《题型段落翻译》PPT课件.ppt

,2013年12月新题型大学英语六级考试,翻译题型,2013年12月新题型大学英语四级考试,翻译题型,翻译的原则,翻译是把一种语言文字所表达的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来。翻译界长期信奉的原则是“信”、“达”、“雅”三原则。所谓“信”，就是要忠实、准确。所谓“达”，就是要通顺、流畅 所谓“雅”，就是要优美、自然，,童子鸡？,On the menu：chicken without sexual experience 正确译法：spring chicken“笔译与口译中出现的最严重的错误,往往不是因词语表达不当所造成的,而是因错误的文化假设所导致的。”,可口可乐：绝妙之译,众所周知，“可口可乐”就是“CocaCola”原来Coca和Cola是两种植物的名字，英语中指古柯树和可乐树“可口可乐”译名的成功之处在于：一，保留了原文押头韵的响亮发音；二，完全抛弃了原文的意思，而是从喝饮料的感受和好处上打攻心战，手段高明；三，这种饮品的味道并非人人喜欢，很多人甚至觉得它像中药，但它却自称“可口”，而且喝了以后还让人开心。善于进行自我表扬，讨好大众。,新六级翻译特点,其一,考题只考查汉译英，没有英译汉。大学英语精读教材中，每课都有汉译英译句练习，应该是学生非常熟悉的题型。其二，内容单纯，不需要专业理论知识，也不涉及英美文化背景知识，没有大主题语境，对翻译界长期信奉的“信”、“达”、“雅”三原则，在四、六级考试中，所以我们只要做到“信”和“达”就可以了。,新改革后翻译题型:段落翻译（汉译英）,测试学生把汉语所承载的信息用英语表达出来的能力。分值比例：15%考试时间：30分钟。内容：中国历史、文化、经济、社会发展 长度：180-200个汉字；,大学英语四级考试新题型评分标准,样题解析,Part IV Translation(30 minutes)Directions:For this part,you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.,样题解析,剪纸（paper cutting）是中国最为流行的传统民间艺术形式之一。中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史，在明朝和清朝时期（the Ming and Qing Dynasties）特别流行。人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。中国剪纸在世界各地很受欢迎，经常被用作馈赠外国友人的礼物。(6个句子，共156 字)注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。,样题解析,Paper cutting is one of Chinas most popular traditional folk arts.Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years.It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings.During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations,in particular,paper cuttings are used to decorate doors,windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere.The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red,which symbolizes health and prosperity.Chinese paper cutting is very popular around the world and it is often given as a present to foreign friends.（7个句子，共101个英语单词）,这段关于剪纸的小文章，其中的难词较多、长句较多，要想把它翻译准确、通顺，不仅需要考生的单词量和单词拼写过关，而且语法和把握句间逻辑关系以及学会中英文的转换技巧也很重要。,样题解析,首先，词汇方面。文章中有些词不太常见，有的是中国特色的说法。在翻译时，应该抓住词的根本意思，实在找不到准确对应意思的英文词汇，可以进行意译。“美化”：beautify.-“makemore beautiful”.“象征”：symbolize-“is the symbol of”，“增加喜庆的气氛”，“增加”一词，考生基本反应都是increase,而标准答案是：To enhance the joyous atmosphere.,样题解析,其次，将各个词和词组的译法确定后，再分析句子结构，抓住主干。比如,“剪纸最常用的颜色是红色，象征健康和兴旺。”翻译成对应的英文时，“颜色”是主语，“是”是谓语，“红色”是表语。The color most frequently used in paper cutting is red,which symbolizes health and prosperity,样题解析,最后，要处理好中文里的短句。中文里有很多短句并列，在抓住每句的主干之后，其他短句在翻译时要转变为定语从句、状语从句等。比如，“特别是在春节和婚庆期间，剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。”During the Spring Festival and wedding celebrations,in particular,paper cuttings are used to decorate doors,windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere.,样题解析,样题解析,中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史,在明朝和清朝时期（the Ming and Qing Dynasties）特别流行。参考译文：Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years.学生译文：1.has one thousand and five hundred years history.(汉语语序)2.have more than 1500s history./1050/1750/hestory3.a history of more than one thousant five hundred history./one thousand and five houndrand,中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史。Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years.Chinese paper cutting has a 1,500-year history.Chinese paper cutting dates from/dates back to 1,500 years ago.Chinese paper cutting dates back 1,500 years.（中国剪纸可追溯到一千五百年前。）Chinese paper cutting was born/brought into the world 1,500 years ago.,If you do not leave me,I will stay by your side until the life end。译文1：你如果不离开我，我就和你天长地久。（汉语四级）译文2：你若不离不弃！我必生死相依。（汉语六级）译文3：问世间情为何物，直教人生死相许。（汉语八级）译文4：天地合，乃敢与君绝。（汉语专家）译文5：你在或不在，爱就在那里，不增不减。（汉语活佛）,If you do not leave me，I will stay by your side until the life end.如果你不离开我，我会在你身边直到生命的尽头。,翻译常见错误分析,1)单词的拼写错误在单词的拼写上出现了大量的问题。如：modern，convenient、particular，decorate，prosperity,翻译常见错误分析,(2)词性混淆如:Please Careful(take care)We will be succeed.(successful)Book knowledge is as importance(important)as practice(practical)experience.容易混淆的词difficulty n.difficult adj.succeed v.success n.successful adj.social adj.society n.economic adj.economy n.health n.healthy adj.,翻译常见错误分析,(3)不注意“穿鞋和带帽”。“帽”指冠词,包括不定冠词a、an 和定冠词the。不注意使用规则,随便加或不加。“鞋”指词尾的变化,是英语的一大特点。常见的词尾变化:a.名词复数,如:book books,month months,bus buses,box boxes,city cities,country countries,shelf shelves,leaf leaves,man men,child children,foot feet,tooth teeth.,翻译常见错误分析,b.第三人称单数“s”。如:work-works,study-studies,go-goes。c.加“-ing”。如:go-going,think-thinking,come-coming,shop-shopping。d.加“ed”。如:talk-talked,like-liked,shop-shopped,study-studied。e.形容词和副词的比较级。如:quick-quicker,brave-braver,long-longer,big-bigger,heavy-heavier。穿鞋和带帽是丢分点,因此要特别注意。同时,要注意专人特制鞋的情况(不规则情况)。,翻译常见错误分析,4)标点符号(Punctuation)。标点虽小,却不可掉以轻心。而很多人总因其简单而不加以注意。比如,有些人习惯于“一逗到底”,而英语却拒绝这样的“连写句”(run-on sentence)。,翻译常见错误分析,5）当句子中存在多个修饰成分时，形容词排序错误。中国新年是中国最重要的传统节日译文：Chinese New Year is the most important traditional Chinese holiday.学生译文1：Chinese New Year is the most important Chinese traditional holiday.学生译文2：Chinese New Year is Chinese most important traditional holiday.,翻译常见错误分析,口诀法：“美小圆旧黄，中国木书房”注：“美”代表“描述或性质类”形容词；“小”代表“大小、长短、高低、胖瘦类”形容词；“圆”代表“形状类”形容词；“旧”代表“新旧、年龄类”形容词；“黄”代表“颜色类”形容词；“中国”代表“来源、国籍、地区、出处类”形容词；“木”代表“物质、材料、质地类”形容词；“书”代表“用途、类别、功能、作用类”形容词；“房”代表“中心名词”。例如：a beautiful new green silk evening dress 一件又新又漂亮的绿色丝绸晚礼服；两张新的中国式的木制大圆桌 two big round new Chinese wooden tables,翻译常见错误分析,“美小圆旧黄，中国木书房”,我漂亮的棕色小皮包my nice small brown leather bag 她戴上了小红帽。She put on her little red hood.他的那辆新的黑色的外国小汽车 his small new black foreign car,6）动词满天飞Our family will all comes here.Its was called-It is often fall on the moon is said to be its brightest and roundest,so it was be called“Mid-Autumn”.Its the symbolizes of family reunion.,翻译常见错误分析,(7)表述不符合英语习惯 简单地把单个汉字(词)一一对应地译成英语单词,并按照题中中文顺序加和起来。这种答案得分甚少!必须摆脱不自觉的汉英一一对应的思维习惯和表达方法。例如:一见“开”就不加思索地立即译出“open”,误将“开电视”译成:open the TV;一见到“有”就只想到“have”,把“那天晚上有很多有趣的事情”译成:That night have some interesting things.,三、翻译常见错误分析,又如,汉译英时，“说”这个词根据不同的上下文可译成：speak,tell,say,express,mention等。,他说英语。He speaks English.他说谎。He is telling a lie.他说他很忙。He says he is busy.我说不清楚。Im unable to express myself clearly.,这可说不得。It must not be mentioned.别胡说八道。Be reasonable.说来话长。Its a long story.,翻译常见错误分析,8)主从句的连接结构。在主从句的连接结构方面,汉语的从属结构往往使用成对的连接词来表明从句和主句之间的逻辑关系,如“如果 那么、因为 所以、虽然 但是、除非 否则”等。但是,在英语的这类结构里并不存在成对的连接词,两个连接词中只能保留一个。如:虽然下着大雨，但是开幕式仍然继续进行。误译Though it was raining hard,but the opening ceremony still went on.改译 Though it was raining hard,the opening ceremony still went on./It was raining hard,but the opening ceremony still went on.,翻译常见错误分析,9)时态误用 中国剪纸有一千五百多年的历史,在明朝和清朝时期（the Ming and Qing Dynasties）特别流行。Chinese paper cutting has a history of more than 1,500 years.It was widespread particularly during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.,翻译常见错误分析,练习 1,中国将进一步发展经济、扩大开放，这对海外企业（enterprises）意味着更多的商机。改革开放以来，中国企业与海外企业一直积极开展经济技术合作，并取得了巨大成就。海外企业不仅帮助了中国企业的成长，而且也在合作中获得了收益。中国政府将继续提供有利的政策和条件，推动中国企业与国外企业进一步开展合作。,key 1,China will develop its economy further and open itself wider to the outside world,which offers more business opportunities to overseas enterprises.Since Chinas reform and opening up,Chinese enterprises have been cooperating with overseas enterprises in terms of economy and technology,and have scored great achievement.Overseas enterprises have not only helped Chinese enterprises with their growth,but also benefited from the cooperation.Chinese government will continue to offer favorable policies and conditions to promote the further cooperation between Chinese and overseas enterprises.,练习 2,狮舞（Lion Dance）是中国最广为流传的民间舞蹈之一。狮为百兽之首，在中国传统中，狮子被视为是能带来好运的吉祥物（mascot）。古人将狮子视作是勇敢和力量的化身，能驱赶邪恶、保护人类。据记载，狮舞已拥有了2,000多年的历史。在唐代（the Tang Dynasty），狮舞就已经被引入了皇室。因此，舞狮成为元宵节（the Lantern Festival）和其他节日的习俗，人们以此来祈祷好运、平安和幸福。,Key 2,The Lion Dance is one of the most widespread folk dances in China.The lion is the king of animals.In Chinese tradition,the lion is regarded as a mascot,which can bring good luck.Ancient people regarded the lion as a symbol of braveness and strength,which could drive away evil and protect humans.The dance has a recorded history of more than 2,000 years.During the Tang Dynasty,the Lion Dance was already introduced into the royal family.Therefore,performing the lion dance at the Lantern Festival and other festive occasions became a custom where people could pray for good luck,safety and happiness.,练习 3,假日经济的现象表明：中国消费者的消费观正在发生巨大变化。根据统计数据，中国消费者的消费需求正在从基本生活必需品转向对休闲、舒适和个人发展的需求。同时，中国人的消费观在蓬勃发展的假日经济中正变得成熟。因此产品结构应做相应调整，来适应社会的发展。另一方面，服务质量要改善，以满足人们提高生活质量的要求。,Key 3,The phenomenon of holiday economy shows that Chinese peoples consumption concept is undertaking great changes.According to statistics,the demands of Chinese consumers are shifting from the basic necessities of life to leisure,comfort and personal development.At the meantime,Chinese peoples consumption concept is becoming mature in the prosperously developing holiday economy.Therefore,the structure of products should be adjusted accordingly to adapt to social development.On the other hand,services should be improved to satisfy peoples demand for an improved quality of life.,练习 4,端午节，又叫龙舟节，是为了纪念爱国诗人屈原。屈原是一位忠诚和受人敬仰的大臣（minister）,他给国家带来了和平和繁荣。但最后因为受到诽谤（vilify）而最终投河自尽。人们撑船到他自尽的地方，抛下粽子，希望鱼儿吃粽子，不要吃屈原的身躯。几千年来，端午节的特色在于吃粽子（glutinous dumplings）和赛龙舟，尤其是在一些河湖密布的南方省份。,Key 4,The Duanwu Festival,also called the Dragon Boat Festival,is to commemorate the patriotic poet Qu Yuan.Qu Yuan was a loyal and highly esteemed minister,who brought peace and prosperity to the state but ended up drowning himself in a river as a result of being vilified.People got to the spot by boat and cast glutinous dumplings into the water,hoping that the fishes ate the dumplings instead of Qu Yuans body.For thousands of years,the festival has been marked by glutinous dumplings and dragon boat races,especially in the southern provinces where there are many rivers and lakes.,练习 5,2013年6月20日在中国各地，剧估计60万儿童和他们的老师观看了有宇航员（astronaut）王亚平在距离地球300公里的上空所讲授的科学课。王亚平与两个同事乘坐天宫一号实验舱(the Tiangon-1 laboratory module)执行为期两周的任务。她在课上进行了一系列太空的物理演示。在有些演示中还对比了在地球上重力（one-gravity）环境下同样的实验。这堂物理课不仅让孩子们享受了一堂知识与乐趣兼具的物理课，也显示了我国通信科技的前进。,Key 5,On June 20,2013,an estimated 600 thousand school children and their teachers across China watched a science lesson taught from 300km above the Earth by astronaut Wang Yaping.Wang is aboard the Tiangong-1 laboratory module with two crewmates,for a two-week mission.Her lessons were a series of physics demonstrations in the space.In some demonstrations,she compared with the same experiment under the one-gravity environment on Earth.The lesson has not only offered children a physics lesson with knowledge and interest,but also shows the advance in communication technology of China.,词的翻译句的翻译语篇意识中国式英语和中国英语,翻译技巧,(一）词的翻译1.词的选择1）语境词 汉语有些词语的含义会因语境而发生微妙的变化，翻译这些词时，应紧密结合上下文译成相应的词语，不能按照原词的字面意思来译。,翻译技巧,手机刷新了人与人的关系。【译文】Cell phone has altered the relationship among people.【分析】“刷新”此处实际是指“改变”，而并非我们平常所指的含义，因此不宜译成refresh或renovate,翻译为alter 或change更恰当。,翻译技巧,“这不过是点小意思。请您帮个忙！真不好意思！您就收下吧！这不是我的意思，我们经理说先意思意思”。“This is just a little reward.I feel awkward to ask you for a favor.Please receive it.This is not my suggestion,and our manager will take more consideration of your reward soon.”理解和表达时一定要弄清原文字句的用意，即文字的“目的”意义，切莫从字面上对号入座。,翻译技巧,2）表意模糊的词 有些汉语词语比较笼统，表意模糊，译成英语时应突破汉语重直觉、重表象的思维模式，寻求词语的确切含义。,翻译技巧,例1.昨天看电影我没有买到好票。【译文】I did not buy a good seat for yesterdays film.【分析】“好票”在这里比较笼统，实际上是指“好座位”。,翻译技巧,2.词类转换 词类转换是汉译英常用的一种手段。汉语的动态性和具体性特点使其在语言运用上多用动词。英语则因其静态性和抽象性特点而在语言使用上呈现出名词化和介词化倾向。在汉译英过程中，适当改变词性，可以使译文更符合英语表达习惯。,翻译技巧,1）动词转名词 汉语中动词使用比较频繁，而且动词既没有时态变化的约束，又没有谓语动词和非谓语动词的形式之分，动词甚至可以充当句子的各种成分。相反，英语动词的使用受到形态变化规则的严格限制。一个句子往往只有一个谓语动词，大量原来应该由动词表达的概念，常常借助于名词。,翻译技巧,吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。【译文】You will be full of praise while eating the first two main courses.【分析】英语中有大量行为抽象名词表示行为或动作意义，如advice,agreement,arrival,defense,increase,knowledge,praise,use等。人口在稳定地增长。There was a steady increase in population.,翻译技巧,2）动词转介词英语中的有些介词本身是由动词演变而来的，具有动词的特征。特别是习惯用法和固定搭配比汉语的多。因此汉语的动词也常用英语介词或介词词组来表达。他支持这个建议，但我反对。【译文】He is for the suggestion,but I am against it.再如汉语动词“用”、“凭借或运用”、“一见(到)就”,“赞成”等可分别用英语介词和介词词组in(or with)、by、at sight of、in favor of 来翻译。,翻译技巧,3)动词转形容词汉语中的一些表示知觉、情感、状态和心理活动等的动词往往转译成英语形容词,用系表结构形式“be+adj.”表示。他对过去追悔莫及，并保证永远不再开汽车。【译文】He is truly sorry for his past,and he has undertaken to give up motorcars once and for all.,翻译技巧,4)形容词或副词转名词独立思考在学习中是绝对必要的。【译文】Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.,翻译技巧,5）名词转动词有些情况下，汉语的名词由英语的动词表达，此时汉语中修饰名词的形容词也随之改为英语中做状语使用的副词。他们在关键时刻的行为给他留下了深刻的印象。He was deeply impressed by what they did at the critical moment.,翻译技巧,3.词的增补1）语法的需要英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上存在很大差别。语法形式的扩充，包括补充汉语不常用的连词和介词以及汉语语言没有的冠词和系词，有时还要补出主语或者利用形式主语及形式宾语。,翻译技巧,汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。晴空万里无云。There is no cloud in the sky.新中国处处可以看到新人、新事物。Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in New China.,翻译技巧,全面发展同其他发达国家的友好合作与交流。We willdevelopourfriendlycooperationandpromoteexchangesintheall-roundwaywithotherdevelopedcountries.继续改善居民住房条件。Housingconditionsshouldbecontinuouslyimproved.,英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词.把帽子戴上Put your hat on your head.凡及物动词都得有宾语。因此汉译英时，经常要增补作宾语的代词。请原谅，打断你一下。Excuse me for interrupting you.,翻译技巧,孩子们天天带午饭到学校去吃。The children take their lunches to school every day.她用手蒙住了脸，好像是为了保护眼睛。She covered her face with her hands,as if to protect her eyes.把这些故事看完以后，用你自己的话讲一遍。After you have read these stories,tell them in your own words.,汉语中的词、词组、分句或句子之间的关系往往通过上下文及语序来表示，较少用连词。英语通常需要用连词来表明词与词、词组与词组以及句与句的逻辑关系。因此在汉译英时，需要增补连词的情况会很多，有时是并列连词，有时是从属连词。姐姐在等我，我得走了。My sister is expecting me,so I must be off now.他不来我不走。I shall not go until he comes.,翻译技巧,虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Modesty helps one to go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind.我一唱歌就跑调。When I sing,I sing off-key男女老少都参加了战斗。Men and women,old and young,all joined the battle.,介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一，英语句子十有八九都少不了介词。汉语中不需用介词的地方，在英语中却常用介词。因此在汉译英时，增补介词的情况是屡见不鲜的。我们应当逐步消灭城乡差别。We should gradually eliminate the differences between town and country.冠词 月亮慢慢从海上升起。The moon was slowly rising above the sea.,翻译技巧,2）文化背景解释的需要英汉文化差异的存在使得英语和汉语的原文中包含着许多文化色彩浓厚且不易为译文读者所理解的词语。因此在翻译过程中需要使用增词译法，把相关文化背景知识翻译出来。三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮。【译文】The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses that of Zhuge Liang,the master mind.其他的活动还有放鞭炮、发红包和探亲访友等。【译文】Other activities include lighting firecrackers,giving money in red envelopes,and visiting relatives and friends.(此处红包的真正含义是“钱”，其特征是用红色信封包着。而不是有的同学所理解的 red bag,red packet),翻译技巧,班门弄斧。Show off ones proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban,the master carpenter.,4.词的减省所谓词的减省，就是把原文中一些仅为了语法上的需要而存在的词、词组加以适当省略，达到译文通顺、意思完整而句子精炼的目的。汉语中重复的部分可以是主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语等，在译成英语时须适当删减，否则会显得重复、累赘。,翻译技巧,例如：我们不后退，我们不曾后退，我们永远也不后退。We dont retreat,we never have and never will英译多个重复的动词或名词时，为避免重复，只使用一次该动词和名词。Practice:我们要忠于党、忠于人民、忠于祖国。We should be loyal to our party,to our people and to our motherland.,句子处理：汉英翻译重要环节,刚接触汉英翻译的人，最担心的往往是哪个字不会说，于是查汉英词典成为翻译的不二法门。而在难词查询完毕之后，便依据原文语序进行翻译。实际情况是，即使一个生字也没有，如果句子组织不好，也无法达到翻译的目的。,翻译技巧,（二）句的翻译确立主干在汉译英时，不管汉语句子如何复杂，首先要考虑英语的基本组句框架“主谓”，然后再进行相应的时态变化、语态变化、语气变化、句式转换、增加定语、状语修饰成分、插入语等。,翻译技巧,确立主语：避免主语机械对应例文：这个地方比较多雨。译文1：It rains a lot in this area.译文2：This area sees much rain.译文3：There is much rain in this area.分析：汉语主语的角度变化很少，而英语则变化较多。例题原文的主语只能由“这个地区”担当，但在译成英语时就有了多种选择。,主语选定,例文：人们还会在门上粘贴红色的对联（couplets），对联的主题为健康、发财和好运。（六级样题）参考译文1：And doors will be decorated with red co