Unit10西方文化导论.ppt

U3_main,Get Started,Text Study,Supplementary Resources,Unit 10,The Modernist Movement and,Literary Achievement,Get Started_ main,Get Started,Get Started,1.A General Introduction,2.Focus In,Get Started_1.1,Get Started,Get Started_1.1,Get Started,Modernism was born at the turn of the 20th century and swept many countries.Many social and psychological problems found expression in cultural and literary form,thus representing the real mood and emotion of the ordinary people in the West who were torn by countless troubles arising out of the social,political and cultural contradictions and clashes.At this juncture,the emergence of a number of schools of social ideology in the late 19th century,such as Freuds theory of psycho-analysis,Bergsons theory of intuitionalism as well as the seemingly irrational ideas of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche helped define and clarify the spiritual needs of those intellectuals.These ideological varieties further emancipated peoples mind and gave them both courage and direction to tap the new area of human knowledge and ideology.,Get Started_1.2,Get Started,In a way the change of the cultural and intellectual climate in this period had something to do with romanticism and cultural trend of the time.More radical modes of creation appeared,first in poetry and then spread to other forms of writing and art.They were more rebellious,more radical,more opposed to tradition and social reality and more concerned with their own forms of subjective representation.Such a changed approach moved eventually into modernism.Symbolism as an aesthetic movement opened the way for the eventual arrival of modernism,a grand and complicated cultural movement taking form at the beginning of the 20th century.It included literature and art and embraced many schools of ideological rebellion and alternative forms of artistic representation.It marked the inception of a really new era in terms of cultural and intellectual development.,Get Started_2.1,Get Started,To understand the background and definition of modernism To compare the different modernist trends of literature To get familiar with the major modernist figures To get to know the literary and cultural criticism of new era,Text Study _main,Text Study,Text Study,I.A General Account of Modernism,II.Modernist Trend of Literature,III.Modernist Literature in Britain and Other English-speaking Countries,IV.Literary and Cultural Criticism of New Era,Text Study _I_1.4,Text Study,Main Ideas,The early signs of Modernism(the middle of the 19th century in France)Baudelaire in poetry/Manet in painting/Flaubert in prose fiction two schools of arts and letters:impressionism and symbolism The definition of Modernism(by Morris Bib)i.two extremes:the reestablishment of religious faith on the one hand and the defence of individualist,anarchist culture on the other ii.one middle line:the vacillation between faith and bewilderment,belief and suspicion,Main Ideas,a salient characteristic of Modernismindividual awareness The core of Modernist thought i.the sense of despair,bitterness and anxiety:the death of all modern idols:God,man,reason,science,progress and history age of anxiety:anxiety of meaninglessness(loss of a spiritual center,faith and values)ii.the maturation of the modernist movement:literary revolution by the“lost generation”:to rebel against the senseless slaughter of WWI and the traditional values artistic revolution by the Dada:to break with the values of the 19th century and its philosophical and personal materialism and its rationalism,Text Study _I_1.5,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I_1.5,Text Study,Main Ideas,Modernist performances in literature and art features:represent both progressive and radical tendencies;insist upon the subjectivity expressive means:expressionism,cubism,post-impressionism,futurism,etc.emblem:the adversary culture major figures among writers:T.S.Eliot,James Joyce,Gertrude Stein,Virginia Woolf major figures among composers:Arnold Schoenberg,Igor Stravinsky,Anton Webern major figures of modern dance:Emile Jaques-Delcroze,Rudolf Laban,Loie Fuller,Main Ideas,Text Study _I_1.5,Text Study,Main Ideas,Modernist Influence to bring about a variety of Modernist genres and groups:Bolshevik tendencies,International Style,avant-garde activity,etc.to revolt against the values of the Industrial Revolution and bourgeois conservative values to cause a series of cultural and artistic works different from traditional form of art to open a way of thinking and creation to human cultural and spiritual development,and move to the Postmodernist era,Main Ideas,major figures among painters:Edouard Manetmajor figures among architects:Ludwig Mies van der Rohe,Le Corbusier,Text Study _I_1.4,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I_1.4,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I_1.4,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,Text Study _I_2.1,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Realpolitik(power policy)实力政策:It refers to politics or diplomacy based primarily on power and on practical and material factors and considerations,rather than ideological notions or moralistic or ethical premises.In this respect,it shares aspects of its philosophical approach with those of realism and pragmatism.Realpolitik is a theory of politics that focuses on considerations of power,not ideals,morals,or principles.Balancing power to keep the European pentarchy was the means for keeping the peace,and careful Realpolitikers tried to avoid arms races.The most famous German advocate of“Realpolitik”was Otto von Bismarck.,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study _I_2.2,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study _I_2.3,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,the Lost Generation 迷惘的一代:A term first used by Gertrude Stein to describe the post-World War I generation of American writers:men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war.The term is commonly applied to Hart Crane,Ernest Hemingway,F.Scott Fitzgerald,and others.,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study _I_2.5,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Dada or Dadaism 达达主义:A cultural movement that began in Zurich,Switzerland,during World War I and peaked from 1916 to 1922.The movement primarily involved visual arts,literaturepoetry,art manifestoes,art theorytheatre,and graphic design,and concentrated its anti-war politics through a rejection of the prevailing standards in art through anti-art cultural works.Its purpose was to ridicule what its participants considered to be the meaninglessness of the modern world.In addition to being anti-war,Dada was also anti-bourgeois and anarchist in nature.,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study _I_2.2,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,International Style 国际风格:A major architectural style that emerged in the 1920s and 1930s,the formative decades of Modernist architecture.The term had its origin from the name of a book by Henry-Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson written to record the International Exhibition of Modern Architecture held at the Museum of Modern Art in New York City in 1932 which identified,categorized and expanded upon characteristics common to Modernism across the world.As a result,the focus was more on the stylistic aspects of Modernism.Hitchcocks and Johnsons aims were to define a style of the time,which would encapsulate this modern architecture.They identified three different principles:the,Text Study _I_2.6,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study _I_2.5,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,expression of volume rather than mass,balance rather than preconceived symmetry and the expulsion of applied ornament.,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study _I_2.6,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,avant-garde activity 先锋派运动:Avant-garde represents a pushing of the boundaries of what is accepted as the norm or the status quo,primarily in the cultural realm.The notion of the existence of the avant-garde is considered by some to be a hallmark of modernism,as distinct from postmodernism.Many artists have aligned themselves with the avant-garde movement and still continue to do so,tracing a history from Dada through the situationists to postmodern artists such as the language poets around 1981.,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study _I_2.5,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study _I_3.1,Text Study,Comprehension Exercises,Fill in the blanks.,Comprehension Exercises,1.The early signs of Modernism emerged in the middle of the 19th century.In the arts and letters,two schools originating in France had particular impact.They were and symbolism.2.The broadly acceptable definition of Modernism was given by Morris Bib,who stated that Modernism should contain and one middle line.3.The artists who rebelled against the senseless slaughter of the WWI and raised the literary revolution in the 1920s were called.,impressionism,two extremes,the“lost generation”,_,_,_,Text Study _I_3.1,Text Study,Comprehension Exercises,Comprehension Exercises,4.In the visual arts the roots of Modernism are often traced back to painter,who broke away in the 1860s from inherited notions of perspective,modeling,and subject matter.5.The second stage of Modernism is,a period with more reflection on and positive attitude towards the past.,Edouard Manet,Postmodernist era,_,_,Fill in the blanks.,Modernism,in its broadest sense,is modern thought,character,or practice.More specifically,the term describes both a set of cultural tendencies and an array of associated cultural schools,originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.The term encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the“traditional”forms of art,architecture,literature,religious faith,social conventions and daily life were becoming outdated in the new conditions of economic,social and political developments under the influence of industrialization and colonization.,Text Study _I_4.1,Text Study,Think and Discuss,Say something you know about Modernism,including its performance and features.,Think and Discuss,Text Study _I_4.2,Text Study,Think and Discuss,Modernism despite its complexity and multiplicity in terms of ideological tendencies and representation modes,could be regarded basically to be irrational,that is,in opposition to rational tradition of the Western culture and civilization.History has repeatedly proved that any radical drive or trend could not last long and so did modernism which,with all its justifications,only survived a few decades since its beginning and had to decline and finally disappeared as a movement though some of its ideas and forms or techniques still maintained.The reason is simple no one could not reject all,Think and Discuss,Text Study _I_4.3,Text Study,Think and Discuss,the inheritances his ancestors have passed on to him no matter whether these inheritances are valuable enough for him to benefit from.In that sense people after modernism,particularly the cultural people or intellectuals,have to take a lesson from Modernist Movement,that they should be cautious about the way to handle cultural heritage and need to try to make use of the positive elements from tradition.,Think and Discuss,death,dusk,autumn,fallen leaves,tolls at grave,burned-out candles,etc.,representatives,tone of works,themes,Baudelaire,RimbaudVerlaine,MoreasMallarme,Valery,Text Study _II_1.1,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,characterized by pain,frustration and sorrow,deny rational knowledge and logical thinking;ignore reality and use intuitional power;express idealistic beauties in abstract image,Major Schools of Modernism,Symbolism,ideas,Ernest Hulme,Ezra Pound,T.S.Eliot,representatives,image being the essence of intuitional language;catch images in life by intuitional power,ideas,Imagism,Marinetti,DAnnunzio,representatives,Text Study _II_1.2,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,deny the importance of past cultural heritage;eulogize modern urban life and the machine-age civilization;advert formalism;use mathematical symbols to create“future art”,Futurism,ideas,Modernist Techniques of Expression,i.preference for the symbolicii.fascination with the absurdiii.disillusionment with the traditional(anti-fiction,anti-drama)iv.representation of inwardness,Text Study _II_1.3,Text Study,Main Ideas,Main Ideas,dramatists:Eugene ONeil,Bertolt Brecht,Johan August Stindberg,novelist:Kafka Metamorphosi The Trial and The Castle,representatives,social crisis and mans alienation are the central concern,Express-ionism,ideas,Text Study _II_2.1,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,cubism 立体主义:A 20th century avant-garde art movement,pioneered by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque,that revolutionized European painting and sculpture,and inspired related movements in music,literature and architecture.The first branch of cubism,known as Analytic Cubism,was both radical and influential as a short but highly significant art movement between 1907 and 1911 in France.In its second phase,Synthetic Cubism,the movement spread and remained vital until around 1919,when the Surrealist movement gained popularity.,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study _II_2.2,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study _II_2.3,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,surrealism 超现实主义:A cultural movement that began in the early 1920s,and is best known for the visual artworks and writings of the group members.Surrealist works feature the element of surprise,unexpected juxtapositions and non sequitur;however,many surrealist artists and writers regard their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost,with the works being an artifact.Leader Andr Breton was explicit in his assertion that surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement.,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study _II_2.4,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study _II_2.5,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,the stream of consciousness 意识流:a modernist literary school emphasizing psychological representation,featured by interior monologue and associative(and at times dissociative)leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow,tracing a characters fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings.,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,Text Study _II_2.5,Text Study,Interpretation of Cultural Terms,existentialism 存在主义:A term applied to the work of a number of philosophers since the 19th century who,despite large differences in their positions,generally focused on the condition of human existence,and an individuals emotions,actions,responsibilities,and thoughts,or the meaning or purpose of life.Existential philosophers often focused more on what th