《句法状语从句》PPT课件.ppt

中考英语复习方案语法部分,第二篇 句法状语从句,复习要点1.时间状语从句2.条件状语从句3.比较状语从句4.结果状语从句5.原因状语从句6.目的状语从句7.让步状语从句8.方式状语从句9.地点状语从句,The Adverbial Clause 状语从句 状语从句是副词性从句，其句法功能是修饰谓语或整个句子等，在句中作状语，通常由从属连词引导。状语从句不仅是初中英语学习的重点，而且也是每年中考必考的内容之一。命题主要集中在引导状语从句的连词、状语从句的时态等方面；从九大状语从句来看，应将复习重点放在时间状语从句、条件状语从句、结果状语从句和比较状语从句这四种上。,1.时间状语从句 引导时间状语从句的连词有：while,when,as,as soon as,till,until,notuntil,before,after,since,etc1）when，while，as三者均可表示“当的时候”，如果主句表示的是短暂的动作，而从句表示的是一段时间，三者可通用。如：I met Kang Li as when while I was walking along the streetas 和when都可与终止性动词连用，while只能与延续性动词连用。如：It was snowing when we got to the airport（不能用 while）as强调主句与从句表示的动作同时发生；while强调主句表示的动作持续于while所指的整个时间内；when可指主、从句所述动作同时或先后发生。如：He sang as he went alongPlease write while I readWhen he reached home,he had a little rest,难点链接,2)before,after before表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之前，意为“在之 前”。after表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之后，意为“在 之后”。如：They had already had breakfast before they went to school They talked about the party after the people left.3)until,tilluntil和till在肯定句中表示“直到为止”，主句要用延续性动词；在否定句中，表示“直到才”，主句常用终止性动词，这时till和until可用before替换。如：I waited till until he arrived I will wait until he comes.We wont start until till before Bob comes4)as soon as 表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之后，意为“一就”。如果主句是一般将来时，情态动词加动词原形或祈使句时，时间状语从句用一般现在时。如：My brother went out as soon as I got home.Ill phone you as soon as I arrive in Tonghua5）since：表示“自从以来”，从句中常用过去时，主句用一般现在时或现在完成时.（对since 引导的时间状语提问要用how long).如：Where have you been since I saw you last？,难点链接,时间状语从句中较难掌握的几点：until(till)直到，在用 until 表达时间状语的句子中，主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择。如动词是持续性动词，它要用肯定句，如：I studied hard until 12 oclock last night.如果动词是瞬间截止性动词，则要用否定句，如：He didnt go to bed until his mother came back由since，for，by，before 来引导的时间状语从句。since 引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间，如：I have studied English since 1990.而由 by 引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间，如：I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term.而before 则多用于完成时，ago 则多用于一般过去时，如：He had finished his work before twelve yesterday I left my hometown two years ago 在状语从句中用一般现在时或一般过去时表示将来。它们可能是主句用一般将来时，从句用一般现在时，如：If it rains,they wont go to the parkon Sunday 也可以主句是一般过去时，从句用过去将来时，如：He said if it rained the next day he would not go to the park 考试中常见的考点有：要学生区别是条件、时间状语从句还是宾语从句，因在宾语从句中该用什么时态用什么时态，如：I want to know if he will come here tomorrow 在宾语从句中的条件状语从句与主句的关系，如：I want to know if it rains he will come here tomorrow,难点链接,注意:在时间状语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态应按下列规律确定。1）主句一般将来时，从句用一般现在时（特别是用 as soon as 引导从句时）：The boy will be a writer when he grows up.Ill ring you up as soon as I get to New York.2)主句含有情态动词，从句用一般现在时：When the lights are red,the traffic must stop.3)主句为祈使句时，从句用一般现在时：Please dont go to bed before you finish your homework.4)主句为一般过去时，从句也用过去时态：I liked reading when I was young.5）在带有till或until引导的时间状语从句的主从复合句里，如果主句用肯定式，其含义是“一直到时”，谓语动词只能用延续性动词。如果主句用否定式，其含义是“直到才”,“在以前不”,谓语动词可用瞬间动词。例如：The young man read till the light went out.Lets wait until the rain stops.We wont start until Bob comes.Dont get off until the bus stops.,难点链接,2.条件状语从句1)引导条件状语从句的连词有if（如果）、unless（除非）等，条件状语从句也像时间状语从句一样，如果主句用将来时，从句要用现在时代替将来时。如：What shall we do if it snows tomorrow?Dont leave the building unless I tell you to.2)unless在意义上相当于ifnot。You will fail unless you study hardYou will fail if you dont study hard3)“祈使句+and(or)+陈述句”在意思上相当于一个带有条件状语从句的复合句。其中，and表示句意顺承；or表示转折，意为“否则”。例如：Hurry up,or youll be late.=If you dont hurry up,youll be late.Study hard and you will pass the exam.=If you study hard,you will pass the exam.4）用介词with,without可以把条件状语从句改写成简单句：If there is no water,the fish may die.=Fish may die without water.If you help me,Ill finish my task on time.=With your help,Ill finish my task on time.,难点链接,3.比较状语从句比较状语从句通常由asas,比较级+than等连词引导，比较连词前后的结构要一致。例如：Tom runs faster than John does.This classroom is as big as that one.1）表示甲与乙在某一方面相同时，用“as原级as”句型；表示甲在某一方面不如乙时，用“not as so 原级as”句型。如：Dalian is as beautiful as ShenzhenI dont run as so fast as Kang Li2）表示甲超过或不及乙时，用“比较级从句”（从句中常省略意义与主句相同的部分）。He runs faster than you（do）Today is less cold than yesterday3）要注意的是表示越来越这一概念时有两个句型：比较级and比较级，如：The days are getting longer and longer The little girl is becoming more and more beautiful 定冠词 the 比较级 the 比较级，如：The harder you study,the more you can learn,难点链接,4.结果状语从句(1)结果状语从句由sothat,suchthat,so that引导。常用句型有：so形容词副词that从句 such a an 形容词单数可数名词 that从句 such形容词复数可数名词不可数名词that从句 so形容词a an单数可数名词that从句 例如：He spoke so fast that I couldnt follow himHe told us such funny stories that we all laughed He is so poor that he cant buy a bike for his son.She is such a good teacher that everybody likes her.My pencil fell under the desk,so that I couldnt see it.(2)如果名词前由many,much,little,few等词修饰时，只能用so,不用such。例如：Soon there were so many deer that they ate up all the wild roses.He has so little time that he cant go to the cinema with you.,难点链接,(3)sothat和such.that在由so.that引导的结果状语从句中，so是副词，与形容词连用。其结构是:“.so+形容词（副词）+that+从句”。例如：He was so glad that he couldnt say a word.The hall is so big that it can hold 2,000 people.Mother lives so far away that we hardly ever see her.在由suchthat引导的结果状语从句中，such是形容词，它修饰的可以是单数或复数可数名词，也可以是不可数名词；名词前面可以带形容词，也可不带。如果是单数可数名词，前面需加不定冠词a或an。例如：It was such a hot day that nobody wanted to do anything.He had such long arms that he could almost touch the ceiling.He made such rapid progress that he did very well in the mid-term.有时上述两种结构是可以互换的。例如：It was such a wonderful film that all of us wanted to see it again.=The film was so wonderful that all of us wanted to see it again.It is such an important match that nobody wants to miss it.=The match is so important that nobody wants to miss it.,难点链接,5.原因状语从句(1)原因状语从句通常由because,since,as引导。because常回答why引导的疑问句，该从句一般位于主句后；since比as正式，两者不回答why引导的问句，而且其从句一般放在句首。如：He didnt come to school because he was ill.As it is raining,we shall not go the zoo.Since you cant answer the question,Ill ask someone else.(2)because表示直接原因，语气最强。because引导的原因状语从句多放在主句之后。回答由why提出的问题，只能用because。as和since语气较弱，一般用来表示明显的原因。由as和since引导的原因状语从居多放在句首。例如：-Why arent going there?-Because I dont want to.As he has no car,he cant get there easily.Since we have no money,we cant buy it.(3)because和so不能同用在一个句子里。（4）for是并列连词，引导的句子不置于句首，是一种非直接的、随便附加说明的理由或推断。The oil must be out,for the light went out.（5）because和becouse of 也有明显的区别。because后面要跟从句，而because of 后面要跟名词短语。He is late for school because it rains heavily.He is late for school because of the heavy rain.,难点链接,6.目的状语从句(1)目的状语从句通常由 so that,in order that引导。例如：We started early so that we could catch the first train.He studies hard so that he could work better in the future.We used the computer in order that we might save time.(2)so that既可引导目的状语从句，又可引导结果状语从句。区别这两种从句的办法有两个：1)目的状语从句里往往带有情态动词can,could,may,might等。2)从意思上看，目的状语从句往往表示的目的很明确。例如：Speak clearly so that they may understand you.（目的状语从句）Jack is badly ill so that he has to rest.(结果状语从句),难点链接,(3）结果和目的状语从句还要注意以几点：so that用在单数可数名词前，so 形容词 a 名词 that，如：She is so beautiful a girl that everyone likes her 或用 such a 形容词 名词 that,如：She is such a beautiful girl that everyone likes her 在不可数名词或可数名词复数前只能用 such，如：It is such good weather we want to go for a picnic 又如：They are such good players that they should win the game.在much，many，few，little 之前只能用so，如：I have so little money that I cant buy it so that 之间只有形容词时，则不能用 such，如：It is so good that I want to buy so that 其后接从句，如：I got up earlier so that I could catch the first bus,难点链接,7.让步状语从句(1)让步状语从句通常由though although（虽然），even though（尽管），even if(即使），whoever（无论谁），（无论怎样），whatever（无论什么）等连词引导。例如：Though he is young,he knows a lot.Although I am tired,I must go on working.Even if he is poor,she loves her husband.(2)because不能与并列连词so，though although不能与but同时在句中使用。如：She was late for school because she missed the bus=She missed the bus，so she was late for school 我们不能说：Though it was raining hard,but he still went out.应该说：Though it was raining hard,he still went out.或It was raining hard,but he still went out.,难点链接,8.方式状语从句引导方式状语从句的有as（按照）等。如：I will do it as you tell me我将照你说的做。方式状语中要注意的是as(连词)与 like(介词)的区别。as 作为连词其后接从句，如：Please do it as I did it 但后面的句子常作省略，如：Please do it as I 而 like 是介词，其后要接的是宾语，如：Please do it like me9.地点状语从句 地点状语从句常常由where来引导。例如：Go where you like.Where there is a will,there is a way.,难点链接,1.误 While the clock struck ten,all the lights went out.正 When the clock struck ten,all the lights went out.析 while是强调两个动作在同时进行中，如：While I am doing my homework,my father is reading a newspaper.而这里的when是正当某某时刻，就在这一时间点上，其重点强调在某一特定时刻某动作的发生。2.误 While I was walking along the street yesterday,I met an old friend.正 When I was walking along the street yesterday,I met an old friend.析 这里用when表达在一个动作的进行中，另一个动作突然发生了。正在进行的动作用一进行时态，而突然发生的动作用一般时态。3.误 While I heard the bad news I felt sad.正 When I heard the bad news,I felt sad.析 while不能表达一点儿的时间，即瞬时某一时间点。4.误 For there is no light in the classroom.The students must have gone home.正 The students must have gone home,for there is no light in the classroom.析 由for引出的原因状语从句在使用时要注意不能将该从句置于句 首，而应置于主句之后，并在主句与从句之间加一逗号。更要注意的是because,as,since与for 4个表示原因的连词中because是因果关系，是最强的一个，而for是最弱的一个。有些语法书中干脆把for叫做并列连词,正误辨析,5.误 She sang when she walked along the dark street.正 She sang as she walked along the dark street.析 as用于句中时，其要点是强调两个动作的同时进行。这里用when虽然不能讲是语法上的错误，但则看不出来小女孩因独自走黑暗的街道因害怕而唱歌的心情。6.误 I finished my homework until twelve oclock last night.正 I didnt finished my homework until twelve oclock last night.正 I did my homework until twelve oclock last night.析 until用在句中时其含义是某一动作一直持续到某时结束，那么句中的动词则一定要用持续性动词，如果要用瞬间，或截止性动词时一定要用否定句式。因截止性动作的否定式应看作是持续性的动作。如离开leave是瞬间动作，因一出门即为离开了，而不离开则是长时间的。7.误 I have studied English when I was twelve.正 I have studied English since I was twelve.析 since引出的时间状语从句是表达了一个时间点，而这个时间点是主句动作的启始点，所以主句一般要用完成时态。8.误 Because he didnt study hard,so he didnt pass the exam.正 He didnt pass the exam because he didnt study hard.析 because 与 so在英文中两者不能并用的，只能在句中用9.误 Before I do not give you the answer,Ill ask you some questions.正 Before I give you the answer,Ill ask you some questions.析 这种错误是由于受中文的影响。在中文中可以讲我没给你答案前。而英文用了before就不要再用否定句了。,正误辨析,10.误 He was such excited that he could not speak.正 He was so excited that he could not speak.析 so与such的用法可以分为四种情况，用于单数可数名词之前，其格式是such+不定冠词+形容词+单数可数名词，如：It is such a beautiful book that every child likes it.也可以用so,其格式是so+形容词+不定冠词+单数可数名词，如：It was so beautiful a book that every child likes it.在不可数名词前或可数名词复数前这时只能用such,如：It is such good weather that we want to swim.又如：They are such good students that they can pass the exam easily.在few,little，much,many 这4个字前只能用so而不能用such,如：I have so much money that I can buy everything I want.当that前只有形容词或副词时，这时只能用so,如：She is so beautiful that every one likes her.He ran so fast that I couldnt keep up with him.11.误 He got up earlier this morning so as to that he could catch the first bus.正 He got up earlier this morning in order to to catch the first bus.正 He got up so earlier that he could catch the first bus.析 sothat与so that的用法有相同之处，那就是其后接从句，而in order to 其后要接不定式，即动词原形。12.误 I want to buy same stamp that you have.正 I want to buy the same stamp as you have.析 the sameas(that)这是个固定用法，在same前的定冠词是不能少的。而the samethat意为我要的就是那一个。而the sameas为要的是和一样的东西。,正误辨析,根据A句完成B句，使两句意思一致，每空只填一词：1.A:Jane is a singer.She is also a dancer.B:Jane is _ _ a singer _ _ a dancer.2.A:We should learn from books and we should learn from teachers.B:We should learn _ from books _ from teachers.3.A:His mother cant help him with his lessons,and his father cant,either.B:_ his mother _ his father can help him with his lessons.4.A:Its hard work,but I enjoy it.B:_ its hard work,I enjoy it.5.A:Men cant live without air and water.B:Men will die without air _ water.,课时训练,not only but also,both and,Neither nor,Though/although,or,6.A:If you stand higher,you will see farther.B:Stand higher,_ you will see farther.7.A:If you dont work harder,you will fail in the exam.B:Work harder,_ you wont pass the exam.8.A:How important the meeting is!I cant miss it.B:It is _ _ important meeting _ I cant miss it.9.A:After the mother came back,the boy went to bed.B:The boy _ go to bed _ his mother came back.10.A:Therere many rabbits there.They cant kill them all.B:Therere _ many rabbits there _ they cant kill them all.,课时训练,and,or,such a that,didnt until,so that,11.A:When I get there,Ill go to see him at once.B:Ill go to see him _ _ _ I get there.12.A:You may stay at home.You may also go out with us.B:You may _ stay at home _ go out with us.13.A:Mary is the tallest girl in her class.(福州)B:Mary is _ _ any other girl in her class.14.A:Peter draws well.Henry draws well,too.(广西)B:Henry draws _ _ _ Peter.15.A:Mary runs faster than my sister.(兰州)B:My sister doesnt run _ _ _ Mary does.,as soon as,either or,taller than,as well as,as fast as,课时训练,16.A:Uncle Wang finished his work.He went home.B:Uncle Wang _ go home _ he finished his work.17.A:Lucy has been away from the USA for 5 years.B:Its 5 years _ she _ the USA.18.A:“Does the girl need any help?”he asked me.B:He asked me _ the girl _ some help.19.A:Mrs.Smith is my teacher.She is also my good friend.B:Mrs.Smith is _ _ my teacher _ _ my good friend.20.A:“Nanjing has changed a lot these years.”“Thats right.”B:“Nanjing has changed a lot these years.”“_ it _.”,didnt until,since left,If needed,not only but also,So,has,课时训练,选择填空1.They didnt start the work _ their teacher came back.A.until B.while C.as soon as D.if2.The dictionary cost me too much,_ its really useful.A.and B.so C.but D.or3.Carl,are you interested in swimming?-Yes,_ Im not good at it at all.A.so B.and C.or D.but4.Youll be late _ you dont get up early tomorrow morning.A.if B.when C.before D.until5.Id like to change this pair of trousers,_ give me my money back.A.so B.or C.but D.and,A,C,D,A,A,课时训练,6.Alice wanted to know _ her grandmother liked the bag.A.that B.if C.which D.what7.Mr.John has worked in that small town _ he left Canada in 1998.(山西)A.when B.after C.for D.since8.That was our first lesson,_ she didnt know all our names.A.for B.but C.so D.or 9._ Saturday _ Sunday is OK.Ill be free in these two days.A.Either;or B.Neither;nor C.Both;and D.One;the other10.Please come _ have dinner with us.A.and B.so C.but D.or,B,D,C,A,A,课时训练,11.He is listening to the music _ he is washing clothes.(广西A.after B.before C.that D.while12._ there are too many people here,_ we have to find another house.A.Because;so B.Though;but C.Since;/D./;if13.Li Lei said _ he could finish his homework before six oclock.A.if B.what C.that D.when14.Can you tell me _ the nearest hospital is?A.what B.how C.whether D.where15.This TV set is too dear,_ it gives you a better picture.A.or B.and C.if D.though,D,C,C,D,D,课时训练,16.Dont drink too much tea in the evening,_ you wont fall asleep.(大连)A.and B.so C.or D.but17._ he is very young,_ he knows several language(江西)Though;but B.Because;so C.Though;/D.Because;/18.Go down the street _ you see the third crossing.(内蒙A.though B.since C.until D.while19.He was _ tired _ he couldnt go on working.(河北)A.too;to B.such;that C.so;that D.too;that20.Youd better take this book.It is very good _ its a bit expensive.(安徽)A.though B.and C.but D.so,C,C,C,C,A,课时训练,21._ he is very young,_ he knows a lot about science.A.Though;but B.Because;so C.Though;/D.When;and22.She was _ we all like her.A.such a good singer B.such a good singer thatC.a very good singer that D.so good singer that23.Il