《主谓一致语法》PPT课件.ppt

Subject-verb Concord/Agreement,（主谓一致）,在英语中，句子的主语和谓语动词要保持数上的一致关系，叫主谓一致(Subject-verb Concord/Agreement)。这种关系通常要遵循三条原则：,1.语法形式一致（grammatical concord）2.意义一致(notional concord）3.邻近一致(principle of proximity),语法形式一致,句子的主语是单数形式，谓语动词要用单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词用复数形式。例：Australia is an extremely rich country 澳大利亚是个非常富裕的国家。What are advertisements made？广告是怎样制作的？,注意：anything，everyone，everybody，nobody，anyone，anybody，someone，somebody等复合不定代词作语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。,意义一致,即谓语动词该用单数还是复数取决于主语所表达的内容在含义是单数意义还是复数意义 例：the Chinese are industrious中国人是勤劳的。the USA is a developed country美国是个发达国家。另外，像works（工厂），politics（政治），physics（物理）等词，虽然形式上是以s结尾，但表示的意义是单数，故谓语动词要用单数形式。相反，people，police等词形式上是单数形式，但表示复数意义，谓语动词要用复数形式,邻近一致,谓语动词该用单数还是复数形式，取决于最邻近它的名词、代词或其它词的数。另外，neithernor，eitheror，not onlybut also连接两个名词或代词作主语时，或由there，here引导的句子，并且主语不止一个时，谓语动词通常与邻近它的那个主语保持数上一致。,除了上述三个原则外，还有一些特殊的情况需要注意：,1表示时间、重量、数目、价格、长度、数学运算等的词或词组作主语时，尽管它们是复数形式，但如果把这些复数形式的词或词组看作是一个整体，谓语动词就用单数形式。例：Three weeks is a short time三个星期是很短的时间。,2动词不定式、动名词、从句或不可数名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。,It is not easy to master a foreign language要掌握一门外语是不容易的 It is not easy to master a foreign language要掌握一门外语是不容易的。,3由and连接两个单词作主语时，要看其表示的意义来决定谓语动词用单数还是用复数形式。如果表示的是一个整体的概念或指的是同一事物，谓语动词用单数形式；如果表示的是两个不同的对象时，谓语动词用复数形式。,The writer and the teacher are coming作家和老师走来了 The poet and teacher is one of my friends那位诗人兼教师是我的一位朋友。,4集合名词people（人、人民），police一般看作复数意义，谓语动词要用复数形式。另外一些集合名词，如family，enemy，class，population，army等作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式还是复数形式，要根据这些词在句中的实际含义而定。当它们表示的是整体意义时，谓语动词用单数形式；当它们强调或着重指个体成员时，谓语动词用复数形式。,Are there any police around？附近有警察吗？is family isnt large他家的人不多。,5名词性物主代词mine，yours，his，hers，its，ours，theirs等作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于该动词后面名词的数，动词后面的名词是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式；动词后面名词为复数形式，谓语动词用复数形式。,His is a new bike他的是一辆新自行车。Ours are old bikes我们的是些旧自行车。,6many a意为“许多”，但因后面跟的是单数名词，谓语动词应用单数形式.,许多人都有过这种经历。Many a person has had that kind of experience,一、并列结构做主语时的主谓一致,A young man and a girl want to go there.The singer and the writer are famous to many young people.,由and连接的两个单数名词做主语时，谓动一般用复数。,但如果意义上指同一个人、同一件事或同一概念时，谓动要用单数。,The singer and writer is famous to everyone.A pen and book is what I need.A needle(针）and thread(线）was found on the floor.,2.当eachand each,everyand every,noand no,many aand many a.等结构做，谓语动词用单数形式。,No man and no animal is to be found on the moon.在月球上没有发现人和动物。Many a doctor and many a nurse is busy with their work.许多医生和护士都在忙于他们的工作。,3.一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰，表示两个不同的概念时，谓动应用复数。,Ancient and modern history are the subjects we are studying.但表示同一概念时，谓动应用单数。,The last and most difficult lesson is lesson14.,4.由not onlybut also,eitheror,neithernor,or等连接的并列主语，谓动通常依据就近原则。,Either you or I am mad.Neither I or you have passed the exam.,5.当主语由 as well as,along with,时，其谓动的单复数形式通常由这些together with,rather than,no less than,but,except,in addition to,like,including 等词连接词语前的名词来决定。,An iron and steel works,with some satellite factories,is to be built here.The professor,together with many of his students,is entering the meeting hall.,二、百分数、分数做主语时的主谓一致,当百分数、分数后加名词或代词时，要根据这个名词或代词来确定其谓动的单复数形式。,三、不定代词做主语时的主谓一致,1.不定代词 each,another,the other,either,neither 和由some,any,no,every+one/thing/body 所构成的复合代词做主语时，谓动用单数形式。,Neither of us has gone through regular training.Nobody wants to go there.Something has been done to end the strike.,2.None 做主语时，谓动可用单数，也可用复数。但在表不可数的东西时常看作单数，因而谓动须用单数。,3.both,(a)few,many.several 等做主语时，谓动常用复数。,Both(of)the instruments are not precise ones.,4.all 做主语表示人时，谓动用复数；若表物，谓动则用单数。,All is well that ends well.All are eager to reach an agreement.,四、表示“全体”、“部分”等意义的词做主语时的主谓一致,1.当主语是 most,the rest,the last,the remainder 等时，谓动应依据of后宾语的单复数而定。,Three of us will go,the rest are to stay here.After the big fire,the remainder is nothing.,2.当town,school,village等分别表示总称的“镇民”、“全体师生”、“村民”时，谓动用单复数均可。有时其前可用the或the whole修饰。,The whole school were/was sorry when she left.The whole town is/are in agreement about the plan.,五、“the+形容词/过去分词做主语的主谓一致,“the+形容词/过去分词”表示一类人或事物时，谓动用复数；若指某一抽象概念，则用单数。,The sick here are very well cared for.The true is to be told from the false.,六、形式为复数、意义为单数的名词做主语时的主谓一致,1.表示时间、距离、金额、重量、计量、空间、体积等意义的名词做主语，谓动常用单数。,2.两数相加、相乘，谓动单复数均可；两数相减、相除，谓动只用单数。,Thirty-six from forty leaves six.Six times seven are/is forty-two.,3.主语是以-ics结尾的学科时，谓动一般用单数；以-s结尾的专有名词做主语，如：the United States,the New Times,Arabian Nights等，谓动要用单数。,4.群岛、山脉、瀑布等专有名词如:the Alps,the Philippines,Niagara Falls等做主语时，谓动用复数。,Niagara Falls are a splendid scene.,5.名词如trousers,pants,shorts,glasses,scissors以及clothes,goods等做主语，谓动要用单数；但当这类词前有a/the pair of修饰时，谓动用单数。,七、number,many a.等做主语时的主谓一致,1.the number of做主语时，谓动用单数；a number of做主语时，谓动用复数。,The number of mistakes is surprising.A number of books are missing from the library.,2.Many a,more than one+单数名词构成的短语做主语，尽管意义上是复数，但谓动仍用单数。,Many a comrade has that of opportunity.more than one person is ready to try his luck this time.,八、集体名词做主语时的主谓一致,1.有生命的词，如cattle,police等做主语时，谓动常用复数。,The police are investigating the crime.,2.无生命的词，如foliage(叶子），machinery(机械），merchandise(商品、货物）等做主语时，谓动用单数。,All the machinery in this factory is made in China.,3.audience,class,crew,committee,family,team,group,army,police等做主语时，如指一整体，谓动用单数；如指全体中的每一个成员，谓动则用复数。,The football team is being recognized.The football team are having baths and are coming back here for tea.,九、“one of+复数名词+定语从句“结构中的主谓一致,1.在”one of+复数名词+定语从句“结构中，定语从句中的谓动的单复数形式由它所修饰的先行词来决定。,This is one of the rooms that were damaged in the fire.,2.在”the only one of+复数名词+定语从句“结构中，定语从句的谓动仍用单数。,Mary is the only one of the youngest girls who is studying the major of International Law in this university.,十、从句、不定式、-ing形式做主语时的主谓一致,1.在以what从句作主语的”主系表“结构中，主句的谓动要以表语名词的单复数而定。,What caused the accident is a complete mystery.What his father left him are a few English books.,2.动词不定式、-ing形式做主语，谓动用单数。,To learn English well is difficult.,3.在what从句所引导的”主系表“结构中，若从句中具有两个以上的动词，主句中谓动应用复数。,What I say and think are none of your business.,4.以who,why,how,whether或that引导的从句做主语时，谓动用单数。,Why she did this is not known.,由how and why,when and where引导的从句做主语时，谓动仍用单数。,When and where we will have the meeting has not been decided.,5.and连接的两个名词性从句做主语，如表示两件事情，则谓动用复数。,What caused the accident and who was responsible for it remain a mystery to us.,几个容易弄错的主谓一致问题,1.“many a+名词”和“more than one+名词”作主语此时谓语动词的数通常用单数(即遵循语法一致的原则)：Many a child was playing there.很多小孩在那儿玩。More than one student has failed the exam.不止一个学生考试未及格。,2.each 用于复数名词后作同位语此时谓语动词用复数：They each have an English-Chinese dictionary.他们每人都有一本英汉词典。The young people each carry a big bag.这些年轻人个个背着一个大袋子。,3.主语后接in addition to,with,along with,together with,except,but等介词此时其后的动词形式取决介词前主语：Nothing but trees was to be seen.除了树木之外什么也看不见。No one except my parents knows anything about this.除我父母外没人知道此事。Jim,together with his classmates,has seen the film.吉姆和他的同学都看过这部电影。,4.means作主语名词means(方法)单数与复数同形，用作主语时，其谓语的单复数要视具体含义而定(尤其注意其前的修饰语)：These means are very good.这些方法很好。Such a means is really unpleasant.这样的方法确实是令人不愉快。若没有特定的修饰语或语境，则用单数或复数谓语均可：There is are no good means.没有好的方法。Are Is there any other means of doing it?做这事还有其他的什么办法吗?,主谓一致精练与解析,1.More than one person here _ with the disease.A.has been infected B.have been infected C.has been infecting D.have been infecting,由more than one 修饰单数名词作主语时，谓语动词要用单数,又如：More than one man was injured in the accident.More than one house has been repaired.,2.One or perhaps more pages _ missing.A.is B.are C.has been D.have been,由or连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与靠近它的主语一致。,又如：Are you or he to drive?Was she or you there?,3.An expert,together with some assistants,_ to help in this work.A.was sent B.were sent C.is sending D.are sending,由 with，together with，along with，rather than，no less than，but，besides，except等连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与前一个相一致。,又如：Nobody but John and Helen was absent.I,rather than you,am responsible for the accident.,4.The police _ the black in winter.A.wears B.wear C.put on D.puts on,英语中，一些表示总称意义的名词，如：police，people，cattle等作主语时，谓语动词要用复数形式。,又如：Some people spend a lot of money on clothes.Cattle are raised everywhere by the farmers.,5.The number of students that you have met _ the life of the team.A.are B.is C.were D.be,the number of复数名词作主语时，谓语用单数。a number of复数名词作主语时，谓语用复数。,又如：The number of cars is increasing in Beijing.A number of books have been published on this subject.,6.To get up early and to go to sleep early _ good for your health.A.is B.are C.was D.were,由and连接两个名词，包括两个不定式、两个动名词作主语，若指同一件事或一个概念事，谓语动词用单数形式。,又如：Whether to go on or return is not known.Time and tide waits for no man.,7.More students than one _.A.were punished B.is punished C.was punished D.will punish,More 复数名词 than one 和 more than one 单数名词的意义相同，均表示“不只一个”，但前者用作复数，后者用作单数。,又如：More students than one were punished.More than one student was punished.,8.What they need _ more people.A.is B.are C.has D.have,名词从句作主语时，通常表示单数概念，谓语动词常用单数，但所指内容是复数意义时，谓语动词用复数。本句从表语more people 可以得知主语what we need指复数内容。,又如：What we need is more time.What he needs are books.What he says and what he does do not agree.,练 习1.On the wall_ two large portraits.A.hangs B.hang C.hanged D.hanging 2.“News of victories _ pouring in as our army advances,”the company commander said.A.keep B.keeps C.kept D.have kept 3.There _ a lot of milk in the bottle.A.are B.is C.were D.has 4.Zhangs family _ rather big,with twelve people in all.A.is B.are C.being D.was 5.Nobody but Jane _ the secret.A.know B.knows C.have known D.is known,6.All but one _ here just now.A.is B.was C.has been D.were 7.A library with five thousand books _ to the nation as a gift.A.is offered B.has offered C.are offered D.have offered,8.Not only I but also Jane and Mary _ tired of having one exam after another.A.is B.are C.am D.be 9.The number of people invited _ fifty,but a number of them _ absent for different reasons.A.were;was B.was;was C.was;were D.were;were 10.When and where to build the new factory _ yet.A.is not decided B.are not decided C.has not decided D.have not decided,