《词法句法翻译》PPT课件.ppt

词法&句法翻译,对等译法,对应对等语际转换的对应参数项=概念意义+形式意义+语境意义+风格意义+文化意义,完全对应（Full Equivalence）：双语间对应转换的基础,汉英的完全对应词（2/5-1/4）：1 人称代词（/复数除外）及部分不定代词或指示代词；2 数词，数理公式；3 无歧义的科学技术名词及专业术语；4 无歧义的人名，物名，地名；5 无歧义的名词，定语搭配及常用的自由搭配，如：太阳-sun；白雪-white snow；rainy season-雨季；,完全对应（Full Equivalence）,6 无歧义或变义的核心句，如：I eat.(SV)-我吃；我爱音乐(SVO)-I love music；Hes a Canadian.(SVC)-他是加拿大人；7 若干定式寒暄语(conventional greetings),如 bye bye-再见;good morning-早上好;,对等实例,汉英：单词的对等率最高，而词组、成语、谚语的对等率相对低一些-单词的文化背景比较简单，单词本身的语义结构比较简单一）单 词1)television（名词）电视2)electricity（名词）电3)wheat（名词）小麦4)坐（动词）sit 5)小（形容词）small 6)和(连接词）and,二）成 语speak ones mind 畅所欲言at ones finger-tips 了如指掌skin and bones 皮包骨头from the cradle to the grave 一生一世充耳不闻 turn a deaf ear to 大海捞针 1ook for a needle in a bundle of hay 得意忘形 have ones nose in the air 视而不见 turn a blind eye to三）谚 语Look before you leap.三思而后行。There is no smoke without fire.无风不起浪。Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧出门一里，不如家里。East and west,home is best.皇天不负苦心人。Everything comes to him who waits.比喻意义、感情色彩和比喻形式,四）英译汉句子翻译实例Unless youve got an ace up your sleeve,we are dished.除非你有锦囊妙计，否则我们是输定了。You have a lucky star above you.你真是福星高照。He is reaping what he has sown.他这是咎由自取。五）汉译英句子翻译实例你为什么要引狼入室？Why did you set the wolf to keep the sheep?他是信口开河，他对经济一窍不通。He is shooting off his mouth.He does not know the first thing of economy.对等译法：最基础、最常用、最接近,不完全对应,1一词多义及词的模糊性 例：“红”与“red”2句法结构对词义的制约性舍（舍弃）Abandon舍（舍己为人）Sacrifice ones own interests for the sake of others,示例,中学毕业生-a high school graduate(A.E)a school leaver(B.E)(a dropout-A.E)宣传-Propaganda：often used disparagingly to connote deception or distortion(.A.E)usu.derog.Information that is spread in a planned or official way,esp.by a government,in order to influence public opinion(B.E)农民-peasant:a person who is rude,behaves badly,or has little education桌子-table+desk,“我”：我行我素-Ill stick to my old practice.我校-my/our school我军-our army 而非my army敌我友-we 同学，学生的称谓打电话：“就这样”-so long,颜色,Black tea-红茶：茶叶的颜色/茶汤的颜色这人气得脸色铁青。-His face was white with anger/rage.汉语：青睐-喜爱或重视英语：green-eyed-妒忌汉语：红眼-妒嫉-失眠（英语：red-eye flight）,某人心肠好-为人善良He has a good heart.He has a bad heart.(heart attack)亡羊补牢-未为晚也Shut the stable door after the horse has bolted(/has been stolen).-无补于事,无对应：语际转换中的冲突式-形译，音译及其他变通手段,1形译：原语词形及词音移植到目的语中（文字体系一致，如：英，法）resume pork beef lamb2音译汉语中的音译词（英）：三明治sandwich 可口可乐coca-cola 披萨pizza 咖啡coffee 比基及bikini 迷你mimi 的士taxi 沙拉salad 芝士cheese 巧克力chocolate 布丁pudding 康乃馨carnation 香槟champagne 系统system 酒吧bar 芒果mango 荷尔蒙hormone 餐厅canteen 卡通cartoon 英语中的音译词（汉）：Confucius孔夫子 kowtow磕头 mahjong麻将 mandarin“满大人”-普通话 silk丝绸 tea茶 tycoon“太君”-大亨 typhoon台风,汉英互译可用的变通手段,分切（句法），转换，转移，还原，阐释，融合，引申，反转，替代，拆离，增补，省略及重复，重组及移植,引申（Extending）,引申译法-具体/抽象译法-消除或降低语言差别给翻译带来的损失，使译文产生与原文同样的效果。目的语搭配或表达习惯或适应语境的需要,具体译法,一)单词、词组和成语1)transportation 2)advertisement 3)propaganda 4)translation 5)government 6)family 7)class 8)very timid 9)very strong 10)keep quiet 11)very anxious to return home 12)have not cut off relations completely 13)accelerate the speed;speed up,一)单词、词组和成语1)transportation 运输一运输工具2)advertisement 广告一广告资料3)propaganda 宣传一宣传机关4)translation 翻译一翻译作5)government 政府一政府官员6)family 家庭一家庭成员7)class 班级一全班学生8)very timid 非常胆小一胆小如鼠9)very strong 非常强壮一壮得像头牛10)keep quiet 不吱声一噤若寒蝉11)very anxious to return home 回家心切一归心似箭12)have not cut off relations completely 没有彻底断绝关系一藕断丝连13)accelerate the speed;speed up 快上加快一快马加鞭,二）单词、词组和成语汉译英时具体译法的译例大吵大闹 raise the roof 有花不完的钱 have enough money to burn结为良缘 win the hand of 截然不同 oil and vinegar 觉得可疑 smell a rat 鲁莽的人 a bull in a china shop千苦差事 holdcarry the baby 保密 keep sth under ones hat三）句子英译汉时具体译法的译例All the people were exasperated by his fault-finding.大家都被他那种吹毛求疵的做法激怒了。We were all greatly moved by his loftiness.我们都被他那种崇高品质所深深打动。There had been too much violence in that region.那个地区发生了许多暴力事件。四）句子汉译英时具体译法的译例他每天要处理许多棘手的问题。He has many hot potatoes to handle every day.我不敢肯定我能赢得这个荣誉，这还是未到手的东西。Im not sure whether I can win the honor;its a bird in the bush.你不要过早乐观，真正的困难还在后头呢。Dont count your chickens before they are hatched.The real difficulties still lay ahead.,抽象译法,一)单词、词组或成语谦虚态度无知的表现 同情心理 鸡毛蒜皮 开门见山 顺手牵羊 狗急跳墙 黔驴技穷 生龙活虎 lick sbs boots stick to ones last put ones cards on the table eat like a bird break the ice get the green light turn thumbs down on sth,一)单词、词组或成语谦虚态度 modesty 无知的表现 innocence 同情心理 sympathy 鸡毛蒜皮 trifling开门见山 come straight to the point 顺手牵羊 walk off with sth狗急跳墙 do sth desperate 黔驴技穷 at ones wits end 生龙活虎 bursting with energy lick sbs boots 巴结stick to ones last 安分守己put ones cards on the table 表明观点eat like a bird 吃得极少break the ice 打破僵局get the green light 得到许可turn thumbs down on sth 反对,三）句子英译汉时抽象译法的译例I was practically on my knees but he still refused.He earns scarcely enough to keep body and soul together.I have no head for music.Please dont wake a sleeping dog.Man for the field and woman for the hearth;Man for the sword and for the needle she.Man with the head and woman with the heart;Man to command and woman to obey.(Tennyson),三）句子英译汉时抽象译法的译例I was practically on my knees but he still refused.我几乎是苦苦哀求，但他依然拒绝。He earns scarcely enough to keep body and soul together.他挣的钱几乎难以维持生活。I have no head for music.我没有音乐方面的天赋。Please dont wake a sleeping dog.请不要惹是生非。Man for the field and woman for the hearth;Man for the sword and for the needle she.Man with the head and woman with the heart;Man to command and woman to obey.(Tennyson)男人适于农耕，女人适于家务；男人宜于征战，女人宜于缝纫。男人善于深思，女人富于感情；男人发号施令，女人惟有服从。（丁尼生）,四）句子汉译英时抽象译法的译例那位小伙子真是喝了大胆汤。That young man has great courage,indeed!这是他们夫妻之间的事情，你去插一脚干吗？Thats a business of their own,between husband and wife.Why should you get involved in it?他万万没想到在他前进的道路上竟会出现这么多拦路虎！He had never expected that so many obstacles would stand in his way.,例：This is informal;you can come as you are or as you were.,抽象-具体,This is informal;you can come as you are or as you were.这是非正式的会见，你可以穿你现在穿的衣服，也可以穿昨天穿的衣服。As you are/as you were(是什么样的)-穿什么衣服,特定/具体-一般/抽象,打架斗殴成了这伙人的家常便饭。Scuffles and clashes became a matter of daily occurrence for these gangsters.家常便饭-daily occurrence 她感到浑身发怵，五脏六腑像被什么扯着似的阵阵作痛。Her whole body got shitty while stabbing pains went all over her.五脏六腑-all over,增补(Adding)，省略(Omitting)，重复(Repeating),双语的思维方式及特征，语言文字结构差异，习惯表达法差异，语感问题基本规范：1有助于意义的全面转换；2有助于语言结构的适度优化；3有助于适度提高目的语的可读性,增词译法,I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection,but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.(Ann Blackmore:Lambing Time)原来我以为这不过是一种亲热的表示，但是现在看来，这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道，来断定是不是自己的。（时间状语）After the football match,hes got an important meeting.在观看足球比赛之后，他有一个重要会议去参加。（动词）He dismissed the meeting without a closing speech.他没有致闭幕词就宣布结束会议。（动词）Those were the words that were to make the world blossom for me,“like Aarons rod,.with flowers”.(Helen Adams Keller:The Story of My Life）后来就是这些词把一个美好的世界展现在我的面前，就像圣经上说的“亚伦的杖开了花”一样。（定语-背景知识）,This great scientist was born in New England.这位伟大的科学家出生在美国东北部的新英格兰。（定语-背景知识）旱知他有病，我就不会叫他来了。If I had known he was ill，I would not have asked him to come.（连接词）1976年7 月28 日，唐山发生了大地震。On July 28，1976，a big earthquake took place in Tangshan.(介词)三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮。The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses that of Zhuge Liang the master mind.（增加词语-背景知识）班门弄斧show off ones proficiency with axe before Lu Ban,the master carpenter.(增加词语-原文内涵意义、背景知识）,省词译法,If I learn to drive a motorcycle,I will certainly buy a new one.It is better to do well than to say well.Its your pen.I found it on the playground.The sun is bright,and the sky is clear.If you dont go there tomorrow,theyll get angry.In September 1939,the Second World War broke out.总理压出席音乐会之前，还有许多工作要做。在工作中，我们必须避免犯不必要的错误。这台电视机真是价廉物美。那位小伙子有点愣头愣脑的。,If I learn to drive a motorcycle,I will certainly buy a new one.我要是学摩托车的话，(我)就长去买一辆新的。It is better to do well than to say well.说得好不如做得好。(喊破嗓子不如做出样子。）Its your pen.I found it on the playground.这是你的钢笔，我在操场上找到（它）的。The sun is bright,and the sky is clear.阳光灿烂，(和）晴空万里。If you dont go there tomorrow,theyll get angry.（如果）你明天不去，他们会生气的。,In September 1939,the Second World War broke out.（在)1939年9月，第二次世界大战爆发。总理压出席音乐会之前，还有许多工作要做。The Premier had a lot of work to do before(attending)the concert.在工作中，我们必须避免犯不必要的错误。We must avoid making(unnecessary)mistakes in our work.这台电视机真是价廉物美。This television set is really cheap(in price)and fine(in quality).那位小伙子有点愣头愣脑的。That young fellow is somewhat rash(in the head).,增词译法小结概念性增补:非增添不足以充分表达或阐释原意的实意词,Party liner-坚决贯彻党的路线的人；worry lines-因忧虑而深陷的皱纹Where all think alike,no one thinks very much.I wanted to be a man,and a man I am.,Where all think alike,no one thinks very much.既然人人的想法如出一辙，那么大家也都懒得多想。I wanted to be a man,and a man I am.我立志做一个真正的人；我现在终于成了一个真正的人。,2结构性增补词：语法结构词，虚词；原语结构中省略的词；搭配上的接应词。3逻辑性增补词：承接，转折或呼应词4修辞性增补词：成语性修饰词，语气补充词，情态补足词 如：吗？呢？所谓，而已，罢了。,融合（Blending）及缀合Combining),融合：汉译英-译句；英译汉-译词：将若干词的意思加以融汇，综合，归纳或浓缩。西方-成对词，中国-一条前后两个部分同为一个意思的四字成语或两条同义成语 sympathetic love-怜爱；powerful and resultful action 魄力vicious and treacherous奸诈；deep-rooted but unreasonable love痴情He is dead and gone.他的确死了。His father is a man who forgives and forgets.他父亲非常宽容。He is a man of culture and learning.他是个很有学问的人。Really and truly？千真万确？(你敢肯定没错？）,其中又见林黛玉是个出类拔萃的，便更与黛玉亲敬异常。（曹雪芹：红楼梦，第四十九回）Noticing too that Daiyu stood out from the rest,she treated her even more affectionately.他决心洗心革面，脱胎换骨。He is determined to turn over a new leaf.你怎么能过河拆桥,忘恩负义呢？How can you kick down the ladder?丰功伟绩great magnificent contributions以怨报德，恩将仇报return kindness with ingratitude 低三下四，奴颜婢膝humble oneself 宽宏大量，既往不咎forgive and forget,转换（Conversing）,转换译法-转性译法：名词与动词，介词与动词之间的转换最常见1选择性词性转换：选择，非强制I did it myself to spare your trouble.(名词)我自己做了，免得给你添麻烦。（名词）我自己做了，免得麻烦你。（动词）2 强制性词性转换：目的语惯用法及语法规范不同于原语She is no less beautiful than her sister.她的美貌并不亚于她的姐姐。(对应否定式),Every morning she would go to the lake area for a walk.My suggestion is that he should quit smoking at once.The people are with him.What are you after？I am no drinker，nor smoker.This pupil is a good writer.他总是喝很多酒。他这个人最爱说话了。他妹妹老是说谎。她对他们越来越憎恨。她非常漂亮。,Every morning she would go to the lake area for a walk.每天早上，她都要到湖区去散步。（名词转为动词）My suggestion is that he should quit smoking at once.我建议他立刻戒烟。（主语转译成谓语，主语前的定语也相应地转译成主语。）The people are with him.人民拥护他。（介词转为动词）What are you after？你追求什么？(介词转为动词）I am no drinker，nor smoker.我既不喝酒，也不抽烟。（名词转为动词）This pupil is a good writer.这个小学生文章写得不错。（名词转为动词）他总是喝很多酒。He is a great drinker.(动词转为名词）他这个人最爱说话了。He is a great talker.（动词转为名词）他妹妹老是说谎。His sister is a great liar.(动词转为名词）她对他们越来越憎恨。Her hatred for them grew more.(动词转为名词）她非常漂亮。She is a real beauty.(形容词转为名词）,换形译法,截然不同的文化背景-习惯表达上的差距-改换表达的形式 You think she will come if it is fine tomorrow,but I dont think so.你认为明天天好，她就会来，我觉得她不会来。（X我不认为是这样。）You say he works hard;so he does.你说他很努力，对，他确实很努力。(X他确实是这样。）The bandits robbed him of his ox,but it was his only family property.土匪抢走了他的水牛，可那水牛是他惟一的家产啊。The whole project was completed in a quarter of a year.整个工程在三个月内就完成了。(整个工程在四分之一年内就完成了。）,Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation.(Abraham Lincoln)八十七年前我们的先辈在这块大陆上创建了一个新的国家。(X四个二十加七年前）He is over sixty years old.他已年逾花甲。（或：他已年过六旬。？他已经六十多岁。）你要看小说，我也要看小说。You are going to read a novel;Im going to do the same.(或：.so am I.？I am going to read a novel,too.)换形译法：换形不换义，译文的表达习惯,褒贬译法,词汇的词性-译文的语言习惯词汇的感情色彩-原文的精神（褒义、贬义和中性）As luck would have it,no one was in the building when the explosion occurred.真幸运，发生爆炸时大楼里刚巧没有人。As luck would have it,there was rain on the day of the picnic.真不凑巧，野餐那天下雨了。The old couple made a persistent effort to search for their daughter lost in the war.这对年老的夫妇执着地寻找着他们在战争中丢失的女儿。She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone.她被没完没了的电话铃声搞得心烦意乱。,funny:褒义a funny story 滑稽的故事 a funny writer 风趣的作家 He is being funny.他在逗乐。中性There is something funny about the matter.事情有点蹊跷。a funny black hat古怪的黑帽子贬义Youll be sorry if you try anything funny in class.你要是在课堂上玩什么鬼花样，肯定要后悔的。She is a bit funny sometimes.她有时候有点疯疯癫癫的。Dont get funny with your boss！不得对老板放肆！由于：褒义thanks to.by virtue of.中性owing to.due to.because e of.as a result of.in view of.贬义in consequence of.（词法-句法）,句法翻译,换序译法，断句译法，转句译法，合句译法，缩句译法，转态译法，正反译法,换序译法,译文的语言习惯-调整原文的词序-通顺Its good youre so considerate.你想得这样周到是很好的。(X这是很好的你想得这样周到。)(主语从句换序）Formerly a worker himself,he was now an engineer 他过去是工人，现在当了工程师了。(X以前的工人，他是现在一个工程师。)(同位语换序）发生了这样的事不是你的错。Its not your fault that this has happened.(x That this has happened is not your fault.过于正规，在文体上与原文不符。)(主语从句换序）He witnessed the sixth post-war economic crisis of serious consequence that prevailed in various fields in the USA.他亲眼目睹了美国战后第六次后果严重的波及各领域的经济危机。,断句译法,长句费解-断开翻译It was in vain that the old lady asked her if she was aware she was speaking to Miss Pinkerton.(W.M.Thackeray:Vanity Fair）老太太问她明白不明白对她说话的不是别人，是平克顿小姐。/这话毫无效力。(拆开名词从句）这首歌并不曾继续多久，/就和笛声共同消失在黑暗里了。(巴金：家）The singing did not last very long./Soon,together with the sound of the flute,it faded away in the darkness.（拆开状语从句）,转句译法,词组或单词（状语、定语、名词），丰富的语义-转词为句Nixon was greatly impressed by Stassens firm handshake.（W.Manchester:The Glory and the Dream)史塔生紧紧和他握手，尼克松对这一点印象很深刻。(逻辑主语转句）他像大海捞针一样在茫茫黑夜里寻找金色的梦。He searched for his golden dream in the pitch dark of the night.It was just like fishing for a needle in the ocean.（状语转句）,合句译法,几个短句-一个长句The young man was very miserable./He had no money about him./All his savings had been stolen.这个年轻人很惨，已落到了身无分文的地步，因为他所有的积蓄被窃。She is very busy at home./She has to take care of the children and do the kitchen work.她在家很忙，又要看好孩子，又要下厨。过了两年，他又换过学校，却遇见了一个值得感佩的同事。/那同事是个诚朴的人，担任教师有六七年了。(叶圣陶：倪焕之)Two years later he changed to yet another school,and there he met a colleague whom he could not help admiring and feeling drawn to,as he was a sincere,plain-spoken fellow who had been a teacher for six or seven years.,缩句译法,相对次要的一个句子-相对主要的句子的组成部分（状语、定语、同位语、主语）She went back home to take care of her husband.He was seriously ill.她回家去照料病重的丈夫。（缩为定语）It was April 1945.The Second World War was coming to an end.1945年4月，第二次世界大战已接近尾声。（缩为状语)周瑞家的忙起身，拿匣子与他，说送花儿一事。（曹雪芹：红楼梦，第七回）Mrs.Zhou stood up and explained her errand,handing over the box.（缩为状语）（多见汉译英-英语句子相对复杂，结构形式丰富多彩）,转态译法,语态转换（被动、主动）-语言习惯It was reported that Yugoslavian President Tito told a Soviet envoy to“go to hell”.据报道，南斯拉夫总统铁托叫一位苏联使者“别胡诌”。The visitor was flattered and impressed.这位客人受宠若惊，深为感动。说话时，己摆了茶果上来。（曹雪芹：红楼梦，第三回）Mean-while refreshments had been served.全国同胞们，中华人民共和国现已宣告成立。（毛泽东选集，第五卷）Fellow-countrymen,the founding of the Peoples Re-public of China is proclaimed.注意：英译汉：汉语译文可主动，但不一定要有主语；汉译英：汉语无主句译成英文时必须添加主语。汉语的被动语态多避开“被”字-受、为、由、获、是为、为所,正反译法,强制性或选择性正反处理原文:What they found will surprise no one who has a teen or is a teen or just remembers being a teen.原译：对于任何一个青少年，或者曾经是青少年，再或已成为青少年父母的人来说，这次实验结果都不会令人担心。改译：这一结果引起了那些青少年父母、青少年本人以及对青少年时期仍记忆犹新的人们的共鸣。英语词句中含有never,no,not,non-，un-,im-，in-，ir-，-less等成分以及汉语词句中含有“不”、“没”、“无”、“未”、“甭”、“孬”、“别”、“休”、“莫”、“非”、“毋”、“勿”等成分的为反说，不含这些成分的为正说。,英译汉正转反：I do think that it is beyond his power to fulfill the task.我的确认为要完成这项任务是他力所不及的。Do you know why she is always trying to avoid you？你知道她为什么老是不想见到你？Her husband hates to see her stony face.她丈夫不愿看到她那张毫无表情的脸。英译汉反转正：No smoking！严禁吸烟！Dont make your conclusion before the end of the year.到年底再下结论吧。He will come back in no time.他很快就回来了。,汉译英正转反：她光着脚走进了房间。She came into the room with no shoes on.这个小孩现在完全能自己走路了。The child can walk without any help now.汉译英反转正：他似乎想不出恰当的字眼来阐明自己的观点。He seemed to