toeflwriting托福写作教程.ppt

托福强化写作,许莉佳 Amelia,考试频率每月多于4次，每年50-60次考试证件身份证、护照出成绩的时间一般在考试后十五天左右一个人两次考试的间隔不低于7天,TOEFL IBT简介,复习策略,5-5-5Or 3-4-3,标题？格式？缩行式、空行式,TOEFL 高分攻略,心态技巧实力,文如其人,Reports that say that somethinghasnt happened are alwaysinteresting to me,because aswe know,there are knownknowns,there are things weknow we know.We also knowthere are known unknowns,thatis to say we know there aresomethings we do not know.Butthere are also unknownunknowns the oneswe dont know we dont know.,就我们所知，有些事情早已是众所周知的。有些事情我们知道自己知道。我们也知道，有些事情早已是已知的未知，这也就是说，我们现在知道了，有些事情我们其实并不知道。但也有一些事情是未知的未知这些事，我们并不知道自己不知道。,文如其人,This university was founded,with the support of our country,to further the ties between our two nations.,他彻夜都能听见大自然深沉而自由的呼吸。,All night long he can hear Nature breathing deeply and freely.R.L.Stevenson,Travels with a donkey,切勿因得分尚可而生骄矜之心，从而蠡测天下文章。须知江湖险恶，山外有山。,Independent Writing,独立写作是argumentative essay，和GRE Analytical Writing和SAT作文相同。区别：题目难度行文难度,TOEFL IBTDo you agree or disagree with the following statement?Successful people try new things and take risks rather than just doing what they already know.GRE issuePresent your perspective on the issue below:Success,whether academic or professional,involves the ability to survive in a new environment and,eventually,to change it.,TOEFL IBTDo you agree or disagree with the following statement?It is more important for teachers to help students gain self-confidence than to teach specific knowledge.GRE issuePresent your perspective on the issue below:the most elusive knowledge is self-knowledge and it is usually acquired through solitude rather than through interaction with others.,TOEFL IBTDo you agree or disagree with the following statement?Schools should not pay much attention to general subjects.Indeed,they should help students prepare for future jobs and careers.IELTSSome people think that schools and universities should provide graduates with the knowledge and skills needed in the workplace.Others think that the true function of a school or a university should be to give access to knowledge for its own sake,regardless of whether the course is useful to an employer.What,in your opinion,should be the main function of schools and universities?,IELTSSome people believe that there should be fixed punishments for each type of crime.Others,however,argue that the circumstances of an individual crime,and the motivation for committing it,should always be taken into account when deciding on the punishment,GRE 官方满分范文,Overspecialization means narrow focus on which people can lose the larger picture.One can hope to understand the human body by only inspecting ones own toe-nails.What we learn from a narrow focus may be internally logically coherent but may be irrelevant or fallacious within the framework of a broader perspective.Further,if we inspect only our toe-nails,we may conclude that the whole body is hard and white.Useful conclusion and thus perhaps useful inventions must come by sharing among specialists.Simply throwing out various discoveries means we have a pile of useless discoveries.It is only when one can make with them a mosaic that we can see that they may form a picture,TOEFL IBT 官方满分范文,If our friend had worn a newly-purchased dress on her birthday and energetically asked us if it was a worthy buy,would we freely express our opinion that we would never seen a dress as the one she wearing and just spoiled her birthday?Inarguably,hiding the truth in some situation can be quite handy indeed.,你是猪,正常：You are a pig。TOEFL症：You are certainly no more than a pig。GRE症前期：It would not be unjustifiable to claim that you resemble a pig not only superficially but also intrinsically。(声称你不论表面还是内在都与猪有相似之处，这绝非空穴来风。)GRE症后期：You are porcine/swinish/hoggish。(豕者，乃之类也。),独立写作攻略,独立写作评分标准独立写作的写作语言独立写作构思与结构独立写作开头、结尾、主题句、发展写法,优秀的女人VS.优秀的文章,优秀的女人做人要大气做事要有分寸做事要善始善终,优秀的文章字数分段开头段和检查,官方的说法是：“An effective response is typically about 300 words long.If you write fewer than 300 words，you may still receive a top score，but experience has shown that shorter responses typically do not demonstrate the development of ideas needed to earn a score of 5.”。,机经的分析(TOPIC and TASK),2009年1月24日托福独立写作考题 你认为没有共同兴趣和个性的人能彼此成为朋友吗 OG225页第4题2009年5月31日托福独立写作考题 People will spend less time on cooking food.A/D OG216页第3题,2006年,1.14 同185题库28题3.25 同185题库84题4.8 同2005年12.36.17 同2005年12.167.15 同2006年1.67.29 同185题库 71题9.9 同185题库47题9.15 同2005年12.179.23 同185题库66题10.15 同2006年8.1810.22 同2006年3.17,10.28同2006年2.311.3 同2006年9.911.17同2006年1.2111.18同185题库74题12.1同2006年9.2312.3同185题库72题12.8同2006年4.812.10同185题库41题12.13同185题库68题12.15同2006年3.2512.16同185题库62题,2007年,1.6同2006年2.31.13同2006年12.131.14同2006年12.141.19同2006年3.31.27同2006年4.282.10同2006年2.32.27 同2007年2.10,3.3 同2006年8.263.7同2007年3.43.10同2006年5.123.23同185题库576.30同2006年5.269.8 同2006年2.11,2008年,1.5同185题库62题1.13同06年10.211.19同06年11.52.16同185题库72题2.23 同185题库81题2.24同06年10.293.1同185题库38题3.2同185题库74题,3.8同185题库273.29同185题库1354.27同185题库68题5.10同07年5.55.17同185题库57题5.31同185题库108题,机经(TOPIC and TASK),只考AorD题重复已经考过的题目可以转化为185题库的题目,评分标准,OG P209,OG(3e.)P2095 An essay at this level largely accomplishes all of the following:Effectively addresses the topic and taskIs well organized and well developed,using clearly appropriate explanations,exemplifications,and/or detailsDisplays unity,progression,and coherenceDisplays consistent facility in the use of language,demonstrating syntactic variety,appropriate word choice,and idiomaticity,though it may have minor lexical or grammatical errors,36,Scoring Rubrics,有效切题或解决了任务组织结构有序，适用清晰合适的解释、例证和细节表现出整体性、统一性和前后一致表现出稳定的语言应用能力，句式多样，合理选词和适用成语，尽管可能有小的词汇和语法错误。,独立写作评分标准,effectively:in a way that produces the intended result or a successful resultorganized:arranged or planned in a particular order or structure developed:to make an idea clearer by explaining it furtherexplanation:a statement,fact or situation that tells you why a reason given for somethingunity:the state of looking or being complete in a natural and pleasing wayprogression:the process of developing gradually from one stage to another,独立写作评分标准,coherence:of different ideas,arguments,sentences to have a clear logical connection so that together they make a wholeconsistent:always behaving in the same way,or having the same opinions standard,Effectively addresses the topic and task有效的回答了题目和任务,Topic题目In the modern society,the ability to speak well is more important than the ability to write well.Task任务Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?Which do you prefer?（机经中很少出现）Why do you think?（机经中不再出现）,例1：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?In the modern society,the ability to speak well is more important than the ability to write well.Address the topic:For most people,speaking ability is more important than writing ability.Fail to address the topic：Speaking ability plays a vital role in a persons success.不能随意增加或者删减题目的内容,例1：Some one prefer to ask their friends for advice when they met troubles,others prefer to ask their parents for advice.Which do you prefer?Use specific reasons and details to support your answer.Address the topic:I prefer to ask my parents for advice/I prefer to ask my friends for advice.Fail to address the topic：I prefer to ask a counselor for advice.,Well-organized良好的组织,整体well-organized。要求：整篇文章分为introduction、body和conclusion；thesis statement位于introduction之后；body分body paragraphs；transitional words；conclusion重申thesis statement。段内well-organized。要求topic sentence尽量置于段首，段内每个sentence支持topic sentence。,45,Scoring Rubrics,well-organized良好的组织,Does easier-prepared food improve the way people live?,Another reason I held for this opinion can been easily seen.Now people in growing numbers are unhealthy,especially among children.What make this come so far?Undoubtly short order is the majority of reasons.The significance of health cannot be emphsized too much.Short order makes people get fatter,and it threat our heath strictly.It also brought on a fact that the majority of people are not in good condition.Proper measures must be taken to limit this situation.,Well-developed,三重意义Thesis statement得到well-developed，意味着body paragraph(sub point)的数量不能过少每个topic sentence得到充分展开。每个body paragraph(sub point)的字数不能过少。经验表明，主要段落字数不低于150字。Examples,well-developed 良好的展开,47,Scoring Rubrics,Does easier-prepared food improve the way people live?,Although I agree that there may be a couple of advantages of easier-prepared food,I feel that the disadvantages are more obvious and even debased the way people live.,details,He is rich.He owns a large company and has an annual income of 20 million dollars.,details,1)You should stop smoking now.,You should give up smoking now,for the sake of your own health,for the sake of the health of others,for the sake of your family,and for the sake of the entire world.,2)Doctors think that an active person should have a restful hobby,while a person who sits at a desk should have a lively hobby.,Doctors think that an active person,such as a baseball player or a swimmer,should have a restful hobby such as reading,collections of stamps,dolls,buttons or shells and so on,while a person who sits at a desk all day,such as a teacher or a doctor should have a lively hobby such as tennis,golf,swimming or skating.,3)A child with a problem will probably go to his friends for sympathy.,A child with a problem,then he feels what he will probably get from his parents is incomprehension or criticism,will go instead to his friends for sympathy and advice,leaving the parents totally unaware of the problem he has.,4)We can be informed of a lot by reading books.,By reading scientific books,we can be informed of many facts;by reading geography,we know the earth surface,forms,physical features and so on;by reading history,we are told of the growth of the nations.,5)Wed better to keep company with the true friends.,As friends are both helpful and disastrous,it is better to keep company with the true friends who are helpful,encouraging and loyal,but to avoid those who are mean,stingy and treacherous.,Unity,Introduction、Body、Conclusion必须完整每个body paragraph支持thesis statement每个body paragraph中的sentences支持topic sentence,Progression,Body paragraphs使用transitional words和repetitionBody paragraphs中从抽象（topic sentence）到具体（exemplification）,Coherence,正确使用代词-行文更加流畅人称代词指示代词关系代词A temple sat on a hill where lived an old monk.,unity,progression,coherence,In any relationship of mine，I would wish that first of all，the person I am dealing with is honest.Even though he/she thinks that he/she did something wrong that I wouldnt like，he/shed better tell me the truth and not lie about it.Later on if I find out about a lie or hear the truth from someone else，thatd be much more unpleasant.In that case how can I ever believe or trust that person again?How can I ever believe that this person has enough confidence in me to forgive him/her and carry on with the relationship from there.So if I cannot trust a person anymore，if the person doesnt think I can handle the truth，there is no point to continuing that relationship.,appropriate word choice,使用搭配词典和语料库。DQ（Diction Quotient）。符合语境和习惯用法。,英文解释的使用,dedicate题献？,dedicate,to inscribe or address by way of compliment 韦氏大学词典dedicate something to someone to say at the beginning of something such as a book or song that it has been written for a person you love or admire 麦克米兰词典,If someone dedicate something such as a book,play,or a piece of music to you,they mention your name,for example in front of a book or when a piece of music is performed,as a way of showing affection or respect for you.柯林斯词典,67,字典：Collins Co-Build DictionaryOxfords Collocations for students of Englishlingoes,语料库Collins Co-Build DictionaryThe Corpus of Contemporary American English,词汇意义的细化,Chairman is the _(重要的)figure in managing board.importantessentialpivotal principal chief,momentous fateful significant dominant leading largely chiefly predominantly,洗澡间和厨房都很好。A:The bathroom and the kitchen are good.B:The bathroom and the kitchen are well-furnished.,好好学习好好孝敬父母好好对女朋友好好对男朋友好工作好学校,“一些人认为”Some,无数的numerousmyriad(a myriad of),“一些人认为”people,公众the public,在周末我们做很多作业。A:At weekends,we have a lot of homework to do.B:At weekends,we have endless homework to do.,大量的,A great(large,huge,considerable,significant,noticeable)number of A great(large,huge,considerable,significant,noticeable)amount ofA great(large,huge,considerable,significant,noticeable)quantity ofA great(large,huge,considerable,significant,noticeable)portion of,对半的,almost half of nearly half of close to half ofapproximately half of,大多的,the(vast/overwhelming)majority of,各行各业,people from all walks of life people from everytrade people from avarietyofindustries people ofallkinds people fromdifferentwalksoflifeawiderangeof readers/audiences,学生,examinees testees students,支持者/反对者,followers objectorsconsenters dissentersadvocates opponentssupporters discommenders,参与者,participants candidates interviewees,“一些人认为”think,assume argue hold claim suggest declaredeem,assert state insistmaintain doubt suspect,赞成/反对,vote for/againstballot for/againstcast ones vote/ballotfor/againstside with stand on the side of,支持,give ones support forexpress ones support forshow ones support fordemonstrate ones support for,意见是,ones viewpoint is that be with the view that,接受,take the advise that follow the suggestionthataccept the opinion/idea that,It is generally/widely believed/held/agreed that,引起人们注意,claim/call/attract general/public/world attention to sth.,适应新的形势/变化：adapt/adjust/accommodate oneself to new environment/change接触各种思想/经历：be exposed to new ideas/experiences/problems接触社会：come into frequent/close contact with the world/society获得成功：achieve/accomplish success,意识到,there is a growing awareness/realization of/thatawaken sb.to the fact/danger,提出观点/建议：advance/put forward/come up with the arguments/ideas/suggestions作出努力：make tremendous/persistent/sustained effort to do sth.take great pains to do(with work/study)影响学习/工作：interfere with studies/work产生影响：have/exert a profound influence on life/personality have a dramatic/undesirable effect on,较好地驾驭生活：be a better pilot of ones life剥夺机会/权力：deprive oneself of the chance/right/opportunity取代就的方式：substitute for/take the place of the old way采取措施：take effective steps/measures to,控制我们的环境：take increasing control over our own environment躲避危险/挑战：run away from the dangers/challenge满足要求：meet/satisfy/accommodate the demand of补偿损失：compensate for/make up for the loss/damage解释某现象：account for/explain the phenomenon,对很好的了解：have a better understanding/appreciation of have a new perspective on provide/gain an insight into把某因素考虑进去：take sth.into account(consideration)give much thought to培养对的信心：develop/foster ones interest/confidence in,经历变化/困难/艰险：undergo/experience great changes（hardships/experience）发挥/起到重要作用：play an(important/active/great)role/part,知识/经验丰富：rich in knowledge/experience确立/追求目标：set/pursue a goal/higher standard到达目标：achieve/accomplish/stain the goal/aim/objective克服困难：overcome obstacles/difficulty面临危险/困难：be confronted/faced with/in the face of danger/difficulty,阻碍了成功：stand in the way of success be an obstacle/barrier to success/g