《翻译方法讲解》PPT课件.ppt

翻译的目的不是再现原文的语法形式,而是传达原文的思想内容。在进行长难句翻译时,不能拘泥于原文的语法框框,而应在准确理解的基础上,分清句子的层次，掌握叙述的重点、逻辑及语气,然后再根据汉语的规范和习惯,恰当地“拆整为零”、“化长为短”,做到内容忠实,文字晓畅。,翻译的内涵,翻译举例,一个小姑娘站在门外，满怀期待地看着远方，期待着爸爸的归来，她爸爸已经离开家三年了。,Step1、The girl is looking forward to her father.,Step2.、The girl standing out of the door is looking forward to her father.,Step3、The girl standing out of the door is looking forward to her father who left home three years ago.,翻译举例,一个小姑娘站在门外，满怀期待地看着远方，期待着爸爸的归来，她爸爸已经离开家三年了。,Step2、The girl is looking forward to her father.,Step1、The girl standing out of the door is looking forward to her father.,The girl standing out of the door is looking forward to her father who left home three years ago.,翻译的任务：一是理解二是表达,一、英语翻译中如何理解翻译实践告诉我们，只有对原文完全理解了，准确地捕捉到原文的意思!字面的、隐含的、主要的、次要的意义，才能以另一种语言再现原作的内容。而要准确理解原文的意义，首先要正确分析疑难句子的句法结构，弄清各个句子中各种成分之间的关系。其次根据语言环境，同时要特别注意语言差异，通过上下文内容，联系前后语、人物身份及性格、事件特征、词语的含义，探讨句子的真正意思，做出合乎逻辑的判断。只有对原文有了这样全面准确地、科学逻辑地深刻理解，才会为准确而完美地翻译奠定坚实的基础。,（一）如何分析句法结构1、找准句子的主干，正确分析从句。有些英语句子看上去比较复杂，那是因为其中含有一个或几个从句、介词短语及并列成分，所以令你一时无从下手。要想做到正确的理解就必须先找准句子的主干。2、翻译长句时，找出整个句子的中心内容及其各层意思，然后分析几层意思之间相互逻辑关系。有些英语长句的内容是按逻辑关系安排的，这与汉语表达方法比较一致，因此，翻译时可按原文顺序。而有些英语长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反，这时就必须仔细分析句子的逻辑关系，有时从原文的后面译起，甚至逆着原文的顺序翻译。,Incidentally，I hope to get better medical treatment in these countries than I can possibly get here in the United States。,分析：这个句子的主干，即为I hope to get treatment，主干找到之后，我们会发现句子中其它成分都是修饰主干中的相关部分的。副词incidentally是用来修饰整个句子的；形容词短语better medical treatment是用来修饰宾语的；介词短语in these countries是用来修饰谓语部分的；而than I can possibly get here in the United States是比较状语从句，在句子中做状语的。那么，整个句子可以翻译为：顺便提一下，我希望能在这些国家得到比我在美国这里所能得到的更好的治疗。,(二)防止由于文化差异引起理解上的偏差说到理解，分析句法结构是一个相对比较容易的工作，而翻译工作中经常会遇到由于文化差异而导致的偏差。汉、英两个民族在各自文化熏陶下衍生出不同的思辨方式和推理模式，这导致他们在语言中产生不同的联想，对同一本体使用不同的喻体。例如，英语中用as church mouse来形容贫穷，而我们再穷也联想不到教堂的老鼠，倒是穷光蛋和它有异曲同工之妙。再如，我们比喻某事物多如牛毛或汗牛充栋时，按照英语民族的联想习惯，他们怎么也无法想像牛毛和汗牛到底能表示多到什么程度。他们倒是把众多比喻为我们极不熟悉的as plentiful as blackberries。,由于汉语比喻中心词与英语比喻中心词之间存在着很大差异，往往使我们在翻译的时候容易出现误解和偏差。因此，了解文字以外的文化内涵对翻译来说是极为重要的。如，西方人对狗，中国人对龙，可谓情有独钟。西方人认为狗是人类的忠实朋友，将狗视为知己，倍加爱护，因此英语中有一些与狗有关的语句大多含有褒义：You are a lucky dog。(你真幸运)Love me，love my dog。(爱屋及乌)He worked like a dog。(他工作的很卖力)Every dog has its day。(凡人皆有得意日),但中国人对狗没有西方人那份情义，汉语中与狗有关的语句大多含有贬义。如，狗急跳墙、狗仗人势、鸡鸣狗盗、蝇营狗苟等。由于受到文化的影响，我们在翻译这些语句时就应特别注意对两国文化的比较，然后加以翻译。,再如，中国人对自己国家古代传说中的神异动物龙怀有至高无上的尊重，它是封建时代皇帝的象征，又是中华民族的象征。汉民族素以龙的传人自称。在汉语中，龙总是褒义词，如，龙飞凤舞、龙凤呈祥、藏龙卧虎、望子成龙等。而西方人对龙没有好感，因为在他们的文化里dragon是一种能喷吐烟火、凶残可怕的动物。它常常代表罪恶、邪恶，令人感到恐怖。英语中说一个人有点儿像dragon，表示此人飞扬跋扈，令人讨厌。,英语中也要出现不少带有中国特色的词语，不熟悉中国国情的人士在翻译的时候就会感到信息传递障碍。请看下面的例子：我们提倡五讲、四美、三热爱。这里的五讲、四美、三热爱曾译为five stresses，four beauties and three loves。这让外国人认为我们竟然提倡四个美人和三个情人，而感到很奇怪，翻译的目的不仅没有达到，而且还造成了外国人士对我们的误解。总之，类似以上的英汉语言中的差异常常会令我们在进行汉英互译的过程中传达错误的信息，影响到翻译的实际效果。因此，在翻译中如何准确地理解语言的字面意思和隐含在它身后的文化内涵对于取得成功的翻译有着十分重要的意义。,二、翻译中如何进行正确的表达英语翻译中的一切理论、方法和技巧都建立在英汉两种语言的对比上，因此对于翻译实践来说，对比英汉两种语言的异同，尤其是相异之处，从而掌握它们的特点是十分重要的。通过对比，掌握两种语言的特点，在翻译时就可以自觉地运用这些特点，还可以使我们重视一切难译的地方，认真研究同一思想内容如何用不同语言形式来表达的问题。从英译汉的角度来看，两种语言在词汇现象方面有词义、词的搭配能力和词序上的不同；在句法现象方面则有句子结构、句序和句子内容的一些其它表达手段上的各自特点。,1、词的意义方面。语言随着社会实践的不断发展而发展，词的意义也是如此。以英语bird一词为例，它本来的意思是鸟，后来在口语中又常用来指人姑娘等。近来，随着人类科技事业的发展，bird一词的意义又进一步发展变化，可指飞机、火箭、直升飞机、卫星等任何飞行器。从鸟的本义转义成飞行器，这就是词义的发展和变化。英语中有许多词一词多义，其所表示的各个意义分别与汉语中几个不同的词或结构对应。多义词的具体意义，只有联系上下文才能确定。如果脱离上下文孤立地译一个词就很难确切地表达该词的真正含义。,如soft这个词，除在一般情况下它与汉语的软的柔的对应外，还具有许多其它词义。如：1)(导弹设施等)无坚固掩护工事的，可攻破的：a soft aboveground launching site(无坚固掩体的地面发射基地)。2)(宇宙飞船的着陆)飞行速度在32公里小时左右的软着陆：The landing must be super-soft，made at a velocity of 18 miles or so an hour。)(这次着陆一定是超级的软着陆，即着陆时的飞行速度在每小时18英里左右。)3)(麻醉毒品)毒性较轻的，软性的：Marijuana is usually regarded as a soft drug。大麻通常被看作是软性(毒性较轻的)麻醉毒品。4)(情报等)非百分之百可靠的：At this stage there is only soft intelligence about the enemy intention。We should not shoot him from the hip。(在目前，关于敌人的意图还只有不太充分的情报，我们不能鲁莽行事。),2、词的搭配能力方面。英语和汉语在词的搭配能力方面往往有差异。以英语动词to cut为例，to cut wheat即汉语的割麦子；to cut cake即汉语的切蛋糕；to cut finger-nail即汉语的剪(或修)指甲。由此可见，英语to cut的搭配能力很广，可以用于麦子、蛋糕、指甲，而汉语中就需要分别用割切剪修等来搭配。因此，为了使译文语言规范，译者有必要注意这种差异。翻译表达时，除了在词的方面有所区别外，在词序方面也应注意。举一个简单的例子：We are studying in the classroom。汉语说：我们在教室里学习，而在英语中却说：我们学习在教室里。汉语中状语在教室里要放在谓语动词学习前面，而在英语中状语就得放在谓语动词学习的后面。,英语长句翻译方法,翻译长句时:第一步：要弄清原文的句法结构,找出主句和从句,以及它们之间的逻辑关系；1、去修饰（后置定语）2、利用连接词划分（And）第二步：要从词、句的字里行间捕捉作者所表达的思想、感情、笔锋、神韵；第三步：再按汉语的表达习惯加以翻译。,1.长难句拆分原则：把主句和从句拆分出来，把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。,2.5个拆分信号：标点符号：或显或隐隔离主干两个逗号形成插入语、破折号解释说明、分号两句并列。连词：并列句的并列连词and，or，but，yet，for；从句的从属连词which，that，when，if等。介词：引导介词短语，充当修饰语。不定式符号to：引导不定式做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语和补语。分词：过去分词和现在分词充当修饰语。,3.五步拆分步骤：隔离插入成分，寻找特殊标点 寻找连词，确定句子种类并列句，主从句；寻找句中的动词或动词结构 确定整句框架标出主句主干部分及从属连词；确定从句框架标出从句主谓部分；*分別翻译主从句分别进行翻译；*词句推敲中文语言进行表述。注：*部分为翻译要求步骤。,purity pjuriti n.化学 纯度；纯洁；纯净；纯粹,If she had long lost the blue-eyed,flower like charm,the cool slim purity of face and form,the apple-blossom coloring,which had so swiftly and oddly affected Ashurst twenty-six years ago,she was still at forty-three a comely and faithful companion,whose cheeks were faintly mottled,and whose grey-blue eyes had acquired a certain fullness.,swiftly adv.很快地；即刻；敏捷地,oddlyadv.古怪地；奇妙地；单数地,comely kmli adj.清秀的，标致的,faithful feiful adj.忠实的，忠诚的；如实的；准确可靠的,一、顺译法 有些英语长句所叙述的一连串动作基本上是按动作发生的时间先后安排,也有些英语长句的内容是按逻辑关系安排,这与汉语表达方法比较一致,因此翻译时一般可按照原文顺序译出。,例句：If she had long lost the blue-eyed,flower like charm,the cool slim purity of face and form,the apple-blossom coloring,which had so swiftly and oddly affected Ashurst twenty-six years ago,she was still at forty-three a comely and faithful companion,whose cheeks were faintly mottled,and whose grey-blue eyes had acquired a certain fullness.,If she had long lost the blue-eyed,flower like charm,the cool slim purity of face and form,the apple-blossom coloring,which had so swiftly and oddly affected Ashurst twenty-six years ago,she was still at forty-three a comely and faithful companion,whose cheeks were faintly mottled,and whose grey-blue eye shad acquired a certain fullness.,句子分析：这个句子是由一个主句、一个状语从句和三个定语从句组成的。“她依旧是个好看而忠实的伴侣”是主句,也是全句的中心内容。主句前边是一个假设状语从句,其中又包含一个定语从句,这个定语从句较长,所以,译文中应加破折号并放在被修饰语之后。,全文共有五层意思：1、她早已失掉了那蔚蓝色的眼睛，花儿般的魅力，也失掉了她脸儿和身段的那种冰清玉洁，苗条多姿的气质和那苹果花似的颜色；2、二十六年前这种花容月貌曾那样迅速而奇妙地影响过艾舍斯特；3、在四十三岁的今天，她依旧是个好看而忠实的伴侣；4、不过两颊淡淡地有点儿斑驳；5、灰蓝的眼睛也有点儿饱满了。,If she had long lost the blue-eyed,flower like charm,the cool slim purity of face and form,the apple-blossom coloring,which had so swiftly and oddly affected Ashurst twenty-six years ago,she was still at forty-three a comely and faithful companion,whose cheeks were faintly mottled,and whose grey-blue eyes had acquired a certain fullness.,If she had long lost the blue-eyed,flower like charm,the cool slim purity of face and form,the apple-blossom coloring,which had so swiftly and oddly affected Ashurst twenty-six years ago,she was still at forty-three a comely and faithful companion,whose cheeks were faintly mottled,and whose grey-blue eye shad acquired a certain fullness.,原文各句的逻辑关系、表达顺序与汉语完全一致,因此可按原句顺序译出：如果说她早已失掉了那蔚蓝色的眼睛，花儿般的魅力，也失掉了她脸儿和身段的那种冰清玉洁，苗条多姿的气质和那苹果花似的颜色-二十六年前这种花容月貌曾那样迅速而奇妙地影响过艾舍斯特-那么在四十三岁的今天，她依旧是个好看而忠实的伴侣，不过两颊淡淡地有点儿斑驳，而灰蓝的眼睛也有点儿饱满了。,If she had long lost the blue-eyed,flower like charm,the cool slim purity of face and form,the apple-blossom coloring,which had so swiftly and oddly affected Ashurst twenty-six years ago,she was still at forty-three a comely and faithful companion,whose cheeks were faintly mottled,and whose grey-blue eye shad acquired a certain fullness.,二十六年前，她有着蔚蓝色的眼睛，花儿般的魅力，脸儿和身段是那样的冰清玉洁，苗条多姿的气质和那苹果花似的颜色。这样的花容月貌曾那样迅速而奇妙地影响过艾舍斯特。在四十三岁的今天，虽然她早已失掉了那些，两颊淡淡地有点儿斑驳，而且灰蓝的眼睛也有点儿饱满了，但她依旧是个好看而忠实的伴侣。,Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty,when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge to receive with wonder anything you can catch.,二、倒译法（逆序法）有些英语长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同,甚至完全相反,这时就必须要从原文后面译起,逆着原文的顺序翻译,所谓反其道而行之。,Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty,when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge to receive with wonder anything you can catch.,Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty,when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge to receive with wonder anything you can catch.,这个句子是由一个主句、两个定语从句和一个状语从句组成。“时间是过得很快的”是主句,也是全句的中心内容,全句共有四层意思:时间是过得很快;如果你懂得什么是美（欣赏）的话;当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里,又有个年轻的狄安那在池边好奇地接受东西;你所捉上来的东西。,按汉语的表达习惯,条件在先,结果在后,这个句子应逆着原文顺序译出。可译为:当你跟可爱的孩子们站在池子里,又有年轻的狄安娜在池边上好奇地接受你所捉上来的东西的时候,如果你懂得什么叫美的话,时间是过得很快的。,Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty,when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge to receive with wonder anything you can catch.,当你在池塘里捕鱼，而可爱的孩子们在水里嬉戏,又有年轻的狄安娜在池塘边上，充满好奇地接受你所捉上来的东西的时候,如果你懂得什么叫美（欣赏美）的话,时间就会过得很快。,Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty,when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge to receive with wonder anything you can catch.,例如:We are weary of the dangers of colonialism,the divisions it has brought to our continent,the bloodshed and confusion,the racism and hate that go hand in glove with the colonialists.,colonialism klunjlizm n.殖民主义；殖民政策,continent kntinnt n.大陆，洲，陆地 adj.自制的，克制的,bloodshed blded n.流血；杀戮,confusion knfju:n n.混淆，混乱；困惑,racism reisizm n.种族主义，种族歧视；人种偏见,glove lv n.手套 vt.给戴手套,三、外位法 外位语结构是汉语里比较常见的一种句子结构,翻译长句时可以适当地采用。具体方法是:把句中较长的难以处理的成分(包括很长的定语从句、状语从句或并列从句等)提前译出,作为外位独立成分,然后再动用“这”、“那”、“他”、“他们”“、该点”“、这方面”等一类承上词语作为本位语将主句译出。采用外位结构,可以突出重点,避免臃肿,句子也平稳严密,清楚顺当。,例如:We are weary of the dangers of colonialism,the divisions it has brought to our continent,the bloodshed and confusion,the racism and hate that go hand in glove with the colonialists.,该例用外位法可译为:殖民主义的威胁、殖民主义给我们大陆造成的分裂、流血和混乱,以及与殖民主义者结有不解之缘的种族主义和种族仇恨,这一切让我们受够了。,例如:We are weary of the dangers of colonialism,the divisions it has brought to our continent,the bloodshed and confusion,the racism and hate that go hand in glove with the colonialists.,外位法是一个处理长句颇为有效的方法。它往往使主句如释重负,分外突出,同时也使语气贯通起来。通常可用这种方法翻译的句子有:由几个并列从句或并列成分或由二者交融构成的长句;由一个或几个很长的状语从句或定语从句构成的长句;由很长的从句或从属成分构成的疑问句。,四、包孕法 包孕法就是在翻译时,可以将后修饰语译成前修饰语,即把修饰语与中心词、主句和从句合起来译成一个简单句子,也就是把修饰语或从句包含在一起,但要注意包孕成分不宜过长。,例如:However even the president Tacqueville,who predicted 150 years ago that the United States and Russia would emerge as two great contending world powers could not have foreseen that the nation that potentially could decide the world balance of power in the last decades of the twentieth century,and that could become the most powerful nation on earth during the twenty-first century,would be China.,contending kntend adj.争先的 v.奋斗（contend的ing形式）,例如:However even the president Tacqueville,who predicted 150 years ago that the United States and Russia would emerge as two great contending world powers could not have foreseen that the nation that potentially could decide the world balance of power in the last decades of the twentieth century,and that could become the most powerful nation on earth during the twenty-first century,would be China.,例如:However even the president Tacqueville,who predicted 150 years ago that the United States and Russia would emerge as two great contending world powers could not have foreseen that the nation that potentially could decide the world balance of power in the last decades of the twentieth century,and that could become the most powerful nation on earth during the twenty-first century,would be China.,翻译时可安排两个比较长的包孕句,即:即使是150年前曾预言过美国和俄国将成为互相争夺的两个世界大国的托克维尔总统。20世纪最后几十年具有决定世界均势潜力并能成为21世纪中最强大的国家将是中国。这两个包孕句用一定的词语,如“然而”“也”等直接连起来即为译文。第一个包孕句是把后修饰语译成前修饰语;第二个包孕句是将从句和主句合起来译成一个长句。第二个包孕句虽然长了些,但仍层次清楚,明晰可读。,五、综合法 英语的长句情况十分复杂,有时要翻译好一个长句单用一种方法解决不了问题,而需要全面考虑,统筹安排,综合利用各种翻译方法。对于翻译者,尤其是对初学者来说,不但要学会利用、熟练驾驭各种翻译方法,而且要学会善于综合利用各种手段。实际上,翻译一个长句往往需要几种方法的配合,才能把句子译通、译顺、译好。,例如:Just advanced by the Russians and later picked up and made much of by certain American writers,was the claim that U-2 pilots were worried that if the device had to be used the CIA had rigged it in such a way that it would explode prematurely,thus eliminating,in one great blast,all incriminating evidence,planes and pilot.,Claim kleim vi.提出要求 vt.要求；声称；认领；需要 n.要求；断言；声称；值得；索赔,CIA 中央情报局（Central Intelligence Agency）,rig ri n.装备；钻探设备；服装；帆装 vt.装配；装扮；装上索具；操纵,Prematurely,pri:mtjuli adv.过早地；早熟地,例如:Just advanced by the Russians and later picked up and made much of by certain American writers,was the claim that U-2 pilots were worried that if the device had to be used the CIA had rigged it in such a way that it would explode prematurely,thus eliminating,in one great blast,all incriminating evidence,planes and pilot.,例如:Just advanced by the Russians and later picked up and made much of by certain American writers,was the claim that U-2 pilots were worried that if the device had to be used the CIA had rigged it in such a way that it would explode prematurely,thus eliminating,in one great blast,all incriminating evidence,planes and pilot.,例如:Just advanced by the Russians and later picked up and made much of by certain American writers,was the claim that U-2 pilots were worried that if the device had to be used the CIA had rigged it in such a way that it would explode prematurely,thus eliminating,in one great blast,all incriminating evidence,planes and pilot.,这个句子是一个倒装句。主句的主语是the claim,谓语是was just advanced by the Russians and但主语有个同位语,比较长而复杂,由第一个that引导。第二个that是连接worried后的状语从句,其中有个插入的条件句;第三个that是引导一个表示结果的状语从句。,例如:Just advanced by the Russians and later picked up and made much of by certain American writers,was the claim that U-2 pilots were worried that if the device had to be used the CIA had rigged it in such a way that it would explode prematurely,thus eliminating,in one great blast,all incriminating evidence,planes and pilot.,同位语有三层意思:U-2飞机驾驶员感到不安;中央情报局在机上安上了一种装置,可以提前把飞机和驾驶员同时统统炸毁,从而消除一切罪证;条件是不得已而要使用这种装置的话。,全句很长,假如我们按原来的顺序译出来,势必前后照应困难,句子冗长拖沓,不能做到忠实通顺。由此,翻译时可以利用多种方法,进行综合处理。例如,把同位语提前作外位成份,用“这(种)”等词或词组放在后面替代外位成分。,例如:Just advanced by the Russians and later picked up and made much of by certain American writers,was the claim that U-2 pilots were worried that if the device had to be used the CIA had rigged it in such a way that it would explode prematurely,thus eliminating,in one great blast,all incriminating evidence,planes and pilot.,译文参看如下:U-2飞机驾驶员感到担心的是:中央情报局已在U-2飞机上安上了一种装置,这种装置在必要时能提前爆炸,把包括飞机和驾驶员在内的一切罪证一下子都消灭干净,这种说法原是俄国人提出来的,后来又被美国一些写文章的人接过来大肆宣扬。,例如:Just advanced by the Russians and later picked up and made much of by certain American writers,was the claim that U-2 pilots were worried that if the device had to be used the CIA had rigged it in such a way that it would explode prematurely,thus eliminating,in one great blast,all incriminating evidence,planes and pilot.,分译与合译,英译汉时，如果一个英语句子不能用一个汉语单句清楚地表达出来，我们可以把原句拆开，用两个或两个以上汉语单句来表达，这叫做分译(Division).,如果我们将意义上联系很密切的两个或两个以上的英语句子合并译为一个汉语句子，这就叫合译(Fusion),1So I swam and,presumably because of the long absence of foreigners from Sichuan,before an undeservedly large and enthusiastic audience.(From an article written by John Service.),presumably prizju:-mbli,pri:-adv.大概；可假定；推测起来,Undeservedly adv.不应得地，不当地,enthusiastic in,ju:zistik adj.热心的；热情的；狂热的,audience:dins n.观众；听众；接见；读者,1So I swam and,presumably because of the long absence of foreigners from Sichuan,before an undeservedly large and enthusiastic audience.(From an article written by John Service.),于是我就下水游泳了；大概在四川省人们很久没见过外国人了，所以我游泳时，旁边有一大群热心的观众；而单凭我的游泳技术是不足以引来这样一大群观众的。