《名词冠词代词》PPT课件.ppt
第一讲 名词1.1名词的分类名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词(Common Nouns)。专有名词是某个(些)人、集体、地方、机构等专有的名称,通常第一个字母要大写,如Helen,Beijing,China,Great Wall等。普通名词是一类人、一样东西、一个抽象概念等的名称,如:student,computer,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:child,book,star 2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示某些集体的名称,如:family,committee,police 3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air,silver,water,cotton 4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work,love,silence,happiness,这四类名词又可以归纳为两大类:个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。表格归纳如下:,1.2名词复数的规则变化一般情况:直接加-s;读音:清辅音后读/s/,如:map-maps 浊辅音和元音后读/z/,如:bag-bags特殊情况:1)以s,sh,ch,x 结尾的词,加 es,读/iz/,如:bus-buses,watch-watches,class-classes,box-boxes,brush-brushes2)以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词,加 s,读/iz/,如:license-licenses,orange-oranges,bridge-bridges3)以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,应变y 为i再加es,读/iz/,如:baby-babies,city-cities,country-countries,4)以y 结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数,如:two Marys,the Henrys monkey-monkeysholiday-holidays 楼层:storey-storeys story-stories 5)以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:a.加s,如:photos,pianos,radios,zoos,studios,kilos;b.加es,如:potatoes,tomatoes,heroes;c.均可,如:zero-zeros/zeroes 6)以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时:a.多数去ffe 加ves,如:half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaveswolf-wolveswife-wiveslife-livesthief-thieves b.加s,如:belief-beliefsroof-roofs safe-safes gulf-gulfs;c.均可,如:handkerchief:handkerchiefs/handkerchieves,1.3名词复数的不规则变1)child-children,foot-feet,tooth-teeth,mouse-mice,man-men,woman-women 注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是-men 和-women。如:an Englishman,two Englishmen.German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是 the Bowmans。2)单复同形如:deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese,yuan,jiao,fen等。但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:a dollar,two dollars;one pound,two pounds3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数,如:staff,people,police,cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说a staff a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说a person,a policeman,a head of cattle。the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用,如:The Chinese are industries and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。,4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如:a.maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。b.news 是不可数名词。c.the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。The United Nations was organized in 1945.d.以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。“The Arabian Nights”is a very interesting story-book.是一本非常有趣的故事书。5)表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses(眼镜)trousers;若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双);suit(套);a pair of glasses;two pairs of trousers6)另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼,1.4复合名词的复数形式1)复合名词的构成:复合名词由名词、动词、副词、形容词以及介词组合而 成,一般包含两部分,如:bedroom,rainfall,warm-up,greenhouse2)复合名词的形式:a.两部分连写,如:bookshop,lipstick,fireplace b.两部分用连字符连接,如:ice-cream,baby-sitter,drive-in c.两部分分写,如:post office,film star,bus stop 注:至于哪些名词连写,哪些名词用连字符,并无规矩可循。3)复合名词的数a.将最后一个部分变为复数形式,如:breakfast-breakfasts,afternoon-afternoonsb.将主要部分变为复数形式,如:passer-bypassers-by,mother-in-lawmothers-in-lawc.由man或woman作为第一部分的复合名词,将两个部分皆变为复数形 式,如:man doctor-men doctors,woman writer-women writers,1.5名词所有格在英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有或所属关系,这种形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teachers book,the girls sisters father名词所有格的规则如下:1)修饰有生命的名词用s,无生命的一般用of结构,如:the writers association,the colour of her hair 注:在表示时间、国家、城市、机构等的名词后面可以加s,如:todays newspaper,the countrys capital,the schools history 2)单数名词词尾加 s,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加s,如the boys bag,mens room。3)专有名词s结尾一般应加s 如:Charless job 4)若名词已有复数词尾-s,只加 如:the workers struggle 5)在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不 出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barbers 理发店,She is staying at my aunts,6)如果两个名词并列,并且分别有s,则表示“分别有”;只有 一个s,则表示共有。如:Johns and Marys room(两间)John and Marys room(一间)7)复合名词或短语,s 加在最后一个词的词尾。如:a month or twos absence,练习题1.给出下列名词的复数形式:policeman child ox mouse goose life branch lady inch day lorry gas half kilo wishtraffic light looker-on woman singer2.翻译:Look at the birds nest.He has gone to the grocers.Where is the girls dormitory?今天是儿童节.今晚我将待在我姐姐家里.3.在空格中填入a,an或the He is _ honest man.There is _ apple and _ orange on _ table._boys left _ hour ago.Would you do me _ favour?,第二讲 冠词英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词(the Definite Article),另一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article),还有一种是零冠词(Zero Article)。.1不定冠词的用法不定冠词a(an)与数词one 同源,是“一个”的意思。a用于辅音音素前,而an则用于元音音素前,主要有以下用法:1)表示一个,意为one;指某人或某物,意为a certain。A Mr.Ling is waiting for you.2)代表一类人或物。A knife is a tool for cutting with.Mr.Smith is an engineer.3)词组或成语。a little/a few/a lot/a type of/a pile/a great many/many a/as a rule/in a hurry/in a minute/in a word/in a short while/after a while/have a cold/have a try/keep an eye on/all of a sudden,2.2 定冠词的用法定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西,有以下用法:1)特指双方都明白的人或物:Take the medicine.Where are the girls?2)上文提到过的人或事:He bought a house.Ive been to the house.I saw a new film last night.He saw the film too.3)指世上独一物二的事物:the sun,the sky,the moon,the earth 4)与单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:the dollar,the fox 5)与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich,the living 6)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only,very,same等前面,如:Where do you live?I live on the second floor.Thats the very thing Ive been looking for.He is the tallest boy in our class.,7)与复数名词连用,指整个群体:They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师)They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师)8)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前:She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。9)用在表示乐器的名词之前:She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。10)用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人:the Greens 格林一家人(或格林夫妇)11)在一些表示江河、山脉、组织机构、会议等的专有名词前要加定冠词:the Alps,the Yellow River,the United Nations,the New York Times 12)用在惯用语中:in the day,in the morning(afternoon,evening),in the sky(water,field,country)in the dark,in the rain,in the distance,in the middle(of),in the end,on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre,2.3零冠词1)国名,人名,街名,广场名,大学名,杂志名前通常不用定冠词,如:England,Mary,Times Square,Oxford University;2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词;比较:They are teachers.They are the teachers.3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词;Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词;Man cannot live without water.The water is dirty.5)在季节、月份、节日、假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词;We go to school from Monday to Friday.I was born in summer.6)用于固定习语中:a.动词+零冠词+名词:catch fire;lose heart b.介词+零冠词+名词:by chance;in charge c.动词+零冠词+名词+介词:make use of;take hold of,7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词,如:have breakfast,play chess 8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词;I cant write without pen or pencil.9)当by 与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时中间无冠词;如:by bus,by train 10)有些个体名词不用冠词;如:school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court 等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示 该名词的深层含义(某种行为):go to hospital去医院看病 go to the hospital 去医院(并不是去看病,而是有其他目的),2.4冠词与形容词+名词结构1)两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西:He raises a black and a white cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫 The black and the white cats are hers.这只黑猫和白猫都是他的2)如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。He raises a black and white cat.他养了一只花猫。,2.5 冠词的位置1)不定冠词位置:不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前:a nice dress;an apple 但有以下特殊情况:a.位于下列形容词之后:such,what,many,half,如:I have never seen such an animal.Many a man is fit for the job.b.当名词前的形容词被副词as,so,too,how,however,enough修饰 时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后:It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent.So short a time.Too long a distance.c.quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后,如;You are quite a girl.It is rather a pity.但当rather,quite 后仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可。如:rather a surprising resulta rather surprising result,2)定冠词位置 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前:the most intelligent boy 但以下情况特殊:a.all,both,double须置于定冠词之前,如:All the birds were asleep.Both the boys were late for school.(both后的定冠词常可以省略)I offered him double the amount,but he still refused.b.half和twice均置于不定冠词和定冠词之前,如:You have only heard half the story.He paid twice the price for it.,练习题:1 翻译:国庆节 印度洋 世界贸易组织 天安门广场2 在需要的地方填入冠词:1)What do you think of _ idea?2)Its _ interesting idea.3)_ fog is the sailors worst enemy.4)When _ fog closed in,we couldnt see anything.5)They all enjoy _ Chinese food.6)_ food was very bad.7)Its time for _ bed.8)Ill help you with_ pleasure.9)Industrial production as _ whole increased by 20%.10)In _ long run hes the only hope we have.11)She arrived at the place ahead of _ time.12)I do feel a little nervous at _ times.,第三讲 代词代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。3.1人称代词人称代词是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”“他们”的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变话下表:,3.2 物主代词 物主代词表示所有关系的代词,也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种,其人物和数的变化见下表。3.3 指示代词 指示代词表示“那个”、“这个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this,that,these,those。3.4 反身代词 表示“我自己”、“你自己”、“他自己”、“我们自己”、“你们自己”和“他们自己”等 的代词,叫做反身代词。,3.5 相互代词表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词,有each other 和one another两组,但在运用中,这两组词没什么区别。如:They love each other.他们彼此相爱。3.6 不定代词 不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有all,both,each,every等,以及含有some-,any-,no-等的合成代词,如anybody,something,no one。3.7 疑问代词 疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词,引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句)如:Tell me who he is.3.8关系代词 关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which,as等,可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等;另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词(通称为先行词)。如:He is the man whom you have been looking for.他就是你要找的那个人。,3.9 并列人称代词的排列顺序1)单数人称代词并列作主语时,其顺序为:第二人称 第三人称 第一人称you he,she,it-I 如:You,he and I should return on time.2)复数人称代词作主语时,其顺序为:第一人称 第二人称 第三人称weyou They注意:在下列情况中,第一人称放在前面。a.在承认错误,承担责任时,It was I and John that made her angry.b.在长辈对晚辈,长官对下属说话时,如长官为第一人称,如:I and you try to finish it.,练习题1.用反身代词填空:1)He blamed _ for not paying attention.2)Im ashamed of _ for doing that.3)We must make investigation_4)She told the children to behave_2.用that或those填空:1)His seat is next to _ of the president.2)How do these cars compared with _ imported from Japan?3)We see him when he comes to town,but _ isnt often.3.用适当的关系代词填空:1)This is the train by _ I came.2)The girl _ spoke at the meeting is our monitor.3)This is the boy _ bicycle I borrowed.,