in Kent,from the regions of Denmark and Jutland.Although the linguistic situation of Roman Britain is not clear,it is safe to assume that before the Anglo-Saxons arrived in the Island of Great Britain,the native population spoke the Celtic language Brythonic in some parts of England with the then extant acrolectal influence of Latin,the Roman influence having been extant for 400 years until 410 AD.Although the most significant changes in dialect occurred after the Norman invasion of 1066,the language retained its name and the pre-Norman invasion dialect is now known as Old English.Old English was not static,and its usage covered a period of approximately 700 years from the Anglo-Saxon migrations that created England in the 5th century to some time after the Norman Conquest of 1066 when the language underwent a dramatic transition.During this early period it assimilated some aspects of the languages with which it came in contact,such as the Celtic languages and the two dialects of Old Norse from the invading Vikings,who occupied and controlled large tracts of land in northern and eastern England,which came to be known as the Danelaw.,Old English,Old English was one of the first vernacular languages to be written down.Some of the most important surviving works of Old English literature are Beowulf,an epic poem;the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle,a record of early English history;and Caedmons Hymn,a Christian religious poem.There are also a number of extant prose works,such as sermons and saints lives,biblical translations,and translated Latin works of the early Church Fathers,legal documents,such as laws and wills,and practical works on grammar,medicine,and geography.Still,poetry is considered the heart of Old English literature.Nearly all Anglo-Saxon authors are anonymous,with a few exceptions,such as Bede and Caedmon.Bede is well known as an author and scholar,and his most famous work,Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum(The Ecclesiastical History of the English People)gained him the title The Father of English History.,Saint Bede the Venerable,Influences in English vocabulary,Pillared Room,Politics of the United kingdom,The politics of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland takes place in the framework of a constitutional monarchy,in which the Monarch is head of state and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government.Executive power is exercised by the UK government,the devolved governments(行政院)of Scotland and Wales,and the Executive of Northern Ireland.Legislative power is vested in both the government and the two chambers of Parliament,the House of Commons and the House of Lords,as well as in the Scottish parliament and Welsh and Northern Ireland assemblies.The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature,though several senior judges are still members of the House of Lords.In October 2009 the judicial role of the House of Lords was removed and given to a new Supreme Court under the Constitutional Reform Act 2005.,Monarchy of the United Kingdom,The monarchy of the United Kingdom(commonly referred to as the British monarchy)is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom and its overseas territories.The present monarch,Elizabeth II,has reigned since 6 February 1952.She and her immediate family undertake various official,ceremonial and representational duties.As a constitutional monarch,the Queen is limited to non-partisan functions such as bestowing honours.Though the ultimate executive authority over the government of the United Kingdom is still by and through the monarchs royal prerogative(权利),in practice these powers are only used according to laws enacted in Parliament or within the constraints of convention and precedent.,Monarchy of the United Kingdom,The British monarchy traces its origins from the kings of the Angles and the early Scottish kings.By the year 1000,the kingdoms of England and Scotland had resolved from the petty kingdoms of early medieval Britain.The last Anglo-Saxon monarch(Harold II)was defeated and killed in the Norman invasion of 1066 and the English monarchy passed to the Norman conquerors.In the thirteenth century,the principality of Wales was absorbed by England,and Magna Carta(大宪章)began the process of reducing the political powers of the monarch.From 1603,when the Scottish king James VI inherited the English throne as James I,both kingdoms were ruled by a single monarch.From 1649 to 1660,the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England that followed the War of the Three Kingdoms.In 1707,the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain and,in 1801,the Kingdom of Ireland joined to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.The British monarch became nominal head(挂名首脑)of the vast British Empire,which covered a quarter of the world at its greatest extent in 1921.,Monarchy of the United Kingdom,In 1922,most of Ireland seceded from the Union as the Irish Free State,but in law the monarch remained sovereign there until 1949.In 1931,the unitary British monarchy throughout the empire was split into legally distinct crowns for each of the Commonwealth realms.After World War II,former colonies and do