《商务合同写作》PPT课件.ppt

Business Contract,Basic knowledge about business contract,合同与协议：(Contract and Agreement)在现代英语合同中，合同一般成为Contract，协议一般称为Agreement?中华人民共和国民法通那么?第85条规定：“合同是当事人之间设立、变更、终止民事关系的协议“A contract shall be an agreement whereby the parties establish,change or terminate their civil relationship。,?中华人民共和国合同法?第二条规定：合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议“Contracts referred to in this Law are agreements between equal natural persons,legal persons and other organizations for the purpose of establishing,altering and terminating mutual civil rights and obligations,一、合同名称Title),一商品买卖合同1.Sales Contract(Agreement,Note,Confirmation)销售合同协议，单，确认书2.Purchase Contract(Agreement,Note,Confirmation)购货合同协议，单，确认书,二经销合同1.Distributorship Contract(Agreement)经销合同协议2.Sole Distributorship Contract(Agreement)独家经销合同协议或包销(三寄售合同Consignment Contract 寄售合同,四代理合同1.Agency Contract(Agreement)代理合同协议2.Sole Agency Contract(Agreement)独家代理合同协议,五加工、装配合同 1.Contract(agreement)for Processing来料加工合同协议2.Contract(agreement)for Assembling 来料装配合同协议,六补偿贸易1.Contract(agreement)on Compensation Trade 补偿贸易合同协议,七租赁合同1.Finance Lease Contract(Agreement)融资租赁合同协议2.Contract(Agreement)of Operating Lease经营租赁合同协议,八劳务合同1.Service Contract(Agreement)劳务合同协议2.Contract(Agreement)of Employment聘雇合同协议3.Contract(Agreement)of Construction Project承包工程合同协议,九技术合作合同,1.Technical(technological)Assistance Contract(Agreement)技术援助合同协议2.Technical collaboration/cooperation Contract(Agreement)技术合作合同协议3.Technical information Contract(Agreement)技术资料合同协议4.Exchange of Technical Information Contract(Agreement)技术资料交换合同协议5.Technical Transfer and Technical Assistance Contract(Agreement)技术转让和技术援助合同协议6.Licensing Contract or License Contract 答应合同7.Patent Licensing Contract 专利答应合同8.Contract for Technology Transfer 技术转让合同9.Contract(Agreement)for Technology Transfer and Importation of Equipment and Materials技术转让和设备材料进口合同协议,十借贷合同1.Short-term(long-term)Credit Facility Contract(Agreement)短期长期贷款合同协议2.Contract(Agreement)for loan借款合同协议,二、序文前文Preamble,一订约日期(Date of signing)二订约地点(Place of signing)三当事人及其国籍、主营业所或住所 Signing parties and their nationalities,principal place of business or residence addresses 四当事人合法根据Each partys authority或准据法Governing or Proper Law)比方，该公司是“按当地法律正式组织而存在的a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of XXX五订约缘由Recitals/鉴于条款 WHEREAS clause,三、正文Body,一定义条款Definition clause 在合同前文之后使用定义Definition条款把合同中反复出现的用语加以界定意义并赋予简称，既防止解释上的分歧，又能使合同简洁：Article 1:Definitions1.1 The Terms as used herein shall have the following meanings:1.1.1 The term“Products means the products specified in Annex 2.1.1.2 The term“components means any assembled or unassembled parts of the Products.,二根本条款Basic conditions 或详细条款specific conditions)1.商品名称(Name of commodity)2.品质条款(Quality clause)3.数量条款(Quantity clause)4.包装条款(Packing clause)5.检验条款(Inspection clause)6.价格条款(Price clause)7.支付条款(Payment clause)8.交货条款(Delivery clause)9.保险条款(Insurance clause),三一般条款General conditions),1.合同有效期条款2.合同的终止条款3.违约与解约条款4.索赔条款5.仲裁条款6.不可抗力条款7.合同的转让条款8.适用的法律条款9.合同修改条款10.通知手续条款11.完好合同条款12.正本条款13.诉讼管辖条款,三一般条款General conditions),1.合同有效期条款Duration clause2.合同的终止条款Termination clause 3.违约与解约条款Breach and Cancellation of contract clause)4.索赔条款Claim clause)5.仲裁条款Arbitration clause 6.不可抗力条款Force Majeure clause 7.合同的转让条款Assignment clause 8.适用的法律条款Governing law clause 9.合同修改条款Amendment clause 10.通知手续条款Notice clause 11.完好合同条款Entire Agreement Clause)12.正本条款Original Text Clause)13.诉讼管辖条款Jurisdiction clause,四、结尾条款WITNESS clause,1.结尾语，包括份数、使用的文字和效力等Concluding sentence2.签名Signature3.盖印Seal 英文合约架构中的最后一个部份就是结尾辞与当事人的签名。谓结尾辞指的是在当事人签名之前经常会出现一段文字，除了说明签名人确实有签名的正当权限外，还会载明签名的日期。至于签名栏的部份，假如当事人是公司的话，除了要盖公司印鉴以外，还要有代表人的签名，并且通常会注明代表人的职称(title)。,一、合同的词汇特点,作为正式法律文件，英语合同在用词方面极其讲究，要求选词专业 professional、正式 formal、准确 accurate详细表达如下：1专业性术语Technical Terms/Terminology法律专业性术语是在合同等法律文件中才用到的词汇，它并不以一般受众为对象，而针对专业人士，力求使语言表达准确无误。,Without prejudice to the parties rights under Clause 18.1,the indemnities provided for in Clause16.1 and/or 16.2 and/or 16.3 shall be the sole compensation for the damages caused by such delays.不妨害款双方的权利，及款规定的赔偿应为上述延误引起损害的唯一赔偿金。indemnities较compensation专业，此处用compensation解释了indemnities；,2.正式用语Formal Terms,英文合同，习惯采用书面的形式，合同往往使用正式的书面用语，较少使用口头用语，以显示合同正规、严肃1.At the request of Party B,Party A agrees to send technicians to _ Party B to install the equipment.A.help B.assist应乙方要求，甲方同意派遣技术人员帮助乙方安装设备。assist 较 help 正式2.The personnel shall not _ any political activities in Iraq.A.partake in B.take part in所有人员不得参加伊拉克国内的任何政治活动。partake in 较 take part in 正式,B,A,3.The Employer shall _ correct technical guidance to the personnel.A.give B.render雇主应该对有关人员给予正确技术指导。render 较 give 正式 4.The Appendix hereto shall,through the contract period,_ to be _as part of this Contract.A.be deemed;construed B.be thought;explained 整个合同期间，本合同的附件应被视为合同的一部分予以解释。,B,A,3.多用成双成对的同义词,1.The Parties may,through consultation,make amendments to and revisions of the contract as and when the need arises.amendments,revisions对方可在必要时，通过协商，修改本合同。2.Party A agrees to purchase from Party B the following commodity under the terms and conditions set out below:terms 和conditions同义，往往并列连用表示合同的条款。甲方同意按照以下条款向乙方购置如下商品：,3.This agreement is made and entered into by and between Party A and Party B.made,entered into 本协议由甲方和乙方签订。4.The Contractor shall,without limiting his or the Employees obligations and responsibilities under Clause 20,insure the Works,together with materials and plant for incorporation therein,to the full replacement cost.obligations,responsibilities 在不限制第20条中规定的承包人和业主的义务和责任的条件下，承包人应该以全部重置本钱对工程、用于工程中的材料和工程配套设备进展保险。,and/or 常用 and/or英译合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙的内容，这样就可防止漏译其中的一部分。例：假如上述货物对船舶和(或)船上其它货物造成任何损害，托运人应负全责。The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on board.,双介词 用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。例 1:自 9月 20日起，甲方已无权承受任何定单或收据。Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.例 2：我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于 5月 1日，支付现金。Our terms are cash within three months,i.e.on or before May 1.,4多使用加前缀“here,“there，“where的古体词以及一些外来词,英文合约里包含大量古老的制式用语，成为初次接触者的困难之一 英语中某些副词如“here和“where在法律文件中往往当作前缀，与另外一个词构成一个正式法律词汇中的副词，在法律文件中用这些词，可以防止重复，使行文准确、简洁。对外经济合同文件是法律文件，为了维护法律的权威性，在进展此类文件的英文写作时，常常使用那些我们平时不常用的、法律文件中专用的正式词汇。,在合同等法律文件中，表示强迫性承担法律或合同义务，如表示“应该或“必须做某事时，应用“shall。在表示“应该或“必须 时，有时也可以用will，但力度要比shall弱。Should在法律文件中往往用作if,只表示“假如之意。The board meeting shall be called and presided over by the Chairman.Should the Chairman be absent,the vice-Chairmen shall,in principle,call and preside over the board meeting.董事会应由董事长召集并主持，假设董事长缺席，原那么上应由副董事长召集主持。,5用shall 来强化合同的功能,二、合同用语方面,1力求严谨，明白无误，不生歧义1.Payment shall be made Party B within a week,or payment shall be made by Party B after a week.乙方应于一周内或一周后支付。,2.Which one is more appropriate in the contract?Party A shall send technicians to train Party Bs personnel.Party A shall send technicians at Party Bs expenses to train Party Bs personnel within 30 days after the signing of the contract.甲方应派遣技术员培训乙方的人员。甲方应于签约后30天派遣技术员培训乙方的人员，有关费用由乙方承担。,2语态 主动&被动,Which one is more appropriate in the contract?Party A hereby appoints Party B as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore.兹甲方委托乙方为其在新加坡的独家销售代理商。Party B is hereby appointed by Party A as its exclusive sales agent in Singapore.乙方被甲方委托为在新加坡的独家销售代理商。,Failure to notify Party A shall be deemed to be a material breach of this Agreement.未能按上述要求通知甲方的，那么视为构成 本质违约。Upon termination or dissolution of the Partnership，the partnership will be promptly liquidated,with all debts being paid first,prior to any distribution of the remaining funds.合伙企业一经终止或解散，合伙企业立即清算，在分割剩余财产前，首先归还所有债务。,3多用直接表达方式，少用间接表达方式,Which one do you prefer?This Article applies only to bondholders who have been paid in full.本条款只适用于已全部偿付的债券持有者。This Article does not apply to bondholders who have not been paid in full.本条款不适用于尚未全部偿付的债券持有者。,4多用如今时，少用将来时,Licensee may terminate this Contract 90 days after a written notice thereof is sent to Licensor upon the happening of one of the following events:当有以下事件之一发生，被答应人提早90天向答应人发送书面通知后，可以终止合同：1.Licensor becomes insolvent or a liquidator of Licensor is appointed;答应人无力偿付债务或其破产清算人以被指定；2.The patent described in Article 2 is not issued within 30 days from signing this Contract;and第二条规定的专利未在签约后30天之内发布；3.Licensor fails to perform its obligations under this Contract.答应人未能履行其合同义务。,Translation of Business Contract,1.Use of formal wordsIn case of heavy losses,failure of a party to p _ its o _ under the contract and the articles of association or Force Majeure,etc,the joint venture may t_ the contract through c_ and agreement by the parties,and s_ to a_ by the examining and approving authorities and to registration with the concerned department of the General Administration for Industry and Commence.合营企业如发生严重亏损，一方不履行合同和章程规定的义务或遇到不可抗力等，经合营双方协商同意，报请审查批准机关批准，并向国家工商管理部门登记，可终止合同。,erform,bligation,erminate,onsultation,ubject,pproval,英文合同中常使用以下词汇括号中的词是常用词汇，一般不出如今合同中：amendchange,correct“修改advisetell“通知commence begin或start“开始employuse“使用cease to do stop doing“停顿做convene hold,call“召开,construeexplain,interpret“解释deem think,believe，consider“认为render give“给予，提供rescind cancel“撤消terminateend“终止 partake injoin“参与,requireask“要求surrendergive“递交consent agreement“同意indemnitiescompensation“赔偿 pursuant to according to“按照/按照conveyance transfer of real estate“不动产转让,prior tobefore“在之前provided thatbut“但是in accordance withaccording to“按照by virtue of due to,because of“因为in effectin fact“事实上 miscellaneous other matters“其他事项,hereafter=after this time,in the future 今后、此后hereby=by means of this contract,by reason of this 特此herein=in this contract,etc.由此、于此hereinafter=later in this contract,etc.在下文hereinbefore=in a preceding part of this contract,在上文hereof=of this contract,etc.于此，在本合同中hereto=to this contract,etc.对此，至此heretofore=until now 迄今，到如今为止hereunder=under this contract,etc.在下文，据此hereupon=at this point;in consequence of this 关于这个，于是herewith=with this contract,etc.同时，与此；附此,2.Use of Archaic words or phrases,here介词,以here开头，后面再加上一个介系词的传统用字，在英文合约里经常可以看到，大概包括hereunder、hereto、hereby、hereof、herein等等这几个字。这是比较容易处理的一类，因为只要记住一个简单的原那么：here介词=介词this agreement，就几乎可以解读所有的第一类用语了。注意：hereinafter在定义条款中用来表示以下简称.的意思，虽然也用here为前缀，但与这里所说的传统用语无关,This Law is hereby formulated and prepared in order to develop the foreign trade,maintain the foreign trade order and promote the sound development of the socialist market economy.Foreign trade mentioned herein shall cover the import and export of goods,technology and the international trade in services.参考译文：为了开展对外贸易，维护对外贸易秩序，促进社会主义市场经济的安康开展，兹制定本法。本法所称对外贸易，是指货物进出口、技术进出口和国际效劳贸易。,注释：1 this Law is hereby formulated and prepared：兹制定本法2 maintain the foreign trade order：维护对外贸易秩序3 promote the sound development of the socialist market economy：促进社会主义市场经济的安康开展4 foreign trade mentioned herein：本法所称对外贸易 herein：in this Law5 the international trade in services：国际效劳贸易,“there介词=介词that agreement 例如：thereafter此后，后来thereby(因此，由此，在那方面)therefore(因此，为此)therefrom由此、从此therein其中，在其中thereinafter在下文thereof关于、由此，其中thereto此外，附随thereunder在其下，据此、根据,The Contractor shall not,without the prior consent of the Employer,assign the Contract or any part thereof,or any benefit or interest therein or thereunder,otherwise than by:参考译文：没有雇主的事先同意，承包人不得将合同或合同的任何部分，或合同中或合同名下的任何利益或好处进展转让，但以下情况除外：注释：1 the prior consent of the Employer：业主的事先同意 注意：consent只有单数形式，表示同意2 assign：转让3 therein：in the contract；thereunder：under the contract4 otherwise than by：但以下情况除外。也可写成：unless otherwise specified in the following circumstances:,whereas=considering that;but 鉴于；而whereby=by what,by which 由是，据此whereever=in,to,at,whatever place;at those places 在哪里，在那点上wherefore=as the result of that,so 因此，为此wherein=in what,in which 在哪里，在哪点上whereof=of what,of which 关于那事whereon-=on what,on which 在其上，在那方面whereupon=as the result of that,so 因此，于是在这些复合副词中，here表示this，there表示that，where表示what或which。英文合同中使用这些词能使语言精练、直观,使合同语言显得更为标准、严肃，显示合同语言的权威性和严密性。,A sales contract refers to a contract whereby the Seller transfers the ownership of an object to the Buyer and the Buyer pays the price for the object.买卖合同是出卖人转让标的物的所有权于买受人，买受人支付价款的合同。A contract for supply and use of electricity refers to a contract whereby the Supplier of electricity supplies electricity to the User of electricity,and the User of electricity pays the electric fee.供用电合同是供电人向用电人供电，用电人支付电费的合同。,3.Use of common words with uncommon meaningWithout prejudice to any rights which exists under the applicable laws or under the subcontract,the Contractor shall be entitled to withhold or defer payment of all or part of any sums otherwise due by the Contractor to the Subcontractor.在不影响按适用法律或分包合同享用任何权利的情况下，总承包商有权拘留或暂缓支付总承包商应付给分包商的全部或部分到期金额。Without prejudice to：do not harm the current situation,said上述的，该avoid使无效、撤消prejudice损害save除了，除外action 诉讼alienation 转让limitation 时效satisfaction 清偿，补偿dishonor拒付whereas鉴于等。这些词在英文合同中词义相对固定，表达了合同用词标准的特点。因此，要准确地理解英文合同，有必要理解这些普通词汇在英文合同中的特殊含义，否那么就会造成理解上的错误。,此外，合同文本用词正式、保守还表达在外来词的使用上。合同中的外来词大多数来自拉丁语，也有部分来自法语。如null and void 无效vice versa 反之亦然ad hoc 特别,临时as per 按照de facto 事实上的force majeure 不可抗力,4.Juxtaposition of synonymsin full force and effect生效furnish and provide提供make and enter into 达成release and discharge弃权，让渡fulfill or perform履行procure and ensure保证和确保force and effect效力,right and interest权益power and authority权利covenants and agreements契约terms and conditions条款goods and chattels个人动产，有形动产customs fees and duties关税losses and damages损失及损毁complaints and claims投诉及索赔null and void无效sole and exclusive唯一且排他的final and conclusive最终及具决定性的transferable or assignable可转让的等。,这些词表示固定的意义,使用和翻译时不能随意拆开。这种词汇并列使用主要有两个目的：一是通过两个或多个词汇的共同含义来限定其唯一词义，从而排除了由于一次多义可能产生的歧义，表达合同的严谨；二是通过两个或多个词语的并列来表达合同的正式。例如：This agreement is made and entered into on April 16,2021 by and between Party A and Party B.本合约由甲方和乙方于2021年4月16日达成。该句中“made and entered into和“by and between两组分别属于近义词和相关词并列。,On the expiry of the validity term of contract,the contract shall automatically become null and void.有效期满后，本合同自动失效该句中两个意思相近的形容词null and void并列。This Contract shall be subject to the terms and conditions in the Sales Confirmation signed by both parties hereto.本合同受双方当事人签订的销售确认书所列条款的约束。,英文合同翻译中的本卷须知理论证明，英文合同中容易出现过失的地方，一般来说不是大的陈述性条款，而恰恰是一些关键的细目。比方：金钱、时间、数量等。为了防止出过失，在英译合同时，常常使用一些有限定作用的构造来界定细目所指定确实切范围。A.限定责任。众所周知，合同中要明确规定双方的责任。为英译出双方责任的权限与范围，常常使用连词和介词的固定构造。最常用的此类构造有：,and/or常用 and/or 英译合同中“甲和乙+甲或乙的内容，这样就可防止漏译其中的一部分。假如上述货物对船舶和或船上其它货物造成任何损害，托运人应负全责。The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on board.by and between常用by and between强调合同是由“双方签订的，因此双方必须严格履行合同的责任。买卖双方同意按下述条款购置出售以下商品并签订本合同。This Contract is made by and between the Buyer and the Seller，whereby the Buyer agrees to buy and the Seller agrees to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below.,限定时间。英译与时间有关的文字，都应非常严格慎重地处理，因为合同对时间的要求是准确无误。所以英译起止时间时，常用以下构造来限定准确的时间。双介词。用双介词英译含当天日期在内的起止时间。自9月20日起，甲方已无权承受任何定单或收据。Party A shall be unauthorized to accept any orders or to collect any account on and after September 20.我公司的条件是，3个月内，即不得晚于5月1日，支付现金。Our terms are cash within three months,i.e.on or before May 1.not(no)later than.用“not(no)later than+日期英译“不迟于某月某日。本合同签字之日一个月内，即不迟于12月15日，你方须将货物装船。Party B shall ship the goods within one mont