《被动句的译法》PPT课件.ppt

英汉翻译理论与实践,主讲蔡子亮,翻译理论与实践,英译汉常用的方法和技巧:(7)被动句的译法:1)译成被动句 2)译成主动句,试译下列句子:1.The compass was invented by Chinese long ago.2.The solution to the problem was finally found.3.That question neednt be brought in.4.Those who died for the country will be remembered forever by the people.5.He was very naughty and would be beaten almost every day.,1.The compass was invented by Chinese long ago.很久以前，中国人发明了指南针。2.The solution to the problem was finally found.这个问题的解决办法终于找到了。3.That question neednt be brought in.不必把这个问题牵扯进来。4.Those who died for the country will be remembered forever by the people.那些为国捐躯的人们将被人民永久缅怀。5.He was very naughty and would be beaten almost every day.他很顽皮，几乎天天挨揍。,6.The pop song is being taught over the radio.7.Rivers are controlled by dams.8.All those who work hard should be encouraged.9.These products are made in our country.10.昨晚我盖了两条被子。,6.The pop song is being taught over the radio.广播里正在教唱这首流行歌曲。7.Rivers are controlled by dams.拦河坝把河流控制住了。8.All those who work hard should be encouraged.所有努力工作的人都应得到鼓励。9.These products are made in our country.这些产品是我国制造的。10.昨晚我盖了两条被子。Last night I was covered up with two quilts.,英语中被动语态使用范围很广。凡说不出施动者、不必说出施动者、不愿说出施动者或为了便于上下文连贯等，往往都用被动语态。大量使用被动句是科技英语的一大特点。据统计，在科技文体中，被动句的使用频率比其他文体要大四倍。,汉语中虽也有被动语态，但使用的频率远不如英语高，范围也不如英语广。汉语被动式用得比较少，这是汉语的一个特点。据统计，在水浒中，一回中只发现“被”字二三处；而在红楼梦中，则二三十回中，才见一处。,“五四”运动前，“被”往往与对动作承受者有不利影响的动词连用，如“被迫害”，“被腐蚀”等。但由于外来语的影响，汉语中“被”字的使用才趋向增加。,吕叔湘在现代汉语语法讲话中说“被”字句主要是说明主语有所遭受，不是自愿的，因此常表示不愉快，不幸，不愿意一类的行为。例如：“花被他们拿走了。”其含义有“不情愿”的意思。而“花他们拿走了。”含义有“本来就让他们来拿”的意思。,试比较：I am painting a flower.我在画花。()The flower is being painted by me.花正在被我画。()The flower is painted badly by me.花被我画坏了。()The flower is painted well by me.花被我画好了。(?),其实，与英语不同的是，汉语的被动意义并不一定非要借助被受遭等助词来表达，也就是说汉语的被动在形式和内容上并不完全一致。作为“意会”语言，汉语所表达的被动意义我们不难理解。Will the question be discussed tomorrow morning?这个问题明天上午讨论吗？The book was first published in 1980.这本书在1980年首次出版。,Quirk曾指出，英语中有的被动句没有把施动者表现出来。而汉语则相反。吕叔湘曾指出，汉语“非真正有需要的时候不用无施动者的被动式。”,英语中有无施动者都是很自然的,而汉语中无施动者用“被”字就显得不自然,干脆把“被”字去掉,倒显得更简洁,更符合汉语的表达习惯。其实，汉语有一种倾向，就是尽量避免使用“被”字，在行文中尽量选择能从主动角度恰当表达其被动含义的词语。所以，汉译时，在“被”字可用可不用时要大胆删去。,例如：The difficulties have been overcome.困难（被）克服了。The problem has been solved.问题（被）解决了。Has the fish been caught?鱼（被）捉住了吗？The president was assasinated in a theatre last night.总统昨晚在一家剧院遇刺。The speed of the molecules is increased when they are heated.当分子受热时，分子的速度就加快。,Let me try：1.The difficulties have been overcome,the work has been finished and the problem solved.困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了。2.Mercury freezes if it is cooled to too low a temperature(below about-40).如果水银(被)冷却到太低的温度(约低于华氏-40度)它就冻结。,3.While I admit that there are problems,I dont agree that they cannot be solved.我承认问题是有的，但我不同意说问题不能解决。4.The building is scheduled to be completed and turned over for use by the end of this year.这栋大楼定于今年年底竣工并交付使用。,可见，由于两种语言中被动语态的使用频率和使用方式不同，故在英译汉时译文里的语态并不一定完全遵循原文里的语态，要根据情况作适当的选择。,英语中那些用了被动语态的句子在翻译成汉语时,我们可以根据汉语的语言习惯把被动语态转换成主动语态;汉语中用主动语态的一些句子在翻译成英语时,我们也可以根据具体情况把主动语态转换成被动语态。这就是所谓的转态译法/语态转换法(the change of voices)。,一）译成被动句：,1）当英语被动句的意思是不愉快，有所遭受，特别是在句中出现施动者，就与汉语被动句的使用范围相吻合。这时可译成汉语的被动句。句中用介词或助词“被”等引进施动者。The woman was abandoned by her husband.这个妇女被她丈夫抛弃了。,一）译成被动句：,Sometimes the communication would be seriously disturbed by solar spots.有时通讯会被日斑严重干扰。They are being interrogated by the police.他们正在被警察盘问。He was being looked after by his sister.他正由他妹妹照顾着。,一）译成被动句：,试译：We remember how many countries far from Europe,including China,have been drawn during this century into wars which had their origin in disagreements within Europe.我们还记得，在本世纪内，有多少远离欧洲的国家，包括中国，曾经被卷入起源于欧洲内部分歧的战争。,一）译成被动句：,2）英语被动句中虽无施动者，如果意思是有所遭受，也可译成被动句。If the DNA is destroyed,the cell can not divide,and will die.如果DNA被破坏，细胞就不能分裂，就会死去。The words“work”and“power”are often confused or interchanged in colloquial use.在日常口语中，“功”和“功率”这两个词常被混淆或误用。,一）译成被动句：,3）英语被动句不表示不愉快的意思，也无施动者，照例应译成主动句。但是当句中有保留宾语或主语补足语，也可译成被动句。The method is thought necessary.这种方法被认为是必要的。,一）译成被动句：,再如：Radio waves are also known as radiant energy.无线电波也被认为是辐射能。Heat is regarded as a form of energy.热被看作是能的一种形式。,一）译成被动句：,4）由于现代汉语中被动句的使用范围，受到外来语的影响而扩大，所以有些表示愉快意思或中性意思的英语被动句有时也可译成被动句。He was elected chairman.他被选为主席。She was made a model worker.她被选为劳模。,一）译成被动句：,再如：I didnt expect that I would be asked to speak.我没料到会被要求发言。,一）译成被动句：,5）根据汉语的表达习惯,译成“遭/受/挨/给/为所”字句：They are good at us and we are never beaten.他们对我们很好,我们从来没有挨过打。His suggestion was opposed by most of the present company.他的建议遭到在场多数人的反对。,一）译成被动句：,再如：To prevent the Old Beijing from being destroyed,Mao Zedong was determined to liberate it peacefully.为避免北京古城遭到破坏，毛泽东极力主张和平解放北京。He cant write anything,for his pen and paper had been taken away.他已无法写任何东西，因为纸和笔已给拿走了。,一）译成被动句：,再如：Our foreign policy is supported by the Third World Countries.我们的外交政策得到第三世界国家的支持。He who runs against history will be finally cast away by it.逆历史潮流而动的人终将为历史所抛弃。He was loved by all.他受到大家的爱戴。,二）译成主动句：,1）没有动作的发出者，译成无主句：No work can be done without energy.没有能量就不能做功。When work is done against friction,heat is produced.当克服摩擦而作功时,就产生热。The poor should not be laughed at.不要笑话穷人。,二）译成主动句：,试译：Water can be shown as containing impurities.可以证明水含有杂质。Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.应该尽最大努力告知年轻人吸烟的危害,特别是吸上烟瘾后的可怕后果。,二）译成主动句：,2）英语被动句中无施动者，译成无主句不符合习惯，因此可在译文里加泛指人称代词或名词“他们”、“我们”、“你们”、“人家”、“别人”、“有人”等作主语。The mechanical energy can be changed into electrical energy by a generator.人们可以通过发电机将机械能转化为电能。,二）译成主动句：,再如：While respected,he is not liked.虽然人们尊重他，但并不喜欢他。The metal,iron in particular,is known to be an important material in engineering.大家知道,金属,特别是铁,是工程方面的重要材料。The letter has been opened.这封信有人拆开了！,二）译成主动句：,3）英语中的主语译成汉语的宾语,介词by后面的宾语译成主语。Heat and light can be given off by this chemical change.这种化学反应能释放出热和光。Light and heat can be given to us by the sun.太阳供给我们光和热。,二）译成主动句：,再如：So far,nearly 1,000 drop-outs have been aided by the Fund.迄今为止，这个基金会资助了近千名辍学儿童。Peace is desired by everyone all over the world.全世界的人都渴望和平。,二）译成主动句：,4）有时英语被动句中没有出现“by”引进的施动者,而代之以一个状语。这个状语一般由介词短语表达,在多数情况下表示地点、目的和方式。此时可以把主语译成宾语，状语译成主语。The answers concerned are provided in Chapter 10.第十章提供了有关的答案。,二）译成主动句：,再如：Communications satellites have already been used for living transmission in our country.我国已将通讯卫星用于实况转播。Mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy through a generator.发电机能把机械能再转变为电能。,二）译成主动句：,5）谓语译成主语：被动句中的某些谓语动词译成名词大部分作主语。如：be marked（译为标记）；be read（读数）be defined(定义);be called(名字);be designed(设计);be characterized（特点）等。20 volts were read from the voltmeter.电压表的读数是20伏。,二）译成主动句：,再如：Energy is defined as the ability to do work.能的定义即做功的能力。This instrument is called electric meter.这台仪器的名字是电气仪表。The factory workers were paid$2,000 monthly.这个工厂的月工资为2000美元。,二）译成主动句：,6）译成“是的”判断句型。Voltage is not checked with this meter.电压不是用这只仪表检查的。Printing was introduced into Europe from China.印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的。The speed of wind is expressed in metres by second.风速是用秒米表示的。,二）译成主动句：,7）用“把”“将”“由”“使”“有”“加以”“予以”“得到”等字句翻译：Steel can be made so hard that it will cut iron.人们可以把钢炼得坚硬到可以削铁的程度。,二）译成主动句：,再如：The molecules are held together by attractive forces.分子由引力聚集在一起。The output of airplanes has been increased greatly.飞机产量有了很大的提高。,二）译成主动句：,再如：Problems should be resolved in good time.问题要及时加以解决。His viewpoint is highly appreciated by engineers.他的观点得到工程师们的很高评价。,二）译成主动句：,8）常用被动句型的翻译:以it 作为形式主语的英语句子，常要译成主动形式，有时不加主语，有时则加上不确定的主语，如“有人”、“大家”、“人们”、“我们”等。It is said that 据说It is claimed that 据称Its hoped that 希望Its reported that 据报道,二）译成主动句：,It is learned that 据悉It is confirmed that 可以肯定Its supposed that 据推测 It must be admitted that 必须承认It must be pointed out that必须指出 It will be seen from this that 由此可见It cant be denied that 不可否认It should be stressed that 必须强调,二）译成主动句：,It is generally considered that 人们普遍认为 It is asked that 人们会问It is believed that 有人认为It is declared that 有人宣布It has been objected that 有人反驳It is held that 有人认为It is known that 众所周知It is noted that有人指出;人们注意到,二）译成主动句：,It is pointed that 有人指出It is regarded that 人们认为It is suggested 有人建议It is thought 人们认为It is felt that 人们感到It is rumored that 有人谣传It is expected that 人们希望It is understood that 大家都知道,二）译成主动句：,试译：It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality.人们普遍认为，孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来的人品。,练一练：1.The three words are pronounced in the same way.2.Vitamin C is destroyed when it is overheated.3.Football is played all over the world.4.A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor.,练一练：1.The three words are pronounced in the same way.这三个单词发音相同。2.Vitamin C is destroyed when it is overheated.维生素C受热过度就会被破坏。3.Football is played all over the world.全世界都踢足球。4.A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor.原子反应堆需要一种合适的燃料。,练一练：5.The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time,and in any case,the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.6.By the end of the war,800 people had been saved by the organization,but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.,5.The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time,and in any case,the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.石油的供应可能随时会被中断；不管怎样，以目前的这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。6.By the end of the war,800 people had been saved by the organization,but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.大战结束时,这个组织拯救了八百人,但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。,练一练：7.基础建设速度加快，投资环境不断改善。客家博物馆归读公园等一批市政重点工程竣工并投入使用。The capital construction has been acceleerated and the environment for investment has been continuously improved.Hakka Museum,Guidu Park and other municipal key projects were completed and put to use.,Good Bye,