《托福经典加试》PPT课件.ppt
加试苏美尔文明Sumerian Civilization,Beijing New OrientalCici Yue2008,两河流域文明V.S.埃及文明Euphrates&Tigris V.S.Egypt,Its astonishing that同时存在互相交流相互独立没有一方压倒另一方,两河流域文明V.S.埃及文明Euphrates&Tigris V.S.Egypt,Euphrates&Tigris,Local lordStrong influenceEconomic aspect,Egypt-K.O.,Question&Answer,1.astonishing=amazing 2.sentence simplification=A great civilization arose in Mesopotamia between 3,500 and 3,000 B.C.at the same time that ancient Egypt was being united.,3.M地很少出现一个唯一的统治者，即使有，掌权时间也是很短暂的。地理上容易受外界侵袭，不像埃及那样，有唯一的统治者。埃及有divine kingship,M地内忧外患，内乱和外乱交替。内乱外侵are its substitute.考察指代问：its substitute refers to-答：the divine kingship,4.obscure=unclear 5.虽然在city of Ur.发现了一些富人的坟墓。这句话的作用？to provide one explanation for the relatively few physical remains of ancient Sumerian society,6.the city of Ur位置?near the confluence of Tigris and Euphrates rivers.7.vast=very large,8.哪个对m地文化的描述不对？continuity of cultural and artistic traditions could not be achieved.9.为什么说那个 divine ownership 不是fiction？the idea of divine ownership served as the basis for the economic organization of Sumerian society.,10.considerable=substantial 11.插入文字：虽然学者们对M地的研究取得了如此成就，我们对M地人的生活了解还是很有限 答案：D,12对M地local god的描述哪个不对？The local god sometimes fought against the local gods of rival city-stated.,13.分类问题=Ancient Egyptian Civilization 政治统一了很久时间 有相当多建筑物遗址 Sumerian Civilization 城邦国家是一个特色 有文件记载 这一个文明受到外部的侵略,加试达尔文进化论Natural Selection,Beijing New OrientalCici Yue2008,Natural Selection,natural selection are too slow for people to witness.Relatively short evolutions example 人为 自然 guppy finch,e.g.1Guppy(11-year observation),e.g.2Finch,Lethal drought Beak changes Long and strong Break large sized grain,Question&Answer,（1）witnessobserve（2）为什么达尔文为什么认为自然选择are too slow for people to witness？答案自然选择要进行很长一段时间，达尔文认为无法用experiment验证,（3）guppy总是grow as quickly as possible to mate，产生as many offspring as possible早熟的代价是life span变短,每个offspring也不能得到太多母guppy的energythe risk of early death are offset by other risks.说的这一段是什么作用？答案put the predications into test.,（4）offsetbalanced the risk of early death are offset by other risks decimation=destruction,（5）The following statements of guppies facing no predators after 11 years are true EXCEPT？答案每窝产更多卵。,（6）插入:插入内容是在这种情况下，生物学家只要活的久就能观察到变化。(进化论是自然发生的，关键是自己有没有观察到)答案：A,（7）长嘴鸟的优势？答案break large-sized grain（8）鸟嘴和guppy试验的共同点？答案都在相对短的时间发生,（9）自然选择人类可以观察到雨量充足的日子鸟嘴又变短了,加试威尼斯盐业贸易 Trade of Salt in Venice,Beijing New OrientalCici Yue2008,1.威尼斯为什么要进口盐？威尼斯主要产精盐，但有时要使用粗盐，需要进口自然灾害使威尼斯精盐产量受到影响,2.词汇stipulatev.规定,明定近义词：qualify,condition,specify,3.意大利政府为何要补贴（subsidy）给盐商（merchant）?通过补贴使盐商可以低价进口其他货物，例如spices，从而促进其他贸易发展,4.意大利不像China那样monopoly盐业，他们主要是监管。推断：China的盐业政策完全垄断,5.意大利盐业发展原因？签订不平等条约（contracts）从其他国家（India）低价进口后转卖,6.意大利的merchants ships怎样监管海上的盐贸易？非常ruthless，禁止其他国家进行盐贸易，跟海盗一样拦截其他船只，检查他们是不是按照contracts办事,加试植物的防御系统Defense System of Plants,Beijing New OrientalCici Yue2008,Plants v.s.Pathogen/Insects,1.performed/passive,Physical Spiky hairs(trichome(毛状体)-puncture)StickyChemical Toxic substancesDeterrentParasite,2.inducible/active,Hypersensitive resistance小黄31,
