《英语写作教案》PPT课件.ppt

My thoughts on English writing,What is writing?Do you have any purposes?Do you have your own goal in learning to write?We will first examine different types of writing for different purposes.In daily life,we encounter at least two different categories of writing:1)writing for entertainment,(creative writing,such as novels,stories and poems).2)Writing for information.(formal or expository prose,such as research papers and newpaper reports).,If we consider the social aspects of writing,classification can be made under headings of A.informal writing,such as private journals,notes to friends,and personal letters.B.Formal writing,such as letters of application,letters of inquiry,and business communication.,If we consider the different natures of wring,we may then find that novels and stories require creative power because the creation of characters,plots,images requires imagination,whereas research papers and business communications require analytical ability because they communicate factual information.Creativeness and analytical ability both have their roles.,Before aspiring to achieve fame or to pass the test,we should first of all try to write to communicate.In real life,the major role of language is communication rather than entertainment.I have therefore set communication as the target of my teaching this course.Do not worry if your vocabulary is simple and everyday,your sentences ordinary and commonplace,and your message initially superficial or insignificant.The important thing is to learn to communicate your ideas clearly,logically,and understandably.,We will be trained how to write clearly,accurately,and logically,with the emphasis on effective presentation of facts and opinions.If we master the skills of successful communication,it will not be a big problem if some of us decide to take a few steps further into the realm of creative and imaginative writing.However,the apparently innocent phrase“successful communication”may carry profound meaning.,We already know that language exists in two forms:oral and written.In oral communication,there are many different situations in which different languages registers are required.One talks with close friends in one way,with strangers in another;with street vendors in one way,with teachers in yet another.If one confuses these different occasions and uses the wrong form of language,one may fail in the communication.,The same is true in written communication.One writes to ones parents in one way,to acquaintances in another;a brief note in one way,and an academic paper in another.If one confuses these forms,one may be judged as having inadequate education.,As college students,you probably already have a good idea as to what different forms of the Chinese language to use under different circumstances.Yet,you are only at the beginning of learning the proper forms in the English language.The English language has its forms and written forms,its informal,semi-formal,and very formal forms.These forms require different kinds of words,sentence patterns,and essay structures.,Good articles come from your arduous(of work needing and using up much energy.)practice;Your teachers task is to teach you some techniques on writing and design suitable writing tasks for you to practice;,Your teacher will not correct your compositions word by word,but judge them as a whole.You can know how to write good articles not through your teachers correcting the grammar mistakes in your exercises,but through your daily practice and accumulation.,1.我的食物都吃光了，得再去买点。(2.坐公共汽车去那儿至少要花两个小时。.3.大点声说话，让大家都听得见。4.你花了多少时间写那篇文章？5.你似乎很难过。告诉我们发生什么事了，这样我们好帮你。6.我们可以请小王帮我们，他好像有好多时间。7.很久很久以前，有一个国王特别喜欢马。8.他是如此之坏（wicked），我根本就不信任他。9.我的英语水平很差，10.由于工资太低，他付不起房租。11.这本书非常有名，被翻译成了多种语言。12.一百多人出席了为老教授举行的聚餐会。,1.My food has run out.Ive to buy some.2.It will take at least two hours to go there by bus.3.Speak louder so that everyone can hear you.4.How much time does it take you to write that article?5.It seems that you are very sad.Tell us what has happened,so we can help you.6.We can ask Xiao Wang to help us.He seems to have a lot of time,7.Once upon a time,there was a king who liked horses very much.8.He is so wicked that I dont believe in him at all.9.My English is very poor,so I will work hard at it.10.He cant pay for the rent because of his low salary.11.This book is very famous and has been translated into many languages.12.More than 100 people came to the dinner party held in honor of the old professor.,英语写作,一 造句（P-2）,二 写作中经常用到的并列连词和连接副词(P3-4),第二章 段落的构成(5),一 段落和提纲(5-7),二 段落主题句(7-10),三 段落的统一性(10-13),四 段落的连贯性(14-19),五 过渡语(20-30),第一章,一，造句,1，熟悉五种基本句型1）主语+谓语（不及物动词）,The earth trembled.,2)主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语,The earthquake destroyed the city.,3）主语+谓语（联系动词）+主语补足语,The trees are oaks.,4)主语+谓语（及物动词）+间接宾语+直接宾语,Business gave the museum money.,5)主语+谓语（及物动词）+宾语+宾语补足语,The results proved Jane wrong.,二 写作中经常用到的并列连词,用并列连词连接单词、词组或分句，可以增加句子的内容，加强句子的表达力。,并列连词,And but For no Both.andNot onlybut alsoNotbutEitheror,Or yet SoNeithernorWhetherorAsas,二 写作中经常用到的连接副词,连接副词连接分句，以说明分句之间的关系。,连接副词,AccordinglyAlso AnywayBesidesCertainlyConsequentlyFinallyFurther,FurthermoreHenceHoweverIncidentallyIndeedInsteadLikewisemeanwhile,MoreoverNamelyNeverthelessNextNonethelessNowOtherwisesimilarly,Still SubsequentlyThenThereafterThereforeThusundoubtedly,第二章 段落的构成,我们在写文章之前应该拟出一个提纲，而提纲的每一个要点都能发展成一个段落。,段落是指一组相互关联，用来阐述某一中心思想的句子群。,例如：要写一段中心思想是“I prefer to live in the city”的段落请拟一个提纲：,1）Transportation and communication is more convenient than in the country.,2)Cultural life is richer.,3)Material life is better.,一 段落和提纲,我们修改一下提纲：,1）Culture life is richer.,2)Material life is better.,3)Transportation and communication is more convenient.,请写出下面短文的提纲,Growing cities use more land.Over the years,Los Angeles has been spreading out.The city has also been using land in new ways.Much of the land is used for large roads called freeways.The freeways connect the many communities that are part of Los Angeles.The city has grown higher.Office buildings,hotels and stores are now taller.Public places,such as sports stadiums,have grown bigger.They must fit the growing number of people that Now live in the city.Today more than7 million people live in LosAngeles.Growing city means more people,too.,提纲可以写成：,1）More land,2)Buildings Higher and Bigger,3)More People,二 段落主题句（topic sentence),主题句：每一段落只能包含一个中心思想，表达这一中心思想 的句子就是主题句。,请找出下面段落的主题句。,There are two factors which determine an individuals intelligence.The first is the sort of brain he is born with.Human brains differ considerably,some being more capable than others.But no matter how good a brain he has to begin with,an individual will have a low order of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn.So the second factor is what happens to the individual-,the sort of environment in which he is brought up.If an individual is in poor environment,it is likely that his brain will fail to develop and he will never attain the level of intelligence of which he is capable.,主题句位于句首，后面的辅助句发展主题句的中心意念。,请找出下面段落的主题句。,In the small French town,the town clerk spends two hours or so talking in the cafe every day.The village doctor often drops in for an aperitif when he is between calls.People from outlying sections of the valley who come to the village only on official business at the town hall drop into the cafe and leave news of Their neighborhood.Through the cafe owner the postman relays Messages that he has been given on his route.With these and many other sources of information at his disposal,the cafe owner usually knows better than anyone else in the village the news of the community.,本段落主题句位于段末。前面的辅助句首先充分发挥某一中心意念，然后逐渐收拢，最后以主题句点睛。,请找出下面段落的主题句。,In the past it was possible to know in advance what occupations would exist when a boy become a man.Today the Life span of occupations has also been compressed.The computerProgrammer,who was first heard of in the 1950s,will be as extinct as the blacksmith within a number of years.Individuals Now train for a profession and look forward to remaining in that profession for the entire period of their working life.Yet within a Generation the notion of serving in a single occupation for ones entire life may seem quaintly antique.Individuals may need to be trained to serve successively in three,four,or half a dozen different professions in the course of a career.The job will no longer serve as mans anchor and organizing principle.,该段落主题句位于段落中间,“Individuals may need to be trained to serve successively in three,four,or half a dozen different professions in the course of a career.”,三 段落的统一性(unity),一段文章只应该集中说明一个问题或一个问题的某一方面；只能叙述一件事情或一件事情的某一阶段。句子是一组词汇在某一语法形式下的集合。段落则是一组句子在某一中心思想下的逻辑组合。中心思想通常包含在主题句中，其他的事实、例证、说理等都应围绕这一中心思想以辅助句的形式出现。统一性原则是写好英语段落的极其重要的原则。,因此，我们在写作时要摈弃一切与本段的中心、主题无关的句子。,The bright children is patient.He can tolerate uncertainty and failure and will keep trying until he gets an answer.When all his experiments fail,he can even admit to himself and others that for the time being he is not going to get an answer.This may annoy him,but he can wait.Very often,he does not want to be told how to do the problem or solve the puzzle he has struggled with.because he does not want to be cheated out of the chance to figure It out for himself in the failure.This is not so for the dull child.He cant stand uncertainty or failure.To him,an unanswered question Is not a challenge or an opportunity,but a threat.If he cant find the answer quickly,it must be given to him,and quickly;and he must have answers for everything.,这段文字的中心思想十分明确，即论述聪明孩子和不聪明孩子在对待疑难问题时的不同态度。第一部分论述聪明孩子的态度，第二部分进行对比，却不枝不蔓。,请删去下列段落中与主题句无关的句子。,Books are placed on the library shelves in numerical order.In other words,all the books on one subject are put together under the same number;for example,all books on United States history are numbered 973,and are placed together on the 973 shelf or shelves.Of course,such books are borrowed mostly by students who learn history.,把最后一句去掉。,请删去下列段落中与主题句无关的句子。,Malthus calculated that two parents would have four children.The four children would marry.Each child would have four children.This would go on and on.In our country,most people Like boy babies.In this way,the population would grow very rapidly.In fact,he thought it would double every twenty-five years,if food was available.,将“In our country,most people like boy babies.”去掉。,四 段落的连贯性(coherence),段落的连贯性着眼于句与句之间的连接与组织，它包含句与句之间外部结构及过渡词(transition)的通迅自然和内部逻辑关系的清晰明确。,英语写作与汉语写作是完全不同的。不能将头脑中的汉语句子译成英语。英语民族的思维模式是线性的，因此往往先有一个主题句，然后沿着这一线索发展。这一思维模式决定了每一句子都是为了辅助说明中心思想而自然流畅地承接前面的句子，就像一条流淌的意识流。,It is important that the teacher should be in possession of the Necessary information.This can generally obtained from books.It is possible to get from books some idea of the mechanics of speech,and of what we call general phonetic theory.It is also possible in this way to get a clear metal picture of the relationship between the sounds of different language,between the speech habits of the English people and of those,say,of your students.Unless the teacher has such a picture,any comments he may on his students Pronunciation are unlikely to be of much use,and less time spent on pronunciation may well be time wasted.,范文：,这是一段符合连贯性原则的文章。主题句首先指出教师应具有一定的语音知识。然后分两个大层次展开：1）教师的这些知识可以通过书本获得；2）否则，语音课的教学效果就可能不佳。第一个大层次又分为两个小层次，以两个例子说明可以获得书本知识的途径。整个段落层次清楚、脉络分明，再加上适当的过度词this,and,unless 等的运用，完全达到了连贯的目的。,给下列段落的句子作适当的调整，使其符合连贯性原则：,一 In an experiment,several people were put in an airtight room.Everyone felt very uncomfortable.The air soon became warm and moist.The amount of carbon dioxide increased and the amount of oxygen decreased.Then,without letting in any fresh air,and electric fan was turned on.Almost as soon as the air was set in motion,everyone became comfortable again.,In an experiment,several people were put in an airtight room.The air soon became warm and moist.The amount of carbondioxide increased and the amount of oxygen decreased.Everyone felt very uncomfortable.Then,without letting in any fresh air,and electric fan was turned on.Almost as soon as the air was set in motion,everyone became comfortable again.,调整以后的句子：,给下列段落的句子作适当的调整，使其符合连贯性原则：,二 Therefore driving in streets today is not safe as used to be.In recent years,in the bigger cities in the country,there have arisen traffic problems,for cars,trucks,buses and bicycles have increased in number,size and speed.As a result the streets are more crowded than ever before.To make matters worse the population is ever on the increase.,调整以后的句子：,In recent years,in the bigger cities in the country,there have arisen traffic problems,for cars,trucks,buses and bicycles have increased in number,size and speed.Therefore driving in streets today is not safe as used to be.As a result the streets are more crowded than ever before.To make matters worse the population is ever on the increase.,给下列段落的句子作适当的调整，使其符合连贯性原则：,三 Observers report that a person usually gets restless before a dream.As soon as the machine indicates that the dream is over,a buzzer wakens the sleeper.Once the dream has started,his body relaxes and his eyes become more active,as if the curtain had gone up on a show.He sits up,records his dream,and goes back to sleep-perhaps to dream some more.,Observers report that a person usually gets restless before a dream.Once the dream has started,his body relaxes and his eyes become more active,as if the curtain had gone up on a show.As soon as the machine indicates that the dream is over,a buzzer wakens the sleeper.He sits up,records his dream and goes back to sleep-perhaps to dream some more.,调整以后的句子：,五 过渡语(transition),过渡语：它可以是一个词、一个短语、一种语法手段、或者是一种表达方式，用来使句与句、段与段之间逻辑地连接起来，使他们相互之间关系明确，推动文章向前发展或使文章意义转折，使发展脉络清楚明白。代词和连词可以是过渡语；同义词的运用，重复某一词语或平行结构等，都可以是过渡语；修辞疑问句可以是过渡语，甚至某些符号如：1、2、3、a,b,c,在列举事物时，也可以作为过渡语。,许多学生对于过渡语这一术语感到陌生，但在实际写作中却常常有意无意地运用着它。,过渡语在英语写作中极为重要，可以说，无过渡语就不构成文章。,过渡语分类例举：,解说性过渡语：now,thus,for,in this case;,强调性过渡语：indeed,certainly,above all,转折性过渡语：but,however,yet,unless,except for;,例举性过渡语：for example,for instance,thus;,比较性过渡语：like,similarly,likewise,in the same way;,对照性过渡语：in contrast,on the other hand,instead,unlike;,让步性过渡语：admittedly,nevertheless,of course,although,after all;,因果性过渡语：therefore,as a result,consequently,thus,hence,so,accordingly;,总结性过渡语：in conclusion,to sum up,all in all,finally,作为过渡语使用的代词：I,you,he,she,they,them,this,that,these,those,one,such,it.在指代前面名词的同时，它们使句子顺利地从上句过渡到下一句。,In 1807 Noah Webster began his greatest work,“An AmericanDictionary of the English Language.”In preparing the manuscript,he devoted ten years to the study of English and its relationship to other languages,and seven more years to the writing itself.,该段落第二句的“he”使上一句平稳地过渡到了下句。如果不使用代词，不仅使文章显得累赘，而且破坏了其连贯性。,例如：,2）同义词、近义词 用来做过渡语。,例如：,Teacher play a very important role in the teaching-and-learning work,in which,of course,the students must cooperate with them.Without the instructors,the students might be some what like a Swimmer in the sea of knowledge,not knowing the direction to the seashore.,在这个例子中，同义词和近义词都起到了平稳过渡的作用。,3)关键词的重复，可以起到过渡语的作用。,In such a society,there was very little leisure left for hobbi