《英语词汇学》PPT课件.ppt

Lexicology（词汇学）,Lexicology is the study of form,meaning and behavior of words.(The New Oxford Dictionary of English)Morphology(形态学),semantics(语义学),etymology（词源学）Vocabulary（口语化）,lexis（两者之间）,lexicon（学术味）(词汇),1011学年第二学期词汇学试题类型I.Explain the following terms.(20 points)II.Complete the following statements or passages with proper expressions according to the text.(10 points)III.Fill in each blank with a word contrary in meaning to the word given in the bracket.(10 points)IV.Complete the following idioms.(10 points),V.Fill in the blanks with the following verbal phrases in their suitable forms.(20 points)VI.Express the following in one compound word.(10 points)VII.Answer the following questions.(20 points)I.Explain the following terms.homonym compounding connotative meaningMorpheme blending initialism antonymy synonym denotative meaning polysemy Conversion derivation motivation Acronym back-formation radiation,VII.Answer the following questions.1.How do you define antonyms?2.What is the difference between conversion and suffixation?3.What do we mean by literary and common words?4.What is the difference between grammatical meaning and lexical meaning?5.What are the differences between inflectional and derivational affix?,6.What is the difference between prefixation and suffixation?7.Why should we give primary importance to denotative meaning of words?8.What is the difference between root antonyms and derivational antonyms?9.State the vital role of context in determination of word meaning.10.What are verb phrase idioms?What are their peculiar features?,Part oneChapter I,A General Survey ofEnglish Vocabulary,1.The Development of the English vocabulary2.Classification of English words according to different criteria3.Varieties of English4.Classification of languages,Chapter 1 A Brief Survey of the English Language,Definition of WordBloomfield:some linguistic forms,which we call bound forms are never used as sentences.-ess;-ish;-sFree form:two or more lesser free forms Poor JohnFrench linguist,Antoine Meillet A word is defined by the association of a given group of sounds capable of a given grammatical use.,lexicon(词汇):the vocabulary of person,language,or branch of knowledge,eg.the size of the English lexicon,Entry(词条):an item written or printed in a diary,list,account book,or reference book.,Lexeme词位,a basic lexical unit of a language consisting of one word or several words,the elements of which do not separately convey the meaning of the whole.,In brief,a word may be defined as a fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form,with a unity of sound and meaning(both lexical and grammatical meaning),capable of performing a given syntactic function.词是语言组织中的基本单位，能独立运用的，具有声音、意义和语法功能。,1.The Development of the English vocabulary（英语发展史),1.1.English vocabulary as viewed in the historical perspective1.1.1Old English(449/450 1100)Anglo-Saxon(古英语)(50,000-60,000 words)1.1.2Middle English(1100-1500)strong influence of French(中古英语)1.1.3Early Modern English(1500-1700)(早期现代英语)Renaissance Latin Greek 1.1.4Late Modern English(1700 Pres.)(后期现代英语),1.1.1Old English 古英语(450AD 1100),(“the Anglo-Saxon Period”)1.1.1.2 Characteristics of OE,Background,Paleolithic Man3000 BC,Iberians-Neolithic500 BC,Celts 55BC 410 AD,the Roman occupation 55BC:Julius Caesar 43AD:Emperor Claudius-The Roman Conquest罗马人的征服410 AD,the fall of the Roman Empire,449AD,Invasion of Angles,Saxons&Jutes-the Tutonic Conquest(449 6th C)three Low West Germanic lg.-Anglo-Saxon*“Runic”597AD,introduces.of Christianity,by Augustine.Introduces.of Latin words790 AD,invasion of Scandinavians,esp,Danes.Vikings.Introduces of vocabulary from Scandinavian countries(Old Norse words),1.1.1.2 Characteristics of OE,1)OE Dialects 方言2)OE Vocabulary 词汇3)OE Spelling 拼写4）OE Pronunciation 发音5)OE Inflections 屈折形式6）Loan Words 外来语,1)OE Dialects 方言,West Saxon西撒克逊语 Kentish肯特语 Mercian莫西亚语 Northumbrian北恩布瑞安语,2)OE Vocabulary 词汇,Compounding:for-(forbid,forget),in-,-ful,-dom,-hood,-ship,-ness,-th,-ish.Alliteration:(with)might and main,friend or foe,a labour of love.,3)OE Spelling 拼写,eg.(1)OE Modern E OE Modern E hm home mtan to meetstn stone fdn to feedhs house u Thoubc book t thatfftig fifty,eg.(2)Fder re,e eart on heofonum,Father of ours,thou that art in Heaven,4）OE Pronunciation 发音,OE Sp.OE Pron.Mod.E Sp.Mod.E Pron.tme ti:m time taim hs hu:s house haus stn sta:n stone stun,5）OE Inflections 屈折形式,eg.(1)hm(home)的变格：Singular PluralSubjective hm hmas Possessive hmes hmaPatient hme hmumObjective hm hmas,6）Loan Words 外来语,（1）Introduction of Christianity(基督教)Fr.Latin:bargain,cheap,inch,pound,cup,dish,wall,wine,etc.;abbot,alter,candle,disciple,hymn,martyr,num,priest,pope,shrine,temple,etc.（2）Scandinavian invasion Vikings Fr.Old Norse:are,they,their,them,till,call,die give,take skin,sky,window,ill,weak,etc.,1.1.2Middle English(1100-1500)中古英语,1.1.2.1 Background1.1.2.2 Characteristics of ME,Background,The Norman Conquest:1066.1 King Edward 1066.9.28 William 1066.10 Hastings William I,William the ConquerorWilliam I(1066-1100)-House of Normandy(诺曼底王朝),Henry I(1100-1135)Henry II(1154-1189)-House of Plantagenet(金雀花王朝)John(1199-1216)Henry III(1216-1272)Edward III(1327-1377)-Black Death 1337-1454:The Hundred Years WarRichard II(1377-1400)Henry IV(1399-1413)-House of Lancaste（兰加斯特王朝）,1455-1485:The Wars of the RosesEdward IV(1461-1483)-House of York（约克王朝）Edward V(1483-1483)Richard III(1483-1485)Henry VII(1485-1509)-House of Tudor（都铎王朝）Coexistence of three languages French+English+Latin English:1204，1399，1404Chaucer,the Bible,Characteristics of ME,1)Dialects2)Spelling and Pronunciation3)Grammar4)Loan Words,1)Dialects,Northern DialectEast Midland DialectWest Midland DialectSouthern Dialect,2)Spelling and Pronunciation,e.g.,th,a,ou(hshous),hwwh,cwqu,scsh/sch-e not pronounced letter j from French,clear l,r;-gh-,-gn-,-kn-.“knight”Formation of Standard Pronunciation:end of 14th C-15th CBased on East Midland Dialect(esp.London dialect),3)Grammar,Nouns,Adjectives,Articles(s,se,t)(OE)e(Later written as the);t(OE)that;“a/an”appeared Verbs(Most verbs turned to be regular.)Significance:(a)Importance of Word Order(b)Nature of English:from synthetic language to analytic language,4)Loan Words,(a）Fr.FrenchThe Romanization of English Loss of a large part of the OE word-stock(b)Fr.Latin Two ways:directly into English into English via French.(c)Affixes of French and Latin.,(d)Significance:-modification of meaning e.g.beef,mutton,pork:牛、羊、猪(Fr.)牛肉、羊肉、猪肉(E.)-synonyms e.g.W.fr.OE W.fr.Fr.W.fr.Latin fire flame conflagration ask inquire interrogate,1.1.3Early Modern English(1500-)早期现代英语,1.1.3.1Background1.1.3.2 Characteristics of Early Modern E,Background,1)1492,Christopher Columbus,90 sailors/3 sails1519-1522,Ferdinand MagellanLondon as the world trade centre2)Enclosure Movement3)The Renaissance,4)Brief History1603,Death of Elizabeth I,James VI of Scotland James I(1603-1625)-House of Stuart(斯图亚特王朝)1653,Oliver Cromwell,Lord Protect(1653-1658)-the Commonwealth（共和政体）1660,Charles II(1660-1685)-Restoration of the House of Stuart（斯图亚特王朝复辟）James II(1685-1688)William III and Mary II(1689-1702),Characteristics of Early Modern E,1)Spelling and Pronunciation2)Vocabulary and Grammar3)Influence of Renaissance on English,1)Spelling and Pronunciation,(a)Spelling tended to be uniformed(mid 17th C)and take the present form.Edward Phillips:The New World of English Words(1658)(b)Change of Short Vowels.a:(letter a)(cat,thank,flax)u(mostly letter u)(cut,sun,us,love),(c)Change of Long Vowels-the Great Vowel shift(元音大变动 1500-1750）ME EModE e:i:i:eiai a:ei:ou o:u:u:uau,(d)Change of ConsonantsChange of h;Loss of w l in consonant clusters Introduction of(e)Discordance between Spelling and Pronunciatione.g.i:ea(leaf),ee(sheep),e(fever),ie(thief),ei(either),ey(key),ay(quay),2)Vocabulary and Grammar,(a)Interchange of features of speech.adj.adv./n./v.n.v.eg.(fr.Antony and Clepoatra by Shakespeare)-He words me,girls,he words me-a hand that kings have lippd,and trembled kissing.,(b)Continuous loss of inflections.n.:plural:-(e)s(Some n)possessive:s-the writer of the books ambition-the king of Englands noseadj.:-er,-est or more,mostpron.:thou,thy,theeye,your,you you,your,you“its”,“who”came into existence.v.:third sing.：eth-s,(c)Establishment of Word Order词序位置的固定是 中古英语过渡到现代英语的一个重要标志。主语+动词+宾语 定语名词e.g.“是我。”OE:ic hit eom(I it am.)ME:Hit am I(It am I)Chaucers time:It am I.EModE:It is me.,(d)Difference in vocabularye.g.climate:countrycircumstance:ado,fuss,ceremonyaddress:to prepare,to get readyenlarge:release,3)Influence of Renaissance on English,(a)On formality of the English Language(b)On Literature.Drama,Shakespeare.e.g.Shylock,pound of flesh,the salt of youth,Cordelias gift.(c)On vocabulary.(Borrowed words),(c)On vocabulary.(Borrowed words)Latin and Greek:arbiter,genius,ignoramus,census,maximum;-ism,-ist,-ize,anti-,co-,de-,ex-,inter-,pre-,pro-.From French:alloy,bizarre,comrade,detail,duel,vogue,surpass.From other languages:armada,banana,cocoa,hurricane(fr.Spanish)balcony,design,portico,colcano(fr.Italian),1.1.4Late Modern English(1700-Present)后期现代英语,1.1.4.2 Characteristics of Late ModernE 1.1.4.3 The rapid growth of present day English,Background,1)The 18th C Society 1688 Enlighttment,the Age of Reason Novelists:Defoe,Swift,Fielding Poets:Blake,Burns.2)The 19th C to Date Industrialization Technological development,1.1.4.2 Characteristics of Late Modern E,1)Prescription of English2)Grammar Study3)Vocabulary4)Pronunciation,1)Prescription of English,Learned thinkers and authors who wrote in Latin.1729,Thomas Cooke：Proposals for Perfecting the English Language.1755,Samuel Johnson:A Dictionary of the English Language.,2)Grammar Study,Variety of grammar books.From the viewpoint of prescriptivism.e.g.Id rather:I had rather I would rather It is me It is I.I/we shall,you/he/she/they will.,3)Vocabulary,2nd influx of Fr.Vocabulary:effect of the Restoration of the House of Stuart.Loan words from colonies and other countries.Varieties of Ways of Enlarging Vocabulary-In form:affixation,compounding,conversion,blending,backformation.-In meaning:extension,narrowing,transference,elevation,degradation.,4)Pronunciation,Petty modification of some phonemes in standard pronunciation.e.g.unstressed i,e in ei,o in ou.Word stress:ally ally,laboratory laboratory,1.2 The rapid growth of present-day English vocabulary and its causes,1.2.1 Marked progress of science and technology eg unclear bomb computer science 1.2.2 Socio-economic,political and cultural change eg social habits living condition1.2.3 The influence of other cultures and languages,2.Classification of English words according to different criteria,2.1 by origin:native words and loan words fundamental features of the basic word stockNational characterStabilityWord-forming abilityAbility to form collocations,2.2 by level of usage,2.2.1 common words2.2.2 literary words2.2.3 colloquial words2.2.4 slang words2.2.5 technical words,2.3 by notion,2.3.1 function words determiners,conjunctions,prepositions,auxiliaries,and so forth2.3.2 content words,Function words(功能词)：没有完整词汇意义但有语法意义或语法功能的词,Determiner(限定词)Pronoun代词Preposition介词Conjunction连接词Auxiliary verb助动词Interjection感叹词,Content words(实义词)：本身有完整词汇意义的词,Noun名词Verb动词Adjective形容词Adverb副词,3 Varieties of English(英语的变体),3.1General View（概述）3.2American English（美国英语）3.3Difference between Br.E and Am.E(英国英语和美国英语的差别),3.1 General View,British EnglishAmerican EnglishScottish EnglishCanadian EnglishAustralian EnglishNew Zealand English,3.2 American English,3.2.1 Background3.2.2 Characteristics of American English,3.2.1 Background,England,The Queen of the Seas1607,the first colony,Jamestown1620,the first pilgrims.Plymouth1607-1733,13 colonies,1607-1733,13 colonies:Virginia(1607),Massachusetts(1630),Maryland(1632),Rhode Island(1636),Connecticut(1638),North Carolina(1663),New York(1664),New Jersey(1664),South Carolina(1670),New Hampshire(1679),Pennsylvania(1682)，Delaware(1703),Georgia（1733）,1765.1017731774.91776.7.4.,3.2.2 Characteristics of American English,1)Archaism2)Heterogeneity3)Creativeness,1)Archaism,17th C British Englishe.g.In grammar:gotten,In pronunciation:r,2)Heterogeneity,From Indian:raccoon,squash.(anglicize)From French:prairie,pumpkin,caribou,rapids.From German:noodle,sauerkraut.From Dutch:Santa Claus,boss,bedspread,dumb,sleigh.From Spanish:cockroach,patio,plaza,ranch.,3)Creativeness,To name new things:ground hog,bullfrog,sweet potato,lynch.,3.3 Difference between Bri.E and Am.E,3.3.1 In Pronunciation3.3.2 In Grammar3.3.3 In Vocabulary3.3.4 Mutual Influence,3.3.1 In Pronunciation,1)Different Pronunciation for the same symboli e;u-ou;r t(writing,bitter,waiter)2)r:farm,cord,hard,far.law saw,sore&soar3)a:-path,laugh o law,cause,4)dormitory,secretary,laboratory5)Different Pron.for the Same Wordtomato,either,fertile,epoch,6)Difference in Intonation,3.3.2 In Grammar,1)Do you have a watch?cf:Have you a watch?2)Ive gotten a ticket for a film.3)I/We/You/He will cf:I/We shall4)go to the hospital/university cf:go to hospital/university But:go to school,go to the theatre/theater,3.3.3 In Vocabulary,1)Different Words for the Same Thingapartment-flat;elevator-lift;baggage-car-luggage-van;motor-engine;railroad-railway;truck-lorry;math-maths,2)Difference in SpellingTheater-theatre;labor-labour;traveler-traveller;dialog-dialogue;kilogram-kilogramme,defence-defense,4Classification of languages（语言的分类）,4.1Genetic Classification(谱系分类)4.2 Structural Classification(结构分类法),4.1 Genetic Classification谱系分类,Sino-Tibetan汉藏语系Indo-European印欧语系Semito-Hamitic闪含语系Bantu班图语系 Uralic乌拉尔语系 Altaic 阿尔泰语系 Malayo-Polinesian 马来-波利尼西亚语系 Indian印第安语系,Indo-Iranian group印度-伊朗语族:Persian,Sanskrit,Hindi,Urdu,Bengali Armenian亚美尼亚语族:modern Armenian Slavic斯拉夫语族:Russian,PolishHellenic古希腊语族:GreekItalic意大利语族:Latin,Romance languages(French,Italian,Spanish,Portuguese,Romanian)Celtic凯尔特语族Gaelic,Welsh,BritonAlbanian 阿尔巴尼亚语族 modern Albanian Germanic日耳曼语族:English,German,Dutch,Yiddish,the Scandinavian languages,Indo-European Family印欧语系|Germanic Group日耳曼语族|West Germanic Branch西日耳曼语支|English,4.2 Structural Classification(结构分类法),Synthetic Language综合语Analytic Language分析语,