《西方文明简史》PPT课件.ppt

Classical and Hellenistic Greece,LECTURE,Classical Greece,Around 500B.C.338B.C.(conquest of Greece by Macedonia),Confrontation,Second half of 6th century B.C.The Persian empire conquered Ionia.499B.C.Revolt of Ionian cities490B.C.Revenge of Darius,The Persian Wars,490B.C.Battle of Marathon480B.C.Battles of Thermopylae and Salamis479B.C.Battle of Plataea,Athenian Imperialism,Delian League(478B.C.)An economic,judicial,religious,and political union held together by military might,Athenian Freedom,The freedom of participation in public life,especially self-governmentSovereignty lay with the demosthe people.,The Age of Pericles,From around 460-430B.C.,Pericles,a great orator and military commander,dominated Athens.Expanding democracy at home:extension of democracy to all free citizensAbolish the last property requirements for officeholding.Pay those serving on juries.Expanding Athenian empire abroadCulmination of Athenian civilization,The Peloponnesian War,A series of wars431-421B.C.(peace treaty)414-404B.C.(Athenss unconditional surrender),Culture of Classical Greece,Center:Periclean AthensPrimary characteristic:critical and rational nature,Philosophy,SophistsSocrates(470-399B.C.)The unexamined life is not worth living.Plato(429-347B.C.)The RepublicThe AcademyAristotle(384-322B.C.)Analyzing and classifying things based on thorough research and investigation,Writing of History,Herodotus(484-420B.C.)The first historian,“father of history”History:the Persian warsHis concern to explain,to go beyond mere storytellingThucydides(460-400B.C.)History of the Peloponnesian War:contemporary record of the warPolitical historian,Drama,Origin:annual feast of DionysusTragediesAeschylusSophoclesEuripidesComediesAristophanesSatyr plays,Art,The search for ideal beauty:reason,moderation,balance and harmony;use of ideal proportions,based on mathematical ratio found in nature.,Religion,One of the 12 chief gods/goddesses as a guardian of a polis.Festivals to honor the gods,e.g.Olympic gamesOracle:to know the will of the gods,The Rise of Macedon,http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_Peloponnesian_War_431_BC-en.svg Around 400B.C.Emerge as an important kingdom338B.C.Defeat of AthensAn alliance of the Greek states called the League of CorinthGreek city-states were allowed autonomy in domestic affairs.,Alexander the Great,Conquest of Alexander(336-323B.C.)Greek cities of Asia MinorMediterranean coast and EgyptMesopotamiaTill Hyphasis River333B.C.and 331B.C.,he defeated the Persian king twice and captured the Persian capital of Persepolis.Creation of the Hellenistic(to imitate Greeks)era,Hellenistic Kingdoms,Egypt under the PtolemiesSeleucid kingdomMacedon and Greece under the Antigonidshttp:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diadochi2.png,Hellenistic Cities,Greek in physical organization,constitution,language and culture.The political institutions modeled after those of the Greek city-states.Subordinate to the Hellenistic monarchiesOutstanding example:Alexandria of Egypt,Art,More emotional and realistic,displaying more freedom and individuality,Philosophy,Focused more on personal happinessCynics:renunciation of material things,society,and pleasuresEpicureans:reduce desires;retire from politics,retreat from public competition and concentrate on friendshipStoics:live in accordance with the divine will,Mathematics and Science,Euclid:ElementsArchimedesAstronomyMedicine:human anatomy,Chronology,