修辞目的题精析1022.ppt

修辞目的题精析,黄华鑫,Contact me,cherryhuanghx我是黄小幺2324717234,温馨提示,1.纸 笔2.解题套路3.词 句4.多学一点是一点,提问方式,The author mentions A as an example ofWhy does the author mention A?The author mentions A in order toWhat is the organization of Paragraph 4?Which of the following best describes the relationship between Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3?,考察角度,The author mentions A as an example ofWhy does the author mention A?The author mentions A in order toWhat is the organization of Paragraph 4?Which of the following best describes the relationship between Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3?,句子关系,考察角度,The author mentions A as an example ofWhy does the author mention A?The author mentions A in order toWhat is the organization of Paragraph 4?Which of the following best describes the relationship between Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3?,句子关系,考察角度,The author mentions A as an example ofWhy does the author mention A?The author mentions A in order toWhat is the organization of Paragraph 4?Which of the following best describes the relationship between Paragraph 2 and Paragraph 3?,句子关系,段落关系,句子关系,例证关系,句子关系,例证关系 举例 正例 反例,1.The author includes the information that“a protectionist movement developed in Sweden”in order tosupport the claim that the political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth identify an exception to the general trend favoring liberal trade policyexplain why Sweden industrialized less quickly than the other Scandinavian countries and Netherlandsprovide evidence that agricultural reforms take place more quickly in countries that have a liberal trade policy than in those that do not,Paragraph 5:The political institutions of the four countries posed no significant barriers to industrialization or economic growth.The nineteenth century passed relatively peacefully for these countries,with progressive democratization taking place in all of them.They were reasonably well governed,without notable corruption or grandiose state projects,although in all of them the government gave some aid to railways,and in Sweden the state built the main lines.As small countries dependent on foreign markets,they followed a liberal trade policy in the main,though a protectionist movement developed in Sweden.In Denmark and Sweden agricultural reforms took place gradually from the late eighteenth century through the first half of the nineteenth,resulting in a new class of peasant landowners with a definite market orientation.,句子关系,例证关系因果关系,因果关系逻辑词,因果关系逻辑词,A explain B;A is created by B A is responsible for B;.in that.;.too.to.;.so.that.Hence;:.,Changes in lake level not explained by river flows plus exchanges with the atmosphere must be due to the net difference between what seeps into the lake from the groundwater and what leaks into the groundwater.Note the word net:measuring the actual amounts of groundwater seepage into the lake and out of the lake is a much more complicated matter than merely inferring their difference.2.Why does the author use the phrase Note the word net in the passage?To emphasize the impact of seepage on water levelsTo point out that seepage is calculated differently from river flows and atmospheric exchangesTo compare the different methods of calculating seepageTo emphasize the difficulty of obtaining specific values for seepage inputs and outputs,句子关系,例证关系因果关系转折对比.,转折对比逻辑词,转折对比逻辑词,yetwhile in fact.,It would appear that the instability of the climatic conditions led populations that had originally been nomadic to settle down and develop a sedentary style of life,which led in turn to population growth and to the need to increase the amount of food available.Farming originated in these conditions.Later on,it became very difficult to change because of the significant expansion of these populations.It could be argued,however,that these conditions are not sufficient to explain the origins of agriculture.Earth had experienced previous periods of climatic change,and yet agriculture had not been developed.3.Why does the author state that“earth had experienced previous periods of climatic change,and yet agriculture had not been developed.”?To suggest that climate change had occurred long before the development of agricultureTo argue that climate change does not properly explain why agriculture developedTo challenge the assumption that agriculture developed only in some parts of the worldTo question the claim that climate change occurred at the time when agriculture developed,Bonus,定语从句处理,Bonus,定语从句处理e.g.Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas,and they have killed large birds of prey(especially hawks,falcons,and eagles)that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines.,句子关系,！阐释对象&论证观点&逻辑关系 A,4.Why does the author mention that“some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain”?To emphasize the degree to which the stability of the British northern frontier depended on firm military control To suggest that the Romans continued to occupy Britain even after they had formally given up the right to do so To support the claim that forts continued to serve an import economic function even after they ceased to be of any military useTo describe one of the things that resulted from frontier garrisons becoming part of the local community over a long period,Paragraph 5:This process of settling in as a community over several generations,combined with local recruitment,presumably accounts for the apparent stability of the British northern frontier in the later Roman period.It also explains why some of the forts continued in occupation long after Rome ceased to have any formal authority in Britain,at the beginning of the fifth century A.D.The circumstances that had allowed natives to become Romanized also led the self-sustaining military community of the frontier area to become effectively British.,解题套路,读懂A 之后，看逻辑,解题套路,读懂A 之后，看逻辑1,A,21.A.21.a.b.A.c.2,Paragraph 2:Arid lands,surprisingly,contain some of the worlds largest river systems,such as the Murray-Darling in Australia,the Rio Grande in North America,the Indus in Asia,and the Nile in Africa.These rivers and river systems are known as exogenous because their sources lie outside the arid zone.They are vital for sustaining life in some of the driest parts of the world.For centuries,the annual floods of the Nile,Tigris,and Euphrates,for example,have brought fertile silts and water to the inhabitants of their lower valleys.Today,river discharges are increasingly controlled by human intervention,creating a need for international river-basin agreements.The filling of the Ataturk and other dams in Turkey has drastically reduced flows in the Euphrates,with potentially serious consequences for Syria and Iraq.5.In paragraph 2,why does the author mention the Ataturk and other dams in Turkey?To contrast the Euphrates River with other exogenous rivers To illustrate the technological advances in dam building To argue that dams should not be built on the Euphrates River To support the idea that international river-basin agreements are needed,6.The author tells the story of the explorers Lewis and Clark in paragraph 3 in order to illustrate which of the following points?The number of deer within the Puget Sound region has varied over time.Most of the explorers who came to the Puget Sound area were primarily interested in hunting game.There was more game for hunting in the East of the United States than in the West.Individual explorers were not as successful at locating games as were the trading companies.,Paragraph 3:The numbers of deer have fluctuated markedly since the entry of Europeans into Puget Sound country.The early explorers and settlers told of abundant deer in the early 1800s and yet almost in the same breath bemoaned the lack of this succulent game animal.Famous explorers of the north American frontier,Lewis and Clark arrived at the mouth of the Columbia River on November 14,1805,in nearly starved circumstances.They had experienced great difficulty finding game west of the Rockies and not until the second of December did they kill their first elk.To keep 40 people alive that winter,they consumed approximately 150 elk and 20 deer.And when game moved out of the lowlands in early spring,the expedition decided to return east rather than face possible starvation.Later on in the early years of the nineteenth century,when Fort Vancouver became the headquarters of the Hudsons Bay Company,deer populations continued to fluctuate.David Douglas,Scottish botanical explorer of the 1830s,found a disturbing change in the animal life around the fort during the period between his first visit in 1825 and his final contact with the fort in 1832.A recent Douglas biographer states:The deer which once picturesquely dotted the meadows around the fort were gone in 1832,hunted to extermination in order to protect the crops.,段落关系,段落关系,总分并列对照转折顺承,解题套路,what-why 关注结构词,7.Which of the following best describes the organization of paragraph 5?The author presents two theories for a historical phenomenon.The author argues against theories expressed earlier in the passage.The author argues for replacing older theories with a new one.The author points out problems with two popular theories.,Paragraph 5:In addition to exploring the possible antecedents of theater,scholars have also theorized about the motives that led people to develop theater.Why did theater develop,and why was it valued after it ceased to fulfill the function of ritual?Most answers fall back on the theories about the human mind and basic human needs.One,set forth by Aristotle in the fourth century B.C.,sees humans as naturally imitativeas taking pleasure in imitating persons,things,and actions and in seeing such imitations.Another,advanced in the twentieth century,suggests that humans have a gift for fantasy,through which they seek to reshape reality into more satisfying forms than those encountered in daily life.Thus,fantasy or fiction(of which drama is one form)permits people to objectify their anxieties and fears,confront them,and fulfill their hopes in fiction if not fact.The theater,then,is one tool whereby people define and understand their world or escape from unpleasant realities.,解题套路,what-why 关注结构词 逆向思维,8.Which of the following best describes the relationship between Paragraph2 and Paragraph 3?Paragraph 2 puts forward several scientific claims,one of which is rejected in Paragraph 3Paragraph2 poses several questions,and Paragraph3 offers a possible answer to one of themParagraph2 presents outdated traditional views,while Paragraph3 presents the current scientific conclusions.Paragraph2 introduces a generalization that is illustrated by specific examples in Paragraph 3,Paragraph 2:Scientists have asked important questions about this explosion for more than a century.Why did it occur so late in the history of Earth?The origin of multicellular forms of life seems a relatively simple step compared to the origin of life itself.Why does the fossil record not document the series of evolutionary changes during the evolution of animals?Why did animal life evolve so quickly?Paleontologists continue to search the fossil record for answers to these questions.Paragraph 3:One interpretation regarding the absence of fossils during this important 100-million-year period is that early animals were soft bodied and simply did not fossilize.Fossilization of soft-bodied animals is less likely than fossilization of hard-bodied animals,but it does occur.Conditions that promote fossilization of soft-bodied animals include very rapid covering by sediments that create an environment that discourages decomposition.In fact,fossil beds containing soft-bodied animals have been known for many years.,Paragraph 7:About 90 percent of modern humans are right-handed:we are the only mammal with a preferential use of one hand.The part of the brain responsible for fine control and movement is located in the left cerebral hemisphere,and the findings above suggest that the human brain was already asymmetrical in its structure and function not long after 2 million years ago.Among Neanderthalers of 70,00035,000 years ago,Marcellin Boule noted that the La Chapelle-aux-Saints individual had a left hemisphere slightly bigger than the right,and the same was found for brains of specimens from Neanderthal,Gibraltar,and La Quina.9.What is the authors primary purpose in paragraph 7?To illustrate the importance of studying the brainTo demonstrate that human beings are the only mammal to desire fine control of movementTo contrast the functions of the two hemispheres of the brainTo demonstrate that right-hand preference has existed for a long time,解题方法,句子关系 例证关系（单纯举例；正面例证；反面例证）；因果关系；转折对比.1,A,2;1.A.2.;1.a.b.A.c.2.段落关系 总分；并列；对比转折；顺承；what-why 2.关注结构词 3.逆向思维,提升方法,1.精做句子插入题,提升方法,2.文章要点总结,提升方法,2.文章要点总结 classification 分类 comparison/contrast 比较 cause/effect 因果 problem/solution 问题/解决方法,分类:TPO13:Types of Social Groups TPO17:Symbiotic Relationships比较：OG:Applied Art and Fine Art TPO 12:Water in the Desert 因果：TPO 16:Trade and Ancient Middle East TPO 21:The Origins of Agriculture 问题/解决：TPO 12:Which Hand Did They Use?TPO 18:The mystery of Yawning TPO 21:Autobiographical memeory,TPO 13:Types of Social Groups TPO 18:The mystery of Yawning TPO 21:The Origins of Agriculture TPO 21:Autobiographical memeoryTPO 23:Urban Climate,小结,cherryhuanghx我是黄小幺2324717234,Thanks a million and Rock TOEFL from Cherry,