《系统功能语法》PPT课件.ppt

Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar,II.The London School:Halliday and Systemic-Functional Grammar,Halliday:1925年出生于英格兰约克郡里兹，青年时期在英国伦敦大学主修中国语言文学，获得学士学位。1947年至1949年到中国北京大学深造，导师为罗常培先生。1949年至1950为攻读现代汉语转入岭南大学，跟随王力先生学习。回国后，跟随剑桥大学弗思（Firth）教授继续攻读博士学位。,1955年完成了对用中国14世纪北方官话译述的元朝秘史一文的语言学分析，获得剑桥大学哲学博士学位。毕业后，韩礼德先后在剑桥大学、爱丁堡大学、伦敦大学、美国印第安纳大学、耶鲁大学、布朗大学和肯尼亚内罗毕大学任教。1976年移居澳大利亚筹建悉尼大学语言学系并担任系主任。1987年12月退休。,Halliday got his BA in Chinese language and literature at London University in 1947.From 1947 to 1949 he studies under the supervision of Luo Changpei at Peking University.From 1949 to 1950 he studied at Lingnan University in Guangzhou,tutored by Wangli.Then he worked for his Ph.D degree under the supervision of Firth.In 1955,he finished his doctoral dissertation“the Language of the Chinese Secret History of the Mongols”元朝秘史的语言 From 1955 onwards,he taught linguistics at a number of universities in Britain and America.In 1975,he moved to Australia and founded the Department of Linguistics at the University of Sydney,working there till his retirement in 1988.,Halliday has developed the ideas stemming from Firths theories in the London School.His Systemic-Functional Grammar is a sociologically oriented functional linguistic approach and one of the most influential linguistic theories in the twentieth century,having great effect on various disciplines related to language,such as language teaching,sociolinguistics,discourse analysis,stylistics and machine translation.,韩礼德的系统功能语法由系统语法和功能语法两部分组成。前者旨在说明，语言系统表现为选择关系；选择是第一性的，结构是各种选择的结果；语义是一定语境下的选择。后者旨在阐明语言的三大纯理功能：概念功能、人际功能和语篇功能。因此，系统功能语言学研究的任务在于揭示人们是如何根据社会文化语境在语言系统中通过意义潜势的选择来实现各种功能的。,Systemic-Functional Grammar has two components:SYSTEMIC GRAMMAR and FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR.They are two inseparable parts for an integral framework of linguistic theory.Systemic grammar aims to explain the internal relations in language as a system network系统网络,or meaning potential意义潜势.And this network consists of subsystems子系统 from which language users make choices.,Functional grammar aims to reveal that language is a means of social interaction,based on the position that language system and the forms that make it up are inescapably determined by the uses or functions which they serve.,Systemic-Functional grammar is based on two facts:1)language users are actually making choices in a system of systems and trying to realize different semantic functions in social interaction.2)language is inseparable from social activities of man.,Thus,it takes actual uses of language as the object of study,in opposition to Chomskys TG Grammar that takes the ideal speakers linguistic competence as the object of study.,Systemic Grammar:,A system is a set of mutually exclusive options that come into play at some point in a linguistic structure.语言结构中某个地方作出的一组相互排他的选择。,It is primarily concerned with the nature and import of the various choices which one makes(consciously or unconsciously)in deciding to utter one particular sentence out of the infinitely numerous sentences that ones language makes available.首先关注各种选择的本质和入列条件，一个通过从各种系统中作出有意或无意的选择，从而能从某种语言里蕴藏的无数个句子中说出某一个特定的句子。,The central component of a systemic grammar is a chart of the full set of choices available in constructing a sentence,with a specification of the relationships between choices系统语法的核心部分是构建句子的一整套有效选择的图表，并且配有对不同选择之间的关系的详细说明.Halliday suggest that one system of choices operating in English main clauses,TRANSITIVITY,provides a choice between“intensive内涵”and“extensive外延”.If the intensive option is chosen,a choice comes into play between“descriptive”and“effective”;if“effective”is chosen,there is a further opposition between“operative”and“receptive”.,intensive内涵 descriptive描写 effective影响 operative操作 receptive接受 Transitivity extensive外延,Hallidays systemic grammar is different from other linguistic theories in the following aspects.Firstly,it attaches great importance to the sociological aspects of language.Secondly,it views language as a form of doing rather than a form of knowing.,Thirdly,it gives a relatively high priority to description of the characteristics of particular languages and particular varieties of languages.Fourthly,it explains a number of aspects of language in terms of clines“连续体”（ungrammatical-more unusual-less unusual-less usual-grammatical).Lastly,it has the categories of the system as its center.,Axis of Choice 选择轴 Axis of Chain链状轴 The dimension along which the utterance sequence occurs is the axis of chain;伴随着话语次序出现的维度是链状轴；the basic patterns along the vertical line form the basis of choice 沿着纵线出现的基本模型则构成选择轴.,The axis of chain syntagmatic relations the axis of choice paradigmatic relations Associated with the axis of choice is the concept of contrast.The axis of chain deals with the surface aspects of grammar such as sentence structures,linguistic units,and their ranks(sentence,clause,group,word,morpheme).The axis of choice deals with the meaning aspects of grammar,such as system系统 and delicacy精密度.,The system is a list of choices that are available in the grammar of a language.For example,the number system in English contains two choices:singular and plural.The person system offers three choices:the first person,second person,and third person.There are also systems of gender,tense,and mood etc.,A system is a list of things between which it is possible to choose.So they are meanings,which the grammar can distinguish.The item 项目 in a system are called options选项.The items of a particular system have something in common,belonging to the same area of meaning.For instance,singular and plural are distinct,but they both have to do with number.,All systems have three essential characteristics.Firstly,the terms in a system are mutually exclusive.The selection of one of the terms means the refusal of the others系统中的项目都有排他性.Secondly,a system is finite系统是限定的.It is possible to say that it consists of a certain countable number of terms.Thirdly,the meaning of each term in a system depends on the meaning of the other terms in the system系统中每一个选项的意义取决于系统中其他选项的 意义.If the meaning of one term is changed,the meaning of other terms will also change.,In English,we make choices between different types of process过程,participants参与者,and circumstances环境成分.They are known collectively as the transitivity及物性 choices.We may divide the choices into six kinds.,Transitivity:material process(物质过程):John kicked the ball.Behavioral process(行为过程):John laughed.Mental process(心理过程):John likes Mary.Verbal process(言语过程):John said it is cold in the room.Relational process(关系过程):John is on the sofa.Existential process(存在过程):There is a cat on the sofa.,We distinguish two types of material processes:action process动作过程 and event process事件过程.The action process can be further distinguished into intention process 目的过程and supervention process意外过程.,Another kind of relationship possible between systems,that of simultaneity同时性.A system is simultaneous with another system并存关系 if it is independent of the other system不依赖于另一系统 but has the same entry conditions有相同的入列条件 as the other system.When two systems are simultaneous,their terms can combine freely,a term from one system can combine with any term from the other system.,Delicacy refers to the dimension which recognises increasing depth of detail精密度用来辨别越来越细致的细节的程度.We can arrange systems on a scale according to the fineness of the distinction.This scale is called Scale of Delicacy我们可以把系统放在一个精细程度不同的阶上，这种阶叫精密度阶.,Language as a multi-level code system,in which one sub-syetem is embedded in another.语言是由可供人们选择的若干子系统组成的系统网络，即意义潜势,(2)Functional Grammar:Hallidays Systemic Grammar contains a functional component,that is“the interpretation of the grammatical patterns in terms of configurations of functions用功能的配置来解释语法结构.”.,He believes that language is what it is because it has to serve certain functions.语言之所以是语言，是因为它要发挥一定的功能 In other words,social demand on language has helped to shape its structure对语言的社会需求帮助形成了语言的结构.He interprets language development from a functional point of view and formulates a functional theory of language.,He views language development in children as“the mastery of linguistic functions”掌握语言功能的过程,and“learning a language is learning how to mean”.He proposes seven functions in childrens model of language:the instrumental function工具功能;the regulatory function控制功能;the interactional function交互功能;the personal function自指性功能;the heuristic function探索功能;the imaginative function想象功能;the informative function信息功能.,According to Halliday:the adults language becomes much more complex and it has to serve many more functions,and the original functional range of the childs language is gradually reduced to a set of highly coded and abstract functions减少为一套高度字符化和抽象化的功能,which are metafunctions元功能:the ideational概念,the interpersonal人际,and the textual functions语篇.,These meta-functions appear at a new level in the linguistic system,taking the form of“grammar”.The grammatical system has a functional input and a structural output;it provides the mechanism of different functions to be combined in one utterance in the way the adult requires.这些元功能以“语法”的形式出现在语言系统中新的层面上。语法系统有一个功能输入和结构输出；它提供了一个机制，可以按成人的需要使不同的功能组合在一句话里。,The Ideational FunctionThe ideational function(experiental and logical)is to convey new information,to communicate a content that is unknown to the hearer概念功能包括经验和逻辑就是向听话人传递新信息.,Present in all language uses,the ideational function is a meaning potential意义潜势,because whatever specific use one is making of language he has to refer to categories of his experience of the world因为不论一个人如何使用语言，都必须参照自己有关世界的经验的范畴,Ideational function mainly consists of“transitivity”及物性 and“voice”语态.The whole of the transitivity system is part of the ideational component.For example,John built a new house can be analysed as a configuration of the functions不同语言功能的配置:Actor动作者:John Process过程:Material物质过程:creation创造:builtGoal目标:affected受影响者:a new house,Here the Actor,Process,Goal,and their subcategories子范畴 reflect our understanding of phenomena that come within our experience反映了我们对自己经验中现象的理解.Hence this function of language is that of encoding our experience in the form of an ideational content 语言的这一功能就是用概念内容的形式把我们的经验编码.,The clause小句 is a structural unit,and it is the one by which we express a particular range of ideational meanings,our experience of process,the process of the external world,both concrete and abstract,and the processes of our own consciousness,seeing,liking,thinking,talking and so on.,Transitivity is simply the grammar of the clause in its ideational aspect 及物性就是表现概念功能的 一个语义系统.It consists of six different processes:Material Process,behavioral Process,Mental Process心理过程,Verbal Process言语过程,Relational Process关系过程 and Existential Process存在过程.,Material processes are those in which something is done表示做某件事的过程.These process are expressed by an action verb动态动词(break,beat,kick),an Actor动作者(logical subject)and the Goal of the action动作的目标(logical direct object,usually a noun or a pronoun).,Mental processes express such mental phenomena as“perception”感知（look,see),“reaction”反映(like,please)and“cognition认知”(know,believe,convince)表示心理活动的过程.A mental process involves two participants,senser感觉者 and phenomenon被感知的现象.,Relational processes can be classified into two types:Attributive归属 and Identifying识别.The former expresses what attributes a certain object has前者指某个实体具有何种属性,or what type it belongs to.The latter expresses the identical properties of two entities后者指一个实体与另一个实体是统一的,Sara is wise.,Tom is the leader;the leader is Tom.These two relations can be further classified into Intensive内包式,circumstantial环境式,and Possessive所有式.,Verbal processes are those of exchanging information言语过程是交流信息的过程.Commonly used verbs are say,tell,talk,praise,boast,describe etc.In these processes the main participants are Sayer讲话者,Receiver受话者,and Verbiage讲话内容.,Behavioral processed refer to physiological and psychological behavior such as breathing,coughing,smiling,laughing,crying,staring,and dreaming指诸如呼吸、咳嗽、笑、哭瞪眼、做梦等生理和心理行为过程.,Generally only one participant,Behavior,often a human is involved in this kind of processes,much like the Mental Process.Behavioral Process may sometimes be hardly distinguished from a Material Process that has only one participant.This depends on whether the activity concerned is physiological or psychological.When Behavioral Process has two participants,it is Material Process.Mary kissed John.,Existential processed represent that something exists or happens有某物存在或发生的过程.In every Existential Process,there is an Existent存在物.There is a new office building at the end of the road.Does life exist on Mars?Along the street there comes the bus.,The interpersonal Function人际功能,It embodies all uses of language to express social and personal relations包括了表达社会和个人关系的 所有语言使用。This includes the various ways the speaker enters a speech situation and performs a speech act包括讲话者进入话语情景并作出言语行为的所有方式.,Because the clause is not confined to the expression of transitivity,there are non-ideational elements in the adult language system还有成人语言系统中的非概念成分.Interpersonal function is realised by Mood语气 and Modality情态.,Mood shows what role the speaker selects in the speech situation and what role he assigns to the addressee语气表示在某个情景语境中讲话者选择了何种交际角色以及它给听话人设定的角色.If the speaker selects the imperative mood命令,he assumes the role of one giving commands and puts the addressee in the role of one expected to obey orders.Modality specifies if the speaker is expressing his judgment or making a prediction.,Mood=Subject 主语(noun,noun phrase,clause)+Finite限定成分(auxiliary verbs and modal verbs:must,is will)Residue=predicator 谓语+complement补足语+Adjunct附加语 According to Halliday,among the various speech roles,two are the most basic 两种最基本的言语角色:giving给予 and taking求取.we have four principal speech roles言语功能:offer提供,command命令,statement陈述,and question提问.,The Textual Function:语篇功能 The textual function refers to the fact that language has mechanisms to make any stretch of spoken or written discourse into a coherent and unified text and make a living passage different from a random list of sentences语篇功能是指语言中有一种机制可以将任何一段口头或书面的话语组织成连贯统一的篇章,使一个生动的言语信息片段区别于一堆随机排列的句子。Although two sentences may have exactly the same ideational and interpersonal functions,they may be different in terms of textual coherence.,The textual function fulfils the requirement that language should be operationally relevant,having texture in a real context of situation that distinguishes a living passage from a mere entry in a grammar or a dictionary语篇功能满足了语言在运用中的相关性的要求,在实际的情景语境中有语篇性，可使现存的篇章不同于语法书或词典中孤立的条目。,The second is coherent and unified.The second uses definite article the with some nouns and pronouns he and it that have occurred previously,and avoids repeating handed the handedbag which is substituted by do this.They are called the cohesion of a text.,It provides the remaining strands of meaning potential to be woven into the fabric of linguistic structure语篇功能将意义潜势融入语言结构的 组织中。,句子是概念意义、人际意义和语篇意义同步体现的产物。由于语言具有普遍的概念功能，因而可以用于所有涉及经验交流的具体目的和具体语境之中。由于语言具有普遍的人际功能，因而可以用于各种具体形式的个人表达和社会交往。而使上述两种功能有效发挥作用的前提是语篇功能。只有通过它，语言才成为语篇