《非谓语动词全》PPT课件.ppt

非谓语动词详解：非谓语动词主要包括不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词四大类。它们分别可以在句子中做主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语、表语.具体区别如下：,要点二:非谓语动词的各种形式。不定式：主动式 被动式 一般式：to do to be done 进行式：to be doing/完成式：to have done to have been done 完成进行式：to have been doing/,动名词：主动式 被动式一般式：doing being done 完成式：having done having been done现在分词：主动式 被动式一般式：doing being done 完成式：Having done having been done,动名词,不定式是除谓语外的其它成分都能充当；1.To become a good teacher is what I am working hard for.2.My wish is to become a good teacher.3.I am working hard to become a good teacher.,注意一：,不定式作主语,不定式作表语,不定式作目的状语,4.With nothing more to do,we went home to have lunch.5.Do you have much homework to do today?6.I had/let/made my father repair my bike,for its broken.7.I want very much to become a good teacher.,不定式作宾补/目的状语,不定式作定语,省略to的不定式作宾补,不定式作宾语,注意二：动名词和现在分词的四种形式形式完全相同，都是动词ing(v.-ing)形式！那么怎样区分呢？-关键看它们在句子中的成分。即：动名词相当于名词,所以它能做主语、宾语、表语、定语 分词相当于形容词与副词，所以它只能作表语、定语、状语、补足语主语或宾语一定是动名词，状语或补足语一定是现在分词。动名词作定语强调的用途功能，现在分词作定语强调的是动作。Look,there is a sleeping baby.（强调动作）Can you find my a sleeping bag?（强调用途）；,8.Teaching is my favourite job.9.My favourite job is teaching.So I enjoy teaching very much.10.Many students like to read out of class in the reading room.,动名词作主语,动名词作表语及宾语,不定式作宾语/动名词作定语,11.We must drink boiled water rather than boiling water.12.Can you smell something burning?14.We are sitting in a classroom facing to the south,listening to our English teacher.,分词作定语,现在分词作补足语,现在分词作后置定语和伴随状语,注意三：动词ing作表语的区别是：动名词相当于名词，所以可以把表语改成主语也成立，如：My job is teaching.Teaching is my job.而现在分词相当于形容词，可以在其前加上副词进行修饰，却不能变成主语。如：English is(very)interesting.,Everybody has the ability_a foreign language.A.learn B.learning C.to learn D.learned Look at the _water.There is a lot of heat rising form it.A.boiled B.boiling C.boils D.to boilThe pencil _yesterday came back again,so I am very happy.A.losing B.lose C.lost D.to be lostLook!Here is the bridge _by the workers.Its said_ two years later.A.having been built,to finish B.buillt,finishingC.being built,to be built D.to build,finished,C,B,C,C,注意四：分词，动名词和不定式作定语的区别：跟被修饰的名词有关。1）现在分词表示主动，并正在进行。2）过去分词表示被动，且已经完成。3）不定式既可表主动也可表被动，不定式表示动作将要发生4）动名词作定语表示被修饰词的用途和功能 注意：不定式表示的动作发生在，谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作，与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在，谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。,15.Heated,water can be turned into vapour.16.Turning right,you will find the tallest building in our city.17.Frightened by the views in the movie,the little boy couldnt open his eyes.18.Seeing from the tall mountain,we can see the whole city.,过去分词，作时间状语,现在分词，作条件状语,过去分词，作原因状语,现在分词，作方式状语,注意五、分词和不定式作宾语补足语的区别:（1）感官动词和使役动词后面接三种形式的宾语补足语即：动词原形，现在分词，过去分词。现在分词表主动或正在进行；过去分词表被动或已经完成；动词原形表示经常性的动作或整个过程。I often hear her sing an English song in her bedroom.（经常性的动作）I heard her sing an English song just now（全过程）I heard her singing an English song whenI passed by her room yesterday.（主动并且正在进行）I heard the English song sung many times these days.（被动且已经完成）,、非谓语动词的否定式：非谓语动词的否定式都是在非谓语动词前加not；not to do,not to have done,not to be done,not to have been done,not to be doing,not doing,not having done,not being done,not having been done,not done、动名词的特殊形式：动名词的复合结构-简言之，就是带逻辑主语+动名词结构。如:1)Would mind Sb/Sb s/his/him smoking here?2)Toms/His being late again made his teacher very angry.,、不定式的复合结构：Its+adj.+for/of sb.to do sth.若是表示人或事物的性格特征的形容词，则用of；其他任意 形容词则用for。eg,1.Its hard/easy/for me to finish the plan in time.2.It is very kind/polite/helpful of him to help me.,突破要略五：一些特殊的非谓动词形式。generally speaking一般来说,Believe it or not 信不信由你,To tell you the truth说实话,To begin with：起初Providing/provided/Suppose/Supposing,假如considering考虑到 Judging from/by:从判断,filled with：充满；faced with：面临着compared with/to 与比较missing=lost=gone：走失，流失be seated 就座,located in：坐落于,一、不定式和动名词作主语的区别：(1)动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；不定式作主语表示具体动作。如：Swimming in summer is great fun/pleasure(抽象概念)To speak with him is really tiring（具体事件）,（2）不定式/动名词做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式/动名词短语后置.常用句型如下：a.)its+adj.+for/of+sb+to do sth.b.)its no use/no good/uesless/a waste of time+doing sth.It really difficult _us to solve the problem in sucha short time.A.for B.of C.at D.in its useless _with him again and again.A.argues B.arguing C.argued D.to argue,A,B,二、不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别(1)不定式作表语一般表示具体的动作,特别是表示将来的动作以及义务，旨责等。To do two things at a time is to do neither2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语需用不定式（表示结果）；主语是动名词，表语也用动名词。To see is to believe.百闻不如一见。Seeing is believing.眼见为实。,3)如果主语是以aim，duty，hope，idea，happiness，job，plan，problem，purpose，thing，wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，常用不定式作表语，对主语起补充说明的作用。1.His wish is to buy a luxurious(豪华的)car in the near future(不就的将来)2.The most important thing is to negotiate with（与交涉）them about the future of the plant.,a.动名词作表语，表示经常性的，抽象的一般性的行为，可以和主语互换位置。b.不定式作表语,表示将来的，具体的动作，对主语起补充说明的作用；c.分词做表语，说明主语的性质特征。His hobby is collecting stampsMy job is teaching English in a school.Our work is to serve the people.His victory in the final exam is really surprising（令人惊讶的）,(3)分词作表语：分词作表语有两种情况：现在分词和过去分词。现在分词是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”；过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。即：人作主语或者修饰人用过去分词；物作主语或者修饰物就用现在分词。注意：若是修饰嗓音和表情，也可用过去分词。如：Everybody is _of the _speech made by the heedmaster.A.tiring,tired B.tired,tiring C.tires,tired D.tired,to tireCan you see the _looks on his face?A.exciting B.excites C.excited D.to excites,B,C,三、不定式和动名词作宾语的区别:1）英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但是区别如下：动名词作宾语通常表示抽象的经常性的动作；而不定式作宾语表示具体的将来的动作。I like to drink milk/drinkimg milk.2）但有些动词必须要接不定式做宾语。如：attempt企图 ask要求 determine决定 fail失败 offer主动提供 plan计划 intend 打算 afford负担得起 demand要求 expect 渴望arrange安排 refuse拒绝 mean意欲,打算begin开始 expect期望 want想要 long 渴望appear似乎,显得 wish 希望 seem 好像 manage设法 pretend假装 happen 碰巧decide决定 prepare 准备 tend 倾向/会做.,3）下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：即：动词+宾语+动词不定式ask要求，邀请 prefer喜欢，宁愿prompt促使 allow允许 forbid禁止 force强迫 press迫使 announce宣布 request请求 encourage 鼓励 pray请求pursuade说服、劝说 help帮助 如：1）My parents always ask me to study hard.2）Can you allow me to express my opinion?3）Our teachers often encourage us to speak English in or out of class.,（5）有些动词使用动名词和不定式作宾语的差别：1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘记做过某事（做过但忘了）2）stop to do 停止/中断某件事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）remember doing记得做过某事(已做)4)regret to do对要做的事遗憾（未做）regret doing对做过的事遗憾/后悔(已做)5）try to do努力/企图做某事 try doing试验/尝试做某种办法,7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）proposing doing建议（做某事）9）used to do 过去做某事 be used to doing 习惯做某事 be used to do 被用来做10）like/love/hate/prefer+to do 表具体行为；+doing 表抽象概念11）need,want,deserve+动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要(修、清理等)”意思。,4）下列短语中的to 都是介词，不是不定式to介词后面须接名词/代词/动名词agree to，object to，close to,come to,lead to,refer to,equal to,be familiar to,point to,thanks to,devoteto,next to,belong to,be used to,look forward tomake great contributions to,get down to,devote oneself to,relate to.如：I am looking forward to seeing you soon.Your careless driving will lead us to death.,（6）有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语admit,avoid,advise,consider,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,excuse,fancy,finish,complete,forbid,imagine,mind,miss,permit,practise,require,suggest,risk,keep,take to,look forward to,get down to,feel like,cant help,cant stand,be used to,insist on,succeed in,set about,give up,include,appreciate,prevent,forgive,imagine,tolerate.如：Nobody can tolerate your being rude to others.,四、不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系He was the last one to leave school yesterday.The train to arrive soon was from London2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系Get him something to eat.She has a lot of work to do in the morning.3)注意：不定式为不及物动词时，所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等，应有必要的介词，如：He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.若修饰time,place,way，可以省略介词。This is the best way to work out this problem.,4)一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词常用不定式修饰.如：ability，drive，movement，ambition，effort,need，campaign，failure，opportunity,chance,force，promise，courage,intention，reason，decision method，determination,motive，struggle，tendency，wish,right,light，,5）若被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next，second,last,only和not a，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式修饰。如：Jim is always the first to come and last to leave.He is always the best one to work with.6）不定代词something,nothing,little,much,a lot 等词常用不定式修饰。如：Do you have anything to say to me?I have prepared a lot to deal with the matter.,四、分词，动名词和不定式作定语的区别：注意：跟被修饰的名词有关。1）现在分词表示主动，并正在进行。2）过去分词表示被动，且已经完成。3）不定式既可表主动也可表被动，不定式表示动作将要发生4）动名词作定语表示被修饰词的用途和功能 注意：不定式表示的动作发生在，谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作，与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在，谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生。,有些不及物动词的过去分词形式作定语或表语，没有被动意义，只表示已经完成。如：departed,elapsed,faded,fallen,gone,grown-up,retired,returned,risen,set,vanished,much-traveled,newly-arrived,recently-comeThe wind is gone.随风飘去、飘、乱世佳人They are departed.他们离开了。The newly-earthed vase belongs to my uncle.新近出土的花瓶属于的我的叔叔。,Everybody has the ability_a foreign language.A.learn B.learning C.to learn D.learned Look at the _water.There is a lot of heat rising form it.A.boiled B.boiling C.boils D.to boilThe pencil _yesterday came back again,so I am very happy.A.losing B.lose C.lost D.to be lostLook!Here is the bridge _by the workers.Its said_ two years later.A.having been built,to finish B.buillt,finishingC.being built,to be built D.to build,finished,C,B,C,C,五、分词和不定式作宾语补足语的区别:（1）感官动词和使役动词后面接三种形式的宾语补足语即：动词原形，现在分词，过去分词。现在分词表主动或正在进行；过去分词表被动或已经完成；动词原形表示经常性的动作或整个过程。I often hear her sing an English song in her bedroom.（经常性的动作）I heard her sing an English song just now（全过程）I heard her singing an English song whenI passed by her room yesterday.（主动并且正在进行）I heard the English song sung many times these days.（被动且已经完成）,（2）leave后接三种形式作宾语补足语时,表示”是处于某种状态”.a.leave sb.doing sth.让人一直做某事 Its wrong of you to leave the machine running.b.leave sth.undone/unsettled/.留下某事未做The guests left most of the dishes untouched.c.leave sb to do sth 留下某人去做.He left,leaving me to do all the rest work.d.leave sth.to be done 留下某事要被做We hurriedly ended our meeting,leaving many problems to be settled.,（3）注意的几种句型结构：a.have sth to do 有某事要做b.have/get/leave sth done 使某事被做/请人做.事/使遭遇不幸c.have/make/let+sb+do something 使某人做某事d.get/leave/cause+sth/sb+to do sth 使某人做某事e.have/make/let/leave/keep+sth/sb+doing sth 让什么人/物保持做什么事的状态f.get sb./sth.Doing/done使开始行动起来,1.Look!can you see these birds _in the blue sky?A.flies B.flying C.to fly D.flown2.With so problems _,the president has reaaly hard time at present.A.solving B.solved C.solves D.to solve3.The little boy left all his food _,perhaps he is ill.A.untouched B.untouching C.untouches D.to untouch4.dont leave all these machines _all the time.A.run B.to C.ran D.running,B,D,A,D,3.-Why did he go to school late?-I dont know,he always kept us _.A.waiting B.to wait C.wait D.waits 4.A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _ in the kitchen.A.smoke B.smoking C.to smoke D.smoked 5.The teacher asked us _so much noise.A.dont make B.not make C.not making D.not to make,A,B,D,6.When _ help,one often says“Thank you.”or“Its kind of you.”(05Fujian)A.offering B.to offer C.to be offered D.offered 7.-Is Bob still performing on the stage?-Im afraid not.He is said _ the stage already as he has become an official.A.to have left B.to leave C.to have been left D.to be left,D,A,六、不定式和分词作状语的区别1）现在分词作状语时，现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作，它们之间的关系是主动并且正在进行。He went out shutting the door behind him.Not knowing what to do,he went to his parents for help.2）过去分词作状语时，过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作，它们之间的关系是被动并且已经完成。Given more attention,the trees could have grown better.Faced with so many difficulties,we must try to find a suitable way to solve them.,3)现在分词作原因，时间，条件状语时，常放在句子开头，而作伴随，结果状语时常放在句子末尾；而不定式作状语常放在句子末尾，只可表目的，原因和结果；注意：不定式不可作伴随状语，作目的状语时可用于句首，也可用于句末。现在分词作结果状语时表示意料之中的结果；而不定式表达意料之外的结果。1.They stood outside talking about the plan(现分，表伴随)2.Reading attentively，he forgot the time for lunch.(现分，表原因),3.Reading the book another time,I understood it more.4.Reading carefully，youll learn something new.5.More than 70%population of the USA play soccer,making it the most popular sport there.,(现分，表时间),(现分，表条件),(现分，表意料之中的结果),5.We are glad to hear the news6.They stood by the roadside，to talk about the plan.7.They hurried to the railway station,only to find the train had left already.,(不定式，表原因),(不定式，表目的),(不定式，表意料之外的结果),7.His family was too poor to support him 8.The boy is not tall enough to reach the book on the shelf shelf,(不定式，表结果),(不定式，表结果),4）不定式做状语时候应该注意的：a：not/never too/enoughto,表示肯定意义We are never too old to learn something new.活到老，学到老。You are never careful enough to be when crossing the street.过马路时，越小心越好。b：作结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾，常用的动词有：find,hear,see,be told,form,give,make,produce 等。I went to school on time yesterday,to be told it was Sunday.,1._ and happy,Tony stood up and accepted the prize.Surprising B.Surprised C.Being surprised D.To be surprising2.Very _,the search party dug a hole of two feet deep.A.excited B.exciting C excites D To be excited.3.We often provide our children with toys,footballs or basketball,_ that all children like these things.A.thinking B.Think C.to think D.thought,B,A,A,4._ with a difficult situation,Arnold decided to ask his boss for advice.A.To face B.Having faced C.Faced D.Facing5._ in a white uniform,he looks more like a cook than a doctor.A.Dressed B.To dress C.Dressing D.Having dressed6._ with the size of the whole earth,the biggest ocean does not seem big at all.A.When being compared B.When comparing C.When Comparing D.When compared,C,A,D,7.The teacher encouraged us _ good compositions in English.A.write B.writing C.to write D wrtitten8.,I often heard him _that his family was well descended.A.said B.say C.to say D.saying9.-“Youve always been taking a lot of nice photographs.”-“Thanks.Im considering _ a professional photographer in the future”A.becoming B.about become C.to become D.over becoming,C,B,A,10._what to do,he went to his parents for help.A.Not Known B.Not have known C.Not knowing D.Not to know11._more attention,the trees could have grown better.A.Giving B.Given C.Gives D.to be given12Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening.A.to be taken B.to take C.taken D.taking13.John was made _ the truck for a week as a punishment.A.to wash B.washing C.wash D.to be washing,C,B,B,A,六、非谓语动词常考的其它结构（一）疑问词+动词不定式句型疑问词who，what，which，when，where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语。在句中可以用作主语、宾语、表语和双重宾语，1.When to start has not been decided(主语)2.I dont know what to do about it(宾语)3.The difficulty was how to cross the river(表语)4.I can tell you where to get this book.（双重宾语）,（二）不定式的省略问题,1.不带to的不定式1）在感官动词后面，不定式不带to。feel 觉得 observe 注意到，看到 overhear听到watch注视 listen to听 perceive察觉，感知notice注意 see看见 look at看 hear听。如：On seeing the young child fall into the river，James jumped into the river to save him.2）在使役动词之后，不定式省略to.如：make=let=have使、让、要Let him do it.I would have you know that I am ill,注意：上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时，其后的不定式一般需带to，如：He was seen to comeThe boy was made to go to bed early.,3）当介词except、but作“只有，只能”讲时，后跟不带to的不定式连用。如：When the streets are full of melting snow,you cannot help but get your shoes wet.,4）在do nothinganythingeverything but(except)结构中，后面的不定式省略to;若不是“do nothing，anything,everything”，那么but(except)所跟的不定式则仍须带to。如：1.Last night I did nothing but watch TV2.The doctor told him nothing but to stop smoking3.There was nothing for them to do but to remain silent,5）有时候为了避免重复，将不定式后面的动词省略，只保留不定式符号to。如：want to,wish to,hope to,like to,hate to,plan to,try to,i d love to,have to,ought to,need to,used to,be able to,pretend to.1.-do you like your job?-No,but I hope to./