《定语从句译法》PPT课件.ppt

1,4.2 Disposition of Some Particular English Sentence Structures Translation of Attributive Clause and non-attributive elements in Sci-tech 定语从句的译法 以及科技英语中定语从句的非定语化译法（1）译成“的”（2）重复先行词，将定语从句译成并列句（3）省掉关联词,按原句序译成独立句（4）定语从句与先行词或主句溶为一体（5）译成相应的状语从句（6）译成汉语的复指成分(7)译成汉语的复合结构型宾语(8)译成汉语的独立式插说成分(9)由“名词等+of+which”引导的定语从句，of which译 成：“其、该、它“,（1）译成“的”当定语从句较短，对主导词（先行词）限制较强，并且与其关系紧密时。1.Galileo lived at a time when the human spirit was waking after a thousand years of sleep.译:伽利略生活在人类灵魂经过了千年沉睡之后正在苏醒的时代。2.The people who worked for him lived in mortal fear of him.在他手下干事的人对他怕得要命。,3,（2）重复先行词，将定语从句译成并列句 当定语从句较长，或对主导词（先行词）限制力较弱，并与其关系松弛时。1.It was getting dark,we had to quicken our pace and made our way rapidly towards the river where we hoped the boatman was waiting.译：天快黑了，我们不得不加快了步伐，迅速地朝着那条小河走去，希望船夫还在那儿等着我们。2.She had talked to the vice president Nixon,who assured her that everything that could be done would be done.,2.She had talked to the vice president Nixon,who assured her that everything that could be done would be done.译:她同副总统谈过话。尼克松让她放心，凡是能够做到的将竭尽全力去做。3.For that,use is generally made of correction motors which in the present state of the technique are complicated,very expensive and often do not give complete satisfaction.为此，通常应使用校正电动机，但就目前的技术水平而言，这种电动机结构复杂、价格昂贵，且性能往往不能尽如人意。,（3）省掉关联词,按原句序译成独立句 当定语从句补充先行词所牵涉到的 具体内容,与主导词关系十分松弛时。They worked out a new method by which production has now been rapidly increased.他们制定出一种新方案,采用后生产已迅速得到了提高。,6,The sun,which had hidden all day,now came over in all its splendor.那太阳，整天躲在云层里，现在又露面了，光芒四射。The last big Alaskan earthquake created a tsunami,that was felt 15000 miles away.最近发生的阿拉斯加大地震引起了海啸，在1500英里之外都能感觉到。1.,7,(4)定语从句与先行词或主句溶为一体 当定语从句与先行词或主句的深层结构关系 十分紧密时。They were a family that must beg to stay alive.译:他们那个家不讨饭就活不下去。We are people that have inherited ancient wisdom,that know the worth of biding ones time and recognized opportunity for combat.译:我们的人民继承了古代的智慧，懂得如何等待并善于抓住战机。This is the way that Americans themselves become familiar with one another.译:美国人自己也是这样相互熟识的。,(5)译成相应的状语从句定语从句在逻辑上相当于“让步”、“条件”、“原因”、“结果”等状语功用。1.She seeks happiness in selfish enjoyment,where it can never be found.译：她在自私的享乐中寻找幸福，结果永远也寻找不到幸福。2.Electrical energy that is supplied to a lamp can be turned into light energy.译：把电供给电灯时，电能就转变成光能。,9,3.We maintain that no peace situation is permanent which does not take into account the legitimate wishes of the majority of the people of any country.我们认为，如果不尊重一个国家大多数人民的正当愿望，任何和平局面都是不会持久的 4.An electrical current begins to flow through a coil,which is connected across a charged capacitor.如果把一个线圈接在已充电的电容器上，5.Vegetarianism is definitely unsatisfactory for growing children,who need more protein than they can get from vegetable sources.对生长发育中的儿童来说，素食肯定是不可取的，因为他们需要的蛋白质不可能全部从植物类食品中获得。,(6)译成汉语的复指成分 The Soviet deployment of new and more accurate missiles may be speeding up the time when U.S.intercontinental ballistic missiles could be destroyed in a surprise attack.苏联部署更为精确的新型导弹，也许会使这一时刻提前到来，即在一次突然的袭击中，美国的洲际导弹有可能毁于一旦。,(7)译成汉语的复合结构型宾语 We all know the difficulty that we sometimes have in trying to describe a color to a friend.我们都知道，有时要向朋友说清楚一种颜色是很困难的。(8)译成汉语的独立式插说成分 Spiders are not insects,as many people think,nor even nearly related to them.与许多人的看法不同，蜘蛛不是昆虫，甚至与昆虫没有什麽联系。(9)由“名词等+of+which”引导的定语从句，of which译成：“其、该、它,Language Characteristics of EST and Translation Techniques（科技英语语言特点及其翻译）1.Characteristics of words in EST（词法特点）大量使用科技词汇。As this proportion increases,so the amount of thrust(推动力）developed in the jet-pipe diminished.随着这一部分变大，喷射管里产生的推动力就会减少。科技英语的词汇包括：普通词汇，半专业词汇(semi-technical words)和专业词汇(technical words),普通词汇 科技英语词汇 to send to transmit to change to convert to put into to insert to use up to consume enough sufficient better superior a lot of appreciable,半专业词汇(semi-technical words)pencil colour pencil 笔型温度计 metal pencil 焊条pencil rocket 小型火箭 ceiling ceiling voltage 峰值电压 dress专业词汇(technical words)（1)缩写和缩略词:radar,laser,BASIC（2）前、后缀派生词:semi-,auto-,micro-,thermo-（3）外来词（由拉丁文或希腊文词根构成的词汇）：photosynthesis,2.the Features of Grammar and Structure(语法句法特点)动词被动语态（Passive Form）时态-The Present Indefinite Tense 动词派生的名词（Derivation Nouns from Verbs）Eg.1）Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.2）在沸水中加入2%的碳酸钠（sodium carbonate）会增加杀菌效果。The addition of 2 percent sodium carbonate to boiling water increases the bactericide effect.,长句（Long Sentences）With the advent of the space shuttle,it will be possible to put an orbiting solar power plant in stationary orbit 24000 miles from the earth that would collect solar energy almost continuously and convert this energy either directly to electricity via photovoltaic cells（光电池）or indirectly with flat plate or focused collectors that would boil a carrying medium to produce steam that would drive a turbine.,随着航天飞机的出现，有可能把一个沿轨道运行的发电站送到离地球24，000英里的一条定常轨道上去。这个太阳能发电站几乎不间断地采集太阳能。它还能够用光电池（photovoltaic cells）将太阳能直接转换成电能，或者用平板集热器或聚焦集热器将太阳能间接转换成电能，（即集热器使热传导体汽化，驱动涡轮机发电）。With the advent of the space shuttle,it will be possible to put an orbiting solar power plant in stationary orbit 24000 miles from the earth that would collect solar energy almost continuously and convert this energy either directly to electricity via photovoltaic cells（光电池）or indirectly with flat plate or focused collectors that would boil a carrying medium to produce steam that would drive a turbine.,翻译下列句子，注意英语定语从句的非定化译法：,20,1.This was the period when Einstein began the research which resulted in the creation of his famous Theory of Relativity.译：就在这期间,爱因斯坦开始一项研究,这项研究使他创立了著名的相对论。(主从句溶为一体 后置),2.Charlie,who never believed in interfering if it could be avoided,left her alone,hoping that she would eventually come around.,译:查理一向认为,只要能避免,就不要插手,所以就没有管她,希望她最终回心转意。（主从句溶为一体译成独立句）,21,3.All the while,George Bush,who ultimately benefit from the try that failed,sat silently by,a nearly forgotten spectator.,译:在此期间,乔治.布什一言不发地坐在那里,几乎成了一个被人们遗忘的旁观者,但他将在最后从这一场失败的试探中获得好处。(后置),4.The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people whom he whished especially to talk to or to hear from.,译:大使只宴请了几个人，因为他特想和这些人谈谈，听听他们的意见。（原因）,22,5.In his articles on social problems for the Examiner he wrote about the poverty and miserable living conditions that kept the working people in ignorance and drove them to drink and crime.,译:在他为观察家杂志所写的关于社会问题的文章中，他描述了劳动者的贫困和恶劣的生活条件，这种贫困和恶劣的生活使劳动者受不到教育，驱使他们去酗酒和犯罪。(后置),23,6.There was something original,independent,and heroic about the plan that pleased all of them.,译:这个方案很有创意，很有魄力，有独到之处，所以他们都很满意。（结果）7.Men became desperate for work,any work,which would help them to keep their families.译:人们极其迫切地要求工作,不管什么工作,只要能维持一家人的生活就行。（条件）8.There was another man who seemed to have answer,and that was Robert.译:另外一个人似乎胸有成竹,那就是罗伯特。（独立句）,24,9.A man is nothing who yields his purpose.译:如果一个人放弃自己的目的,就成为一个不堪造就的人。（假设）10.GPS(Global Positioning System)is actually but part of a larger movement,called“telematics”,which will eventually attempt to put smart cars on smart highways.译:全球卫星定位系统其实只是叫做“远程信息学”的这一更大行动的一部分，这一行动最终将智能汽车送上智能高速公路。(后置),25,11.There will come a day when people the world over will live harmoniously and happily under the sun.译:普天下的人们得以和谐而幸福生活的日子终将会到来。12.They are striving for the ideal which is to the heart of every Chinese and for which,in the past,many Chinese have laid down their lives译:他们正为实现一个理想而努力，这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的，在过去，许多中国人曾为这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。,26,13.He insisted on building another house,which he had no use for.译:他坚持要再造一栋房子，尽管他并无此需要。14.We can imagine ammonia production plants that will“fuel”both farm and city.可以想象，氨厂将不仅可向农村、而且可向城市提供“燃料”。(译成汉语的复合结构型宾语)15.A strict vegetarian is a person who never in his life eats anything derived from animals.严格的素食者终生都不食用动物性食品。（定语与 先行词或主句溶为一体）16.Over-production of any commodity can create difficulties,because it can lead to a glut on the market,which may cause prices to fall sharply.任何商品的生产过剩都会带来麻烦，因为它会导致市场上供过于求，从而价格急剧下跌。,17.The heat that warms a body does not change either the weight of the body or its inertia.热在加热物体时，既不会改变物体的重量，也不会改变物体的惯性。18.In 1905,which was many years before other scientists really understood a great deal about atomic energy,Einstein declared this theory.1905年，即在其他科学家确实对原子能有所了解之前许多年，爱因斯坦就已宣布了这一理论。,19.心脏是一个中空的肌性器官(muscular organ)，其功能是把血液压送(pump)到全身各部分。The heart is a hollow,muscular organ,the function of which is to pump blood to all parts of the body.20.我们知道，由于猫的眼睛比人的眼睛能吸收更多的光线，所以猫在黑夜也能看得很清楚。We know that a cat,whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes,can see clearly in the night.,21.World War II was,however,more complex than the preceding world war,which was a collision among the imperialist powers over the spoils of markets,resources,and territories.第一次世界大战只是帝国主义大国之间争夺市场、资源和领土的一场冲突，而第二次世界大战（的原因）却比较复杂。,30,3)Translation of Comparative Structures（比较 句的翻译）(1)等比句式:A.由 asas 引导,一般译作“同样”，“与一样”(P.63)B.由no more/less than和no more/lessthan,notany more than引导,译成:“不正如不、“和一样+句中形容词的反义词”。1.If machine really thought as men do,there would be no more reason to fear them than to fear men.译：如果机器真的能象人一样思维，那么就没有甚么理由怕它们，正如没有理由怕人一样。,31,试比较:a.He is no more fond of watching TV than she is.b.He is not more fond of watching TV than she is.译:a.他们两都不爱看电视。b.他看电视的劲头不比她大。2.Unmerited praise is no more honour than deserved blame.译:不应受的表扬和应受的责备同样不是荣誉。,3.Humans should not try to avoid stress any more than they would shun food,love or exercise.译:人们不应该总是试图逃避压力，正如人们不应该躲避食物、爱情和运动那样。4.School boy as he was,he addressed the august（庄严的)audience with no more fear than as if he had been talking to a group of his playmates.译:别看他是个小学生，他对庄严的听众讲话，一点也不害怕，就象对一块儿玩的同伴讲话一样。,33,5.As regards our policy,it is no less our interest than our duty to maintain the most friendly relations with other countries.译:关于我们的外交政策,维持和其他国家的友好关系,既是我们的义务,也同样是我们的利益。6.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious.Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates.译：那些社会地位高的人同样感到焦虑，他们的生活如同他们手下人生活一样空虚,C.句型A is to B what C is to D,译成：“A对于B，如同C对于D”e.g.Air is to us what water is to fish.A pen is to a writer what a gun to a soldier.,7.Being completely relaxed in the examination is no better than being too tense.,译:考试中完全放松和过度紧张没什么区别。,e.g.a)You may as well follow the instructions in the booklet as ask the engineer for help.(“可以同样也可以”),35,D.“may as wellas”“might as well as”,b)One might as well expect the leopard to change its spots as expect him to change his hot temper.(“不可以同样不可以”(P.65),36,(2)差比句式A.由 morethan,less than引导,译成：“与其说不如说”He is more of a good teacher than his helpful friend.译:他是益友,更是良师。It was a curious exchange,less a debate than a quarrel between the old couple.译：这是一次奇妙的交锋，与其说是老夫妇之间的一场辩论，不如说是一次争吵。B.由 more than引导的比较句more than用在名词前，译成：“不仅仅是”、“不只是”(与no more than 意思相反）more than用在动词前，译成：“不仅仅”、“远远”、“大大地”,37,They may teach very well,and more than earn their salaries.译：他们可以教的很好，而且不仅仅是为了挣薪水。His nasty behaviour has more than created some trouble in his class.译：他的劣行在他班级里大大地制造了麻烦。more than用在形容前，译成：“分外”、“非常”、“岂止而已”To our great surprise,they were more than delighted to stay in the crowded town.译：令我们大为惊讶的是,他们竟很乐意呆在拥挤不堪的城市。,38,C.all/none/so much+比较级,译成“更加”、“还是”。D.not so muchas，译成“与其说是不如说是”E.no/nothing/never/little/more than，译成“不过是”、“就是”、“只是”。(3)极比句式A.as as any“最”E.g1.It is said that the weather here is as agreeable as any in the whole country.译:据说,这儿的天气是全国最最宜人的。,B.否定词+比较级结构和类似nothing is more than,few things are morethan,nothing is as as结构,译作”没有比更”或”最”1.No issue is more emotion-rousing than food,because no issue is as basic to individual and national survival as food.译:没有甚麽问题比粮食更能激起人们的情绪,因为粮食是个人和国家生存的最根本的问题。,40,2.No man thinks more highly than I do of the patriotism,as well as abilities,of the very worthy gentlemen who have just address the house.刚才几位可敬的先生向全体代表发言了。对于这几位先生的爱国主义精神及才干，我个人比任何人更敬佩。C.the last+n.“极少可能的”D.no+amount/degree/effort+of“即使最”3.No degree of attention justifies the importance of this issue.译:即使倾注再多的注意力,对此重要问题来说都不过分。,(4)拟比句式Preferto,preferrather than,would soonerthan,would ratherthan,译成“宁可 也不愿”。1.He would rather die than gave in.2.The old man prefer to write her letters rather than dictate others,Ex1.I hold the maxim no less applicable to public than to private affairs that honesty is always the best policy.2.A culture in which the citizens share similar religious beliefs and values is more likely to have laws that represent the wishes of its people than is a culture where citizens come from diverse background.3.We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth without producing it.,4.Fitness is being pursued by millions who realize that their medical fate lies more in their own than in their physicians hands.5.The first object observed by Galileo,naturally enough,was the Moon.He was the first to see more than the shadows that peoples imaginations has made into shapes.6.Her letter says that she is none the wiser for my patient explanation.7.Money is the last thing he wants,and you wont succeed by offering it.,8.His initial willingness to experiment with reforms stemmed not so much from a love of democracy as from his recognition that without reform,his country and the government would slide towards economic ruin.9.But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity,any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.,45,Ex1.I hold the maxim no less applicable to public than to private affairs that honesty is always the best policy.译：我认为诚实是最好的政策这句格言，不仅可适用于私事，亦可适用于公事。2.A culture in which the citizens share similar religious beliefs and values is more likely to have laws that represent the wishes of its people than is a culture where citizens come from diverse background.译：有一种文化,其公民共有相似的宗教信仰和价值观念,还有一种文化,其公民来自于不同的背景。前者比后者更有可能制定出代表其人民意愿的法律。,3.Fitness is being pursued by millions who realize that their medical fate lies more in their own than in their physicians hands.,译：成千上万的人追求健康，因为他们认识到，自己的健康状况与其说是掌握在医生手里，倒不如说是由自己掌握的。,46,4.We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth without producing it.,5.The first object observed by Galileo,naturally enough,was the Moon.He was the first to see more than the shadows that peoples imaginations has made into shapes.,48,译：伽利略观察的第一个天体自然是月球他所看到的已不再仅仅是被人们想象成各种形态的阴影,6.Her letter says that she is none the wiser for my patient explanation.,49,译:她来信说，听了我耐心的解释之后，还是不明白。7.Money is the last thing he wants,and you wont succeed by offering it.他决不要钱，你想用钱去买动他是决不会成功的。,8.His initial willingness to experiment with reforms stemmed not so much from a love of democracy as from his recognition that without reform,his country and the government would slide towards economic ruin.,译：他最初愿意搞改革，并不是(与其说是)因为他喜欢民主，而是(不如说是)他已意识到，不进行改革，他的国家和政府在经济上将走向崩溃。,50,51,9.There is nothing more disappointing to a hostess who has gone to a lot of trouble or expanse than to have her guest so interested in talking politics or business with her husband that he fails to notice the flavor of the coffee,the lightness of the cake,or the attractiveness of the house,which may be her chief interest and pride.译:最令女主人失望的是，她花了许多心神或费用来招待客人，可是这位客人只顾津津有味地与她的丈夫论政治、谈生意，丝毫没有注意到咖啡的浓