《大学英语写作》PPT课件.ppt

大学英语写作,段落的写作 主题句与推展句 1 主题句主题句（topic sentence）是表达段落主题的句子。它用以概括段落大意，要求全段其他文字都围绕它展开。请看下例：,My mother has passed along to me certain rules for getting along with others.Dont argue with parents;they will think you dont love them.Dont argue with children;they will think themselves victimized.Dont argue with spouses;they will think you are a tiresome mate.Dont argue with strangers;they will think you are not friendly.My mothers rules,in fact,can be summed up in two words:Dont argue.,1 主题句 11 主题句的位置主题句通常放在段落的开端，其特点是开门见山地摆出问题，然后加以详细说明。,例1 Our life today depends very much on energy.In towns and in villages,on farms and in factories,machines have made life easier than it used to be.The machines use energy,and energy is needed for heating,lighting,communications,carrying goods-everything.Factories and industrial plants use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.,推展句 主要推展句(major supporting statement)的主要特点是：围绕段落主题句展开的每一个推展句本身都不要求作进一步的说明或证明，句与句之间的关系是相互独立又是互相连接的。例如：,(主题句)There are several factors affecting climate.(推展句1)One factor is the mount of sunlight received.(推展句2)Altitude,or the height above sea level,also determines climate.(推展句3)The oceans have an effect on the climate of adjacent land.(推展句4)In addition,climate is influenced by the general circulation of the atmosphere.,次要推展句,次要推展句（minor supporting statement）是指对主要推展句作进一步事实分析和举例说明。它从属于某一个或某几个推展句。,（主题句）I dont teach because teaching is not easy for me.（主要推展句1）Teaching is the most difficult of the various ways I have attempted to earn my living：mechanic，carpenter，writer.（主要推展句2）For me，teaching is a red-eye，sweaty-palm，sinking-stomach profession.（次要推展句1）Red-eye，because I never feel ready to teach no matter how late I stay up preparing.,（次要推展句2）Sweaty-palm，because Im always nervous before I enter the classroom，sure that I will be found out for the fool that I am.（次要推展句3）Sinking-stomach，because I leave the classroom an hour later convinced that I was even more boring than usual.,段落发展的几种手段,1 列举法(details)作者运用列举法，是通过列举一系列的论据对topic sentence中摆出的论点进行广泛、全面地陈述或解释，列举的顺序可以按照所列各点内容的相对重要性、时间、空间等进行。,Yesterday as one of those awful days for me when everything I did went wrong.First，I didnt hear my alarm clock and arrived late for work.Then，I didnt read my diary properly and forgot to get to an important meeting with my boss.During the coffee break，I dropped my coffee cup and spoilt my new skirt.,At lunch time，I left my purse on a bus and lost all the money that as in it.After lunch，my boss was angry because I hadnt gone to the meeting.Then I didnt notice a sign on a door that said“wet Paint”and so I spoilt my jacket too.When I got home I couldnt get into my flat because I had left my key in my office.So I broke a window to get in and cut my hand.,根据本段主题句中关键词组everything I did went wrong，作者列举了8点内容，分别由first，then，during the coffee break，after lunch time等连接词语引出，使得该文条理清楚、脉络分明、内容连贯。常用于列举法过渡连接词有：for one thing，for another，finally，besides，moreover，one another，still another，first，second，also等。,2.举例法(example)作者通过举出具体事例来阐述、说明主题句的内容，严格地讲，举例法也是列举法的一种，它们的区别在于：列举法侧重罗列事实，所列事实力求全面；而举例法侧重通过举出典型事例来解释作者观点，且事例可多可少。,There are many different forms of exercises to suit different tastes.For example，those who enjoy competitive sports may take up ball games.For another example，if they prefer to exercise alone，they can have a run or take a walk in the morning or in the evening.Besides，people can go swimming in the summer and go skating in the winter.In short，no matter what their interests are，people can always find more than one sports that are suitable to them.,本段采用了三个事例来说明主题句中关键词组different forms of exercises，这三个例子分别由连接词for example，for another example 和 besides引出，最后由引导结尾句总结全段内容。举例法中常用连接词有：for example（instance），one example is，besides，furthermore，moreover，in addition等。,4 对比法或比较法(comparison&contrast)将同类的事物按照某种特定的规则进行比较分析是一种常用的思维方法。通过对比，更容易阐述所述对象之间的异同和优缺点。,5 分类法(classification)在阐述某一概念的段落中，常用分类法。通过对概念中所包括的事物进行分门别类，分别加以叙述，使读者有更为清晰的认识。,6.定义法(definition)在科普文章的写作中，定义法是必不可少的。通过下定义，可以使读者对该事物有一个更直接的认识。,7因果分析法(cause and effect)在阐述某一现象的段落中，常采用因果分析法。,The role of women in todays society is changing.One reason is that women have begun to assert themselves as independent people through the womens movement.Also，women are aware of the alternatives to staying at home.,Another reason is that increasing numbers of women who enter new fields and interests serve as role models for other women.Moreover，men are becoming more conscious of the abilities of women and have begun to view their independence positively.,本段中，主题句提出了一种社会现象，推展句则对产生这种现象原因作出各种解释。常用于因果分析法连接词有：one reason,because，so，as a result等。,结尾段,文章结尾也很重要，好结尾会使读者对全文中心思想留下深刻印象，可以增添文章效果和说服力，让人深思，回味无穷。确切地说，结尾作用就是概括全文内容，进一步强调或肯定文章中心思想，使读者加深印象；有时也用于展望未来，提出今后方向或令人深思问题给读者留下回味和思考余地。,几种写结尾段最常用方法：,1重复中心思想 回到文章开头阐明的中心思想或主题句上，达到再次肯定和强调的效果。,例1：A sense of humor is really one of the keys to happiness.It gives zest to life to make it worth living.例2：with all these benefits，it is no wonder that sports and games have now become more popular with people than ever.,2作出结论：文章最后用几句话概括全文内容，并进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者的观点。例1：In conclusion，a good teacher-student relationship can be mutual beneficial.The students gain knowledge eagerly and enjoyably，and the teacher gains satisfaction from his job.,例2：On the whole,there are more advantages than disadvantages in the use of TV.Yet different people may have different attitude toward TV.But we must realize that television in itself is neither good nor bad.Its value to people and society depends on how we look at it.,用于做出结论的短语及句型：,in general,in conclusion,in short,in a word,in all,in brief,on the whole,to sum up1）In short，it can be said that 2）It may be briefly summed up as follows 3）From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that 例如：From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however，its method should be improved,3应用引语 用格言、谚语或习语总结全文，既言简意赅又有更强的说服力。,例1：If you have anything to do，try to do it yourself，for that is the safest way to permanent success.Remember the famous saying.“God helps those who help themselves.”例2：If we stick to studies day after day，there is nothing that cant be achieved.As an old saying goes：“Constant dropping of water wears away a stone.”,4用反问结尾:虽然形式是问句，但意义却是肯定的，具有明显的强调作用，引起读者思考。,例1：Therefore，listening skills must be consciously improved.Since it is such an important means of learning and communication，why should we not develop this ability as far as possible？例2：So，what can we benefit from wealth if we do not have health？,5提出展望或期望:表示对将来的展望或期待读者投入行动。例1：I am sure that Chinese will become one of the most important languages in the world in the next century.As China will open further to the outside world,the language is sure to be spread world widely.,例2:If everyone has developed good manners，people will form a more harmonious relation.If everyone behaves considerately towards others and social ethics,people will live in a better world.With the general mood of society improved，there will be a progress of civilization.,例文分析：,On Overseas Study1.有人认为出国留学是个人发展的最佳选择；2.也有人坚持在国内也能实现自己的理想；3.我的看法。,When it comes to the choice of whether to study abroad or at home,different people have different opinions.Some see more advantages to overseas study,while others believe that the disadvantages outweigh its advantages.,With the deepening of reform and opening-up of our country,many people can go abroad for further study.They insist that there are more modern research facilities,world famous professors and excellent environment in some foreign colleges and universities,which lay a perfect foundation for their future development.,However,there are still many people who favor studying at home.They argue that,for one thing,studying abroad is too expensive and therefore doesnt pay off.For another,there are no language and cultural barriers if they study in our country.,Just as the old saying goes,“Every advantage has its disadvantage,”so I believe both opinions are acceptable in some sense.If students have the chances and financial resources,they should seize the opportunity to go abroad and broaden their eyes.On the other hand,if conditions dont permit,they can pursue their studies at top universities in our country.What counts is not the place where they study,but what they can learn.,