《词语的翻译》PPT课件.ppt

汉英翻译 之词语翻译,任何好的翻译都是从词汇开始。,Good translation begins with words.词汇是翻译的基石。Vocabulary is the cornerstone of translation.句子是有词汇构成的，语篇是有句子构成的。A sentence consists of words,and a text is composed of sentences.,How to translate a word in a sentence?just recite some word meaning or consult the dictionary?What aspects does word translation include?,词语的选择Diction polysemy一词多义词的增补、省略及转换supplement,omission and transformation of words数词与量词的英译English translation of numerals and Quantifiers 叠词的英译 translation of reduplication虚词的英译translation of function words,diction措辞，选词,词义辨析上下文感情色彩词义广狭语体风格文化内涵,搭配固定搭配意义与逻辑,纵然生的好皮囊，腹内原来草莽。译文1：Though endowed with handsome looks is he,His heart is lawless and refractory.lawless无法无天的;违法的;法律不及的;无艺 refractoryadj.执拗的;倔强的;难治疗的;耐熔的 译文2：Though outwardly a handsome sausage-skin,It proved to be but sorry meat within.adj.遗憾的;对不起的;无价值的，低等的;感到伤心的,在上下文中辨别词义,他是祖国的好儿子。庄稼长得真好。他们对我真好。楼的质量不好。这个问题很好回答。啊，好票！身体好，学习好，工作好。,在上下文中辨别词义,他是祖国的好儿子。He is a worthy son of our motherland庄稼长得真好。The crops are doing well他们对我真好。They are really kind to me.楼的质量不好。The building is not well built,在上下文中辨别词义,这个问题很好回答。This question is easy to answer啊，好票！Oh，a good seat！身体好，学习好，工作好。Keep fit,study well and work hard.,在上下文中辨别词义,17.留神 18.留情 19.留学 20.留言,17.be careful 18.show mercy or forgiveness19.study abroad 20.leave a message,“情况”：这个词的基本意义与英语中的condition,situation,circumstances 等词相近，但究竟怎样翻译，还必须根据上下文来决定。,（1）在这种情况下,Under these/such circumstancesSuch being the caseIn accordance with this specific condition(2)这种情况必须改变 This state of affairs must change.（3）现在情况不同了。Now things are different.(4)他们的情况怎么样？How do matters stand with them?,(5)前线的情况怎么样？,How is the situation at the front?(6)前面有情况，做好战斗准备。Theres enemy activity ahead.Prepare for combat.(7)可是在其他地方，情况却完全两样了。But the picture outside this place is quite another story.(8)我们可能去那儿，那得看情况而定。We may go there,but that depends.(but it all depends).,他们讲唯心论，我们讲唯物论。They preach idealism whereas we advocate materialism.他醉心于物理学研究。He is deeply engrossed in physical research.他醉心于名利。He is infatuated with fame and gain.,注意词的感情色彩,他们组成了一个阴谋集团They rigged up a clique我们成立了一个文学社团。We set up a literary community.Can you give me any more example?,眼看快轮到一位老人，他灵机一动，大步流星地奔向窗口，嚷道：”售票员，钱算错了。”售票员不慌不忙，仿佛一切都看在眼里嗔道：“同志，买票排队，你看看身后那位老人。”Noticing it would soon be an old mans turn,the queue-jumper dashed over to the window of the ticket office in a few big steps,and bellowed at the top of his voice,“Hey,clerk,the change is wrong.”The clerk was in no hurry.She seemed to have seen through his trickand admonished,“Comrade,please queue up for your ticket,like the elderly gentleman behind you.”,出入下车。No cycling at the gate.兔死狐悲The fox mourns the death of the hare.农业是国民经济的基础。Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy.农林牧副渔相结合的方针the principle of combining farming,forestry,词的广义与狭义,看书 read books看电视 watch TV看电影 see a film开灯 turn on the light开门 open the door做贡献 make contributions做作业 do ones homework做饭 cook a meal,词的搭配,学习外语study a foreign language 学习成绩academic records互相学习learn from each other以雷锋为学习的榜样follow the example of Lei Feng,产品质量有待提高。The quality of the products should be improved.他把他的全部书籍都献给了图书馆。He presented all his books to the library.谨以此书献给徐教授以表敬慕和感激之情。To Prof Xu I dedicate this volume in token of affection and gratitude.,于是洗手的时候，日子从水盆里过去；吃饭的时候，日子从饭碗里过去；默默时，便从凝然的双眼前过去。Thus,the day flows away through the sink when I wash my hands,wears away in the bowl when I eat my meal,passes away before my day-dreaming gaze as I reflect silence.,1.浓茶 strong tea 浓墨 thick/dark ink 浓烟 dense smoke2.青山 green hill 青天 blue sky 青布 black cloth,Exercise:I把下列词组译成汉语，注意汉语中词的不同搭配意义,1Thick hair 2.thick weather3.a thick puddle 4.a thick voice5.a heavy meal 6.heavy reading7.a heavy vote 8.a heavy investor9.a heavy thinker 10.a heavy schedule,keys,1.浓密的头发 2.阴郁的天气 3.一汪浑浊的泥塘4.嘶哑的嗓音 5.丰盛的大餐6.费劲的阅读7.压倒多数的得票 8.巨额投资者，强劲的投资者 9.深邃的思想家，沉思者 10.紧张的日程，排得很紧的日常,11.close reasoning 12.a close election13.a close resemblance 14.a close mind15.closed economy 16.a closed case17.an open fire 18.an open question19.an open drain 20.a man of an open mind,11严密的推理12 势均力敌的选举13极其相似，酷似14缜密的头脑15闭关自守的经济16已经了结的案件17篝火，明火18未解决的问题，开放的问题，有争议的问题19一条明沟，明渠20开明人士，一个思想开放的人,21.an open port 22.an open winter23.run into debt 24run to seed25.run the street 26.run for presidency27.run oil28.sophisticated man 29.sophisticated columnist30.sophisticated weapon,21自由港，不冻港22一个不太寒冷的冬天，暖和的冬天23负债24花谢结子，失去活力，变得颓唐，衰老25流落街头，闲逛26竞选27提炼石油28老于世故的29老练的专栏作家30尖端武器，先进武器,II.把下列词组译成英语，注意英汉语中词汇的意义范围不同。1.开花 blossom2.花领带 bright-colored ties3.绣花鞋 embroidered shoes4.花絮interesting sightlights5.老花眼 presbyopia 6.花色 design and color,7.上场 appear on the stage8.上乘 first-class9.上当 be taken in 10.上进 make progress11.上宾 distinguished guests12.上班 be on duty13.打扮 dress up,14.打抱不平 defend sb.Against injustice15.打官腔 speak in bureaucratic tone16.打官司 go to court,注意语体风格,我们讴歌这位民族英雄。We praised the national hero.We eulogized the national hero.我们称赞他是个不错的人。We acclaimed him as a nice man.We praised him as a nice man.,注意文化内涵,白象 White Elephant芳草 Fang Cao金鸡 Gold Cock银耳汤 white fungus soup“金三角”经济开发区 the special economic development zone of“Golden Triangle”,1.词汇翻译的技巧移植法、增减法、词汇转类法、反义法、分译法和释义法,2.1 移植法移植就是在译文中直接借用原文的词语。移植可分为直接移植和音译（译音）音译：人名、大多数地名、译入原来没有的事物（包括科技新词、某些商标与文化词等）rader/Dink/logic/02.1.1人名外号意译Iron Lady 铁娘子 Cinderella灰姑娘黑旋风李逵 Li Kui the black Whirlwind,2.1.2.含有表示地理类别的普通名词的地名，其中普通名词意译The United States of AmericaThe Gulf of Mexico The Suez Canal2.1.3半译音半译意，这种方法多用于商标Goldlion 金利来Nike 耐克乐凯 Lucky乔士（衬衫）Choose（shirts）,2.1.4 音译词后加上一个表示类属的范畴词。Sardine 沙丁鱼Pizza 比萨饼Waltz 华尔兹舞Shark 鲨鱼四川 Sichuan Province云吞 wonton soup花雕 Huadiao wine,2.1.5约定俗成Bernard ShawShelley孔子 Konfucius孙中山 Sun Yat-sen磕头 kowtow,但有些表示事物的音译名词因不能达意而最终会以相应的意译形式而取代。Penicillin 青霉素 大字报 wall-poster 并用Engine 引擎/发动机Vitamin Taxi武术 wushu/martial arts太极拳Taijiquan/shadow-boxing,移植,通过保留源语言中的喻体形象，直接将习语中的喻体形象移植到目的语中，其表达的意思也随之被表达出来。Killtwobirdswithonestone。一个是水中月，一个是镜中花。Snow White,一石二鸟。Oneisthemoonreflectedinthewater,theotherbutaflowerinthemirror.,词语的增补代词、介词、连词、冠词词语的省略名词、动词、形容词、副词词类的转换,词语的处理：,词的增补,孩子们用毛巾蒙住脸，好像是为了保护眼睛不受伤害。The children covered their faces with the towels,as if to protect their eyes from being hurt.姐姐在等我，我得走了。（增补代词）My sister is expected me,so I must be off now.（增补代词和连词）你们是白天工作还是夜间工作。Do you work in the daytime or at night?（介词）,一、为了语法上的需要而增词,时态要求 汉语表示时态的词：着，了，过等 The English language is in very good shape.It is changing in its own undiscoverable way,but it is not going rotten like a plum dropping off a tree.英语目前的情况很好，它正按照它那不易为人发现的方式在起着变化，而不是像一只树上掉下来的李子那样在逐渐腐烂。,45,补充原文因语法省略的词,Better be wise by the defeat of others than by your own.,从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败中吸取教训更好,end,46,二、为了表达清晰和自然而增词,增加动词 形容词 副词 名词 量词,语气词范畴词概括性的词承上启下的词,47,增加动词In every Chinese city,we got into the streets,shops,parks,theatres and restaurants.在中国，我们每到一个城市就遛大街、逛商店、游公园、看演 出、吃名菜。（）In the evening,after the banquet,the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions,he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu.晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之 后，他还得起草最后公报。汉语动词连用 vs 只有一个定式动词 I forgot my key 我忘了带钥匙,二、为了表达清晰和自然而增词,48,增加形容词The war made a man of him.战争把他锻造成一个堂堂的男子汉。Deflation has now reached unprecedented level.通货紧缩已经发展到了空前严重的地步。,49,增加副词,The crowds melted away.,人群渐渐散开了,As he sat down and began talking,words poured out.,他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲的没完。,50,增加名词,不及物动词宾语隐含在动词后面,抽象名词后增加名词,具体名词表示抽象概念时，名词后增加名词,在形容词前加名词,51,不及物动词宾语隐含在动词后面,First you borrow,then you beg.,头一遭借钱，下一遭就讨饭,Day after day he came to his worksweeping,scrubbing,cleaning.,他每天来干活扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。,52,形容词,This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine.,这部打字机真是物美价廉。,He is a complicated manmoody,mercurial,with a melancholy streak.,他是一个性格复杂的人喜怒无常，反复多变，有些犹豫寡欢。,53,To persuadeTo prepareBackwardTenseArrogantMadantagonistic,说服准备落后紧张自满疯狂敌对,PersuasionPreparationBackwardnessTensionArroganceMadnessantagonism,说服工作准备工作落后状态紧张局势自满情绪疯狂行为敌对态度,抽象名词后增加名词,54,具体名词表示抽象概念时，名词后增加名词,He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge,and declared his own son guilty.,他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情，而判决他儿子有罪。,55,增加表示名词复数的词,增加重迭词表示复数增加数词或其他词表示复数Flowers bloom all over the yard,朵朵鲜花开满了庭院,The lion is the king of animals.,狮是百兽之王,56,The ASIAN countries have designated 1992 as“Asian Tourism Year”,and are cooperating in a drive to convince the worlds pleasure-and-culture-seekers of their attractions.,亚洲几个国家将1992年指定为“亚洲旅游年”，携手合作发起一场宣传攻势，旨在让世界各地的那些猎奇探胜的游客确信，他们这些国家也有许多引人入胜的旅游景观。,57,增加量词 数词与可数名词直接连用有些动词或动作名词,58,数词与可数名词直接连用,A tractorA bikeA full moonA mouthA bad dream,A red sun rose slowly from the calm sea,一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。,A stream is winding its way through the valley into the river.,一弯溪水蜿蜒流过山谷，汇合到江里去了。,59,增加语气词的、呢、吧、啊、呀等,Dont take it seriously.Im just making fun of you.,不要认真嘛！我只不过和你开个玩笑罢了。,As for me,I didnt agree from the very beginning.,我呢，从一开始就不赞成。,end,60,增加概括性的词Sino-British links have multipliedpolitical,commercial,educational,cultural,defense,science and technology.,中英两国在政治、商务、教育、文化、国防和科技方面的联系进一步加强了。,The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers,artificial satellites and rockets.,论文总结了电子计算机，人造卫星，和火箭三方面的新成就。,end,61,增加承上启下的词,Yes,I like Chinese food.Lots of people do these days,sort of fashion.,不错，我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人喜欢中国菜，这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧。,62,三、为了增加背景文化知识,揭示背景、介绍习俗及阐释典故,Swan song,辞世之作，归天之作,WaterlooBMW,滑铁卢德国宝马汽车公司,63,四、名词复数翻译的增词法,Cargo insurance is to protect the trader from losses that many dangers may cause.货物保险会使贸易商免受许多风险所可能造成的种种损失。,64,Homework,1Businessmen went flying off to that country for fortune.2.Your packing is not as good as your competitors.3.With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are going on economic construction4.Draft and invoice are different instruments.5.I like your policies of first come,first served.,65,词的省略,动词的省略意义相近的动词，省略其中第二个动词。继续加强基础设施和基础工业，大力振兴支柱产业。Continuous efforts will be dedicated to strengthening infrastructure,and basic and pillar industries.,词的省略,动词的省略加强语气的动词，可省略不译。因此，有必要在政治上和经济上注意改进老根据地的工作。It is therefore imperative,both politically and economically,to promote the work in the base areas.,词的省略,动词的省略采取/实施措施/策略/方法，若句中无实质意义，只需译出具体措施、策略、方法各级政府要采取措施，依靠社会各方面的力量，关心下岗职工的生活。The governments at all levels must rely on all quarters of society to show concern for laid-off workers.,词的省略,名词的省略避免重复。他赞成第一个提议，反对第二个提议。He spoke for the first motion and against the second.,词的省略,名词的省略汉语某些表示范畴的抽象名词，如状态、情况、局面、任务、工作、事业等，以及较为正式文体中的名词，翻译成英文时通常省略不译。他善于做信访工作。He is experienced in handling letters and visits from the masses.,她的朋友们听到她家中的困难境况后，都主动伸出援助之手。After her friends heard about her family difficulties,they offered her a helping hand.讨论的范围涉及中美关系、中俄关系The discussion covers Sino-U.S.relations,Sino-Russian relations,中国足球的落后状态必须改变。The backwardness of Chinese football must b changed.要加快建立城市贫困居民的最低生活保障制度。We should accelerate the establishment of a minimum standard of living for impoverished urban residents.,形容词的省略不幸的悲剧 a tragedy新发明 innovations广大人民群众 the masses积极努力 efforts进口外国轿车 imported cars严重的危机 crisis,词的省略,词的省略,副词的省略汉语动词的含义比较单一，其修饰意义往往需要副词配合英语动词的表达能力强，不仅表达动作本身，而且还包含有修饰意义。翻译带副词修饰的汉语动词时，不少情况下不使用副词。,一座古塔阴森森地矗立在山腰上。An ancient pagoda frowns on the mountainside他摸索着把门打开。He fumbled the door open暴风雨狂袭了一阵后停了。The storm raved itself out,我的姐姐又因为我不爱整洁而向我唠叨地劝诫了。My sister has been preaching at me again about my lack of neatness这个案子很难办，但那个受审的人已事先得到律师的仔细指点。It was a difficult case，but the man on trial has been carefully primed by his lawyer,词的省略,副词的省略汉语中的强调副词“非常”“极其”“真正地”有时可以省略。极大，非常大 enormous,huge,gigantic极其重要 essential,imperative,vital,crucial,word transformation,转化法指词类之间的转换，转化词又称作转类词。转化法是英语中一个比较能产的构词法，几乎任何一个词可以不经过任何词形变化而用作另一类词，使该词能表示新的意义。转类词表达体现了语言的经济省力原则，简洁形象，生动活泼，有时还很委婉。如：John really pigged out during the Christmas day.He might never recover from it in the few days.圣诞节约翰吃得太多撑坏了肚子，或许今天都很难康复。,The older your feet get,the more you need to baby them.脚越老，就越需要更好的呵护/保养。人越老，就需要更好地保养你的脚。His future is full of so many ifs.他的未来充满着许多变数。He tried to find the hows and whys of the story.他试图搞清楚事情的来龙去脉。,1.几乎所有表示身体部位的名词都可以转化为动词，而且常常具有引申的含义。She fingered my face.He thumbed the pages of a book.All the men eyed the beautiful girl with interest.所有男人都饶有兴趣地盯着这位美丽的姑娘看。I cant stomach your constant nagging.我再也忍受不了你不停的唠叨了。,The cat nosed her kittens.He nosed something fishy.老猫用鼻子碰触小猫。他闻到了腥味。A well-known writer heads the delegation.代表团由一位著名作家率领。He is now toothing his saw.他在给锯子锉齿。Why dont you stop jawing at her like that?Cant you see how regretful she is?别再那样无休止地数落她了，难道你看不出她有多后悔吗?,Our teacher has been jawing at us all morning about the importance of the examinations.我们老师唠叨了一上午考试的重要性。shoulder,elbow,arm,hand,face,skin,2.英语中很多表示人、职业或家庭关系的词可以用作动词。He is doctoring a sick man.他正在给病人看病。Many college students want to solider at the front.许多大学生都想去云南前线当兵打仗。He wanted to husband her.他想娶她。Who father your son?Winstein fathered relativity.创立了相对论。He fathered a proposal/a controversy.他首先提出一个倡议。/引发了一场争论。/,man(配备人员）、brother(兄弟般对待）、sister(视如姐妹）、mother(关爱/养育)，father(象父亲一样照料)，parent照料、培养)，nurse（照顾），tutor(辅导)，caption(当首领),3.英语中很多动物的名称都可以直接转化为动词，并借喻于该动物的某一特征，既生动，又省力，有很强的隐喻含义。如:Dont dog my steps.别步我后尘。A train is snaking its way along the slope.火车正沿坡蜿蜒行驶着。Children like the ape and try to ape his act孩子们喜欢猿，并试图模仿猿的动作。He moused about for money.他偷偷摸摸地四处寻找钱。（窥探；偷偷地寻找：）,fox(狐狸一用诡计欺骗)duck(鸭子一突然潜入水中，闪开）monkey（猴子一捣乱)pig（猪一像猪一样过话)像猪一样吃dog(狗一尾随，追踪)wolf（狼一狼吞虎咽)rat(老鼠一叛徒)snail蜗牛一缓慢爬行)worm（虫子一蠕动),4.一些容器也可转化为动词。Fruit is often canned in winter.冬天的时候人们常常把水果装进罐里贮存起来。I hope we can room together.我希望我们能住在一起。These oranges were boxed and sent off quickly.这些橘子被装进盒内很快地运了出去。Can you tell me who bagged my keys?你能告诉我谁装走了我的钥匙吗?,翻译这类由名词转化而来的动词（denominal verbs)时，一定要关注其所体现的引申义。Thanks for the coffee,it juiced me up.谢谢你的咖啡，特提神。He pocketed all the profits.他私吞了所有的利润。Who will boss this job while the boss is out?老板不在，谁监工呢?His income derived shylocking.他的收入是靠放高利贷得来的。,词的转换,动词的转换汉语多用动词，常常构成连动式、兼语式等汉语特定句型；英语中名词(特别是抽象名词)、介词使用频率很高。汉译英时常常将汉语的动词转换为英语的名词或介词。,中国成功地爆炸了第一颗原子弹，在全世界引起了巨大的反响。Chinas successful explosion of its first atom bomb caused tremendous repercussions throughout the world.这是他第一次真正涉足电影。This is his first real introduction to film.,数以百万计的亚洲人越来越意识到他们的生活状况异常贫穷落后，这就促使他们采取坚决措施去创造新的生活条件。The growing awareness by millions of Asians of their extremely poor and backward living conditions has prompted them to take resolute measures and create new ones.,小明扶着这位老太太过马路。Xiaoming helped the old lady across the road.他们都赞成刘丽的提议。They are all in favor of Liu Lis suggestion.整个城市披上了节日的盛装。The whole city is in holiday array.,词的转换,动词的转换汉语中有些动词表示知觉、感情等心理状态，往往可以翻译成英语的形容词，常以be+形容词结构表示。李华的母亲为他的健康担忧。Li Huas mother is anxious about his health.,大会主席宣布会议结束。The chairman of the meeting announced the meeting was over.你熟悉这条旅游线路吗？Are you familiar with the tour route?经济学家不能确信房地产价格下降。Economists are not sure the price of real estate will fall.,词的转换,名词的转换汉语某些名词，如表示形状、地位、态度、特点、印象、目的、定义等意义的名词，以及较为正式文体中的名词，翻译成英文时常用动词来表示。与此同时，原来修饰名词的形容词也随之转化成副词。,那个女孩相貌言谈像一个电影明星。The girl looks and talks like a film star.这项计划的目的是保护自然环境。The plan aims at protecting the natural environment.王东一生获得了一百多种发明专利。Wang Dong patented over one hundred separate inventions during his life.,词的转换,形容词的转换我们感到解决这个复杂的问题是困难的。We found difficulty in solving this complicated problem.总裁为这次出访做了极为周密的准备。The president had prepared meticulously for his journey.,词的转换,副词的转换只要一发现有可能发对他的人，他就本能