《语言学合作原则》PPT课件.ppt
The Cooperative Principle,by 周志红,Introduction,1967年，哲学家Herbert Paul Grice就话语交际的普遍规律发表了自己的独特见解，首次提出用于解释人类话语交际规律的合作原则。在Grice（1975）可能来，交谈之所以不是一连串不连贯的话语，是因为交际双方都必须遵守一些基本原则，这保证了交际活动能够顺利进行。他把这种交际者共同遵守的原则称为“合作原则”（Cooperative Principle）.,Grice(1975)将合作原则定义如下：合作原则要求每一个交谈参与者在整个交谈中所说的话符合当时交谈的目标和方向。The co-operative principle:Make your conversational contribution such as is required,at the stage at which it occurs,by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged,说话者和听话者很有默契地合作着，一次交谈、甚至是一场吵架，都是语言合作的结果。,Contents of CP,The Cooperative Principle(合作原则),Try to make your contribution one that is true:1)Do not say what you believe to be false.2)Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.,Quality质,说真话,The Cooperative Principle(合作原则),1)Make your contribution as informative as required.2)Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.,Quantity量,不多说，也不少说。,The Cooperative Principle(合作原则),Be relevant.,Relation相关,说话要相关，贴切。,The Cooperative Principle(合作原则),Be perspicuous,and specifically:1)avoid obscurity of expression.避免晦涩 2)avoid ambiguity.避免歧义 3)be brief(avoid unnecessary prolixity).简单明了 4)be orderly.井井有条,Manner方式,The Gricean co-operative principle and its attendant maxims can be simplified in:,a.The co-operative principle Be cooperative.b.The maxims of conversation Quality:Be truthful.i)Dont say what is false.ii)Dont say what lacks evidence.Quantity:i)Dont say less than is required.ii)Dont say more than is requied.Relation:Be relevant.Manner:Be perspicuous.i)Avoid obscurity.ii)Avoid ambiguity.iii)Be brief.iv)Be orderly.,In short,Subconsciously or even unconsciously,when we speak,we generally have something like CP in our mind.We will try to say something which are true,relevant,as well as informative enough,and in a clear manner.That is:Human being try to speak sincerely,relevantly,and clearly,while provide sufficient information.,But,The view may describe a philosophers paradise,but no one actually speak like that the whole time.但是，现实中人们并非总按照规则说话。甚至，有时候人们在故意违反规则。恰恰因为有了这些违反，受话人才能根据具体的语境推断出其中的所蕴含的会话涵义。,Grice 将会话含义的产生流程描述如下：,当发话人说谎时，他/她违反了合作原则的质准则，而受话人理解的前提是发话人并没有背离合作原则。这表明说谎的一方违反了合作原则的质准则，而当真的一方却遵守着合作原则，并且以为对方也一直在遵守合作原则。然而，发话人不遵守合作原则的某一准则，并不都是为了说谎，有时可能出于礼貌或特定语境的需要，说了一些违反合作原则某一准则的话。当受话人察觉到发话人的话语没有遵守合作原则的相应准则时，他就要迫使自己透过对方话语的表面意义，去领会发话人话语中的深层含义，于是就产生会话含义（conversational implicature）,Violation of CP,Violation of Quality说话人只要说出了自己所掌握的真实情况，就是没有违反质准则。会话中的某些手段，如反语，隐喻，夸张等修辞手段都可以看作是对质准则的违背，因而也产生言外之意。I think he was married and had a lioness at home.皇上万岁万岁万万岁。,Violation of Quality1)故意不说真实的话 A:How are you?B:I m dead.2）说没有根据的话 A:Beirut is in Peru,isnt it?B:And Rome is in Romania,I suppose.,Violation of CP,Violation of Quantity1)提供的信息过少 A：Would you mind telling me your address?B:Somewhere in the city.2)提供的信息过多 A：When did you come back last night?B:Around midnight.The meeting was too long.,Violation of CP,Violation of Relation A:You know?Professor Lis wife looks ugly.B:Oh.What a nice day!Isnt it?A:People say that he is a good guy.B：He looks handsome.,Violation of CP,Violation of Manner1)有意使用晦涩，含糊词语 A:Lets get the kids something.B:O.K.But I veto I-C-E C-R-E-A-M-S.2）使用歧义词 With so many carrots,Ill be a real gem.有这么多克拉（胡萝卜），我是颗真钻石（发糕）。,3）重复，啰嗦If its green,we reject it.If its too ripe,we reject it.If its bruised,we reject it.If its diseased,we reject it.If its a dirty,we reject it.If its just right,we squash it.4)无条理Here files of pins extend their shining rows;puffs,powders,patches,Bibles,trifles,billet-doux.,Conclusion,故意违反合作原则并不一定会造成语言交流的障碍，相反还能产生其独特的会话含义和语言效果。在与人的交流中，有时该遵守合作原则，有时却违反，至于何时遵守，何时违反，由具体的语境决定。总之，只有掌握了说话时的环境，双方的文化背景等因素，才能正确解读会话含义，领会说话人的真正意图，有效进行交流。,
