《晶体的对称》PPT课件.ppt
第四章、晶体的对称crystal symmetry,一、对称 Symmetry 物体相同部分有规律的重复示例:对称的花,二、晶体对称的特点 Characteristics of crystal symmetry,1.All crystals show symmetry2.Crystals symmetry are limited,dependent on their structure3.Crystals show symmetry not only on form but also physical properties,such as optics and mechanics对称不仅体现在外形上而且体现在物理性质上,如光学力学等,二、晶体对称的特点 CHARACTERISTICS OF CRYSTAL SYMMETRY,三、对称操作和对称要素symmetry operation and elements,对称要素 symmetry elements:在进行对称操作时所凭借的辅助几何要素(点、线、面),包括:对称面 symmetry plane、对称轴 symmetry axis、对称中心 symmetry center。,对称要素示意总图 1.对称面(P)symmetry plane 假想平面,将图形分为互为镜像 的两个相等部分。An image plane divides figure into two mirror identical parts.对称面 不对称面,假想直线,图形绕此直线旋转一定角度后,使相等部分重复。An Imaged line,around which a figure rotates by certain angle to show the same repetition L对称轴 rotation axisn轴次,旋转一周重复的次数 repetitive times per rounda基转角,重复所需旋转的最小角度。n=360/a L1 L2 L3 L4 L6,2.对称轴(Ln)symmetry axis,3.对称中心(C)symmetry center 对点的对称(反伸)对称中心(C),4.旋转反伸轴(Lin)rotoinversion axis,旋转反伸 复合操作 n 轴次1、2、3、4、6 a 基转角,重复所需旋转的最小角度。n=360/a 旋转反伸轴与简单对称要素的关系?Li1 Li2 Li3 Li4,旋转反伸轴与简单对称要素的关系relation of rotoinversion axis with rotation axis:,Li1=CLi2=P Li3=L3+CLi4Li6=L3+P举例(Li4)对称要素示意总图,The projection of symmetry elements,3L44L36L29PC,P(h),P(s),P(v),L(v),L(h),L(s),四、对称要素组合 combination of symmetry elements(适用于低级和中级晶族)1.LnL2 LnnL2 upright,L2L2 L22L2(3L2)L3L2 L33L2 L4L2 L44L2,L2P L2PC L4P L4PC L6P L6PC,2.Ln(偶)PLnPC even upright,L2P L22P L3P L33P L4P L44P,3.LnPLnnP parallel,五、对称型及其推导,1.对称型class of symmetry 点群group point 对称型:晶体上所有对称要素的组合。,2.对称型推导,根据对称要素组合规律推导A类(低级、高级晶族)。32个对称型,六、晶体的对称分类 on the basis of crystal symmetry分类依据:对称性,5.晶系特点及对称型,本章结束第五章,