ICD在猝死一级预防中的应用.ppt
ICD在猝死一级预防中的应用,中国医科大学第一医院于 波,美国居民死因:SCD仅次于所有肿瘤总和,National Vital Statistics Report.2001;49;11MMWR.2002;51:123-126State-specific mortality from sudden cardiac death United States 1999.MMWR.2002;51:123-126.,450,000,1 U.S.Census Bureau,Statistical Abstract of the United States:2001.2 American Cancer Society,Inc.,Surveillance Research,Cancer Facts and Figures 2001.3 2002 Heart and Stroke Statistical Update,American Heart Association.4 Circulation.2001;104:2158-2163.,Magnitude of SCD in the US,Breast Cancer2,SCD 4,42,156,40,600,157,400,167,366,AIDS1,Lung Cancer2,Stroke3,SCD claims more lives each year than these other diseases combined,#1 Killer in the U.S.,SCD约占心脏病死亡一半50%以上SCD死亡前无任何症状2/3的SCD发生在院外如果数分钟内开始治疗,存活率高达90%第一次发生SCD患者只有5-10%能够生存 如何有效的预防和治疗SCD?,ICD 与其他药物预防猝死的里程碑性研究,Mortality(%),0,15,30,BHAT,CASS,SAVE,MADIT II,p0.01,p=NS,p=0.019,p=0.016,N=3800,N=780,N=2200,N=1200,9.8,7.2,9.0,8.0,24.6,20.4,19.8,14.2,HR=0.73 HR=0.89 HR=0.81 HR=0.69,Moss,AJ.MADIT II and its implications.European Heart Journal(2003);24,16-18.,Beta-blocker,CABG,ACE-Inhibitor,ICD对SCD的二级预防研究,DiMarcoYoung JB.Sudden cardiac death in heart failure.,ICD对SCD的一级预防研究,DiMarco JP.N Engl J Med.2003;349:1836-47.Kadish A,et.al.N Engl,100%缺血性心肌病患者,ICD在一级预防对死亡率的降低效力超过二级预防,1,3,4,2,5,7,6,ICD对SCD一级和二级预防的效果对比,54%,75%,55%,76%,31%,61%,27 months,39 months,20 months,31%,56%,28%,59%,20%,33%,%Mortality Reduction w/ICD Rx,%Mortality Reduction w/ICD Rx,3 Years,3 Years,3 Years,1 Moss AJ.N Engl J Med.1996;335:1933-40,2 Buxton AE.N Engl J Med.1999;341:1882-90,3 Moss AJ.N Engl J Med.2002;346:877-83,4 Moss AJ.Presented before ACC 51st Annual Scientific Sessions,Late Breaking Clinical Trials,March 19,2002.,5 The AVID Investigators.N Engl J Med.1997;337:1576-83.6 Kuck K.Circ.2000;102:748-54.7 Connolly S.Circ.2000:101:1297-1302.,一级预防中较对照组总死亡率降低31-54%,心律失常死亡降低61-76%,二级预防中较对照组总死亡率降低20-31%,心律失常死亡降低33-59%,0,20,40,60,80,MADIT,MUSTT,MADIT-II,Overall Death,Arrhythmic Death,0,20,40,60,80,AVID,CASH,CIDS,Overall Death,Arrhythmic Death,与AVID比较,MADIT II患者器质性心脏病更严重,AVID investigators.N Engl.J Med.1997;337:1576-1583.Moss AJ.N Engl J Med.2002;346:877-83.Domanski MJ.Am J Cardiol.1997;80:299-301.,药物治疗更充分,CABG(Chronic CAD,mild angina,3 VD),Hypertensiontherapy(Diastolic95-104mmHg),CardiacTransplant(CHF,transplantcandidate),PTCA(ChronicCAD,mildangina,1 VD),Primarycoronarystenting(CAD,Angina,1 VD,Male,age 55),Cost-Effectiveness of ICD Therapy and Other Cardiovascular Interventions,Expensive,BorderlineCost-effective,Cost-Effective,HighlyCost-Effective,Incremental Cost per Life-Year Saved,EconomicallyUnattractive,ICD-AVID,Lovastatin(chol.=290 mg/dL,50 yrs old,male,no riskfactors),ICD-MADIT,ICD-MADIT II*estimate,*Moss AJ.Presentation at Satellite Symposium,“Cost-Effectiveness of Device Therapy in the Heart Failure Population”,Heart Failure Society of America Annual Meeting September 23,2003.,$17,701,$28,751,$31,244,$40,753,$43,087,$50,000,$66,677,$88,944,$135,000,$0,$20,000,$40,000,$60,000,$80,000,$100,000,$120,000,$140,000,Number Needed to Treat To Save A Life,(5 Yr)(2.4 Yr)(3 Yr)(3 Yr)(3.5 Yr)(1 Yr)(6 Yr)(2 Yr),NNTx years=100/(%Mortality in Control Group%Mortality in Treatment Group),ICD Therapy,Drug Therapy,3,4,11,9,20,26,28,37,0,5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,50,MUSTT,MADIT,MADIT II,AVID,SAVE,Merit-HF,4S,Amiodarone,Meta-,analysis,simvastatin,captopril,Metoprololsuccinate,amiodarone,MADIT I,MUSTT,AVID,CASH,SCD-HeFT,MADIT II,Myerburg RJ,et al.Circulation.1998.97:1514-1521,SCD一级预防的危险人群分层,心力衰竭和冠心病是SCD高危的主要人群,50男性和63女性冠心病病人首发症状为SCD50%SCD前无明显冠心病,尸检90%SCD存在冠心病证据 50-75%的SCD确认为心梗后心肌梗死病史为独立危险预测因子增加一年SCD发生率5%心梗后伴EF降低(LVEF40%),SCD危险比正常人高4-6倍,2年内死亡率约20-30%具有以下危险因子,5年SCD发生率将提高32%心肌梗死病史非持续性,可诱发,不可抑制性室速LVEF40%,SCD与冠心病、心肌梗死的关系,American Heart Association.Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics2003 Update.Dallas,Tex.:AHA;2002Myerberg RJ.Heart Disease,A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine.6th ed.Philadelphia:WB Saunders Co;1997:chapter 24.Lombardi G.JAMA.1994;271:678-683;Bigger JT.Circulation.1984;69:250-258.,心梗后48h内发生VT/VF患者日后死亡风险增加(GUSTO-III Trial),1 Al-Khatib SM.Sustained ventricular arrhythmias and mortality among patients with acute myocardial infarction:Results from the GUSTO-III trial.Am Heart J.2003;145:515-521.,%Mortality,31%,24%,44%,6%,34%,29%,49%,9%,0,10,20,30,40,50,60,VF,VT,VF and VT,No VF or VT,30 day mortality,1 year mortality,ICD对冠心病SCD的一级预防结论,MADIT-I、MADIT-II研究表明心梗后发生过VT的高危患者预防性植入ICD 能明确改善患者生存率MUSTT研究表明对冠心病,低EF,无症状非持续性VT预防性植入ICD能明确改善生存率,而EP指导药物治疗无效与AAD和其它治疗相比ICD预防能降低MI后死亡率31-55%心梗后患者一级预防效力超过二级预防,SCD与心功能不全的关系,MERIT-HF Study Group.Lancet.1999;353:2001-2007,26%,15%,59%,(N=103),NYHA III,SCD和LVEF的关系,Gorgels PMA.European Heart Journal.2003;24:1204-1209,LVEF,%心脏性猝死发生率,7.5%,5.1%,2.8%,1.4%,射血分数是SCD危险分层的一个重要参数,0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,0-30%,31-40%,41-50%,50%,Bardy G.Arrhythmia Treatment and Therapy,Copyright 2000 by Marcel Dekker,Inc.,pp.323-342.Sweeney,MO.PACE 2001;24:871-888,有症状心衰SCD是普通人6-9倍,2.5年内死亡率20-25%,其中50%为SCD心梗后伴EF降低与心衰患者,2-3年内SCD10-15%在缺血和非缺血心衰患者EF越低,SCD风险越高晕厥是心衰SCD独立危险因子,有晕厥病史者一年 SCD45%,无晕厥史者为12%Companion研究表明:严重心衰患者CRT可以降低病死率,而CRTD使病死率进一步降低SCD-HeFT研究表明ICD可以预防心衰患者猝死,ICD对心功能不全SCD的一级预防结论,SCD高危人群的其他高危因素,肥厚性心肌病(15%)心肌增厚(19%)LQT综合征,Brugada综合征(60%)ARVC(29%)有SCD家族史(50%)不明原因晕厥,任何上述因素的叠加将增加SCD的危险,SCD高危人群的筛查方法,Siddiqui A,Kowey PR.Curr Opin Cardiol.2006;21:517-25.Prior SG,et al.Eur Heart J,Vol 22:16:August 2001,1980年ACC/AHA的首版ICD治疗指南,患者意识丧失(晕厥),有证实的持续性VT或VF 尽管用AAD治疗,仍有VT/VF复发,且EP检查诱 发VT/VF,并伴有意识丧失,2条适应症均为二级预防,仅关注二级预防,1985年FDA的ICD指南,无AMI发生至少1次SCD 虽无SCD但AAD治疗仍反复室性快速心律失常,且EP检查时可诱发伴血流动力学异常的持续性 VT和/或VF 要求患者至少有1次SCD发作病史,2条适应症均为二级预防,仅关注二级预防,I类适应症有1次以上持续性VT/VF,而EP和/或自发VT/VF不能用药物 或其他方法治疗尽管接受EP或无创方法指导选择AAD,仍自发持续性VT/VF,不能耐受或不能顺从AAD,或虽经最佳药物,外科或射频治疗,仍能诱发VT/VFII类适应症原因不明的晕厥,EP诱发临床意义的持续性VT/VF,AAD无效,不能耐受或不顺从强调药物和/或外科和/或导管消融治疗无效,或不可耐受或难以预测药物疗效,才是ICD适应症,非一线治疗!,1991年NASPE/ACC/AHA的ICD治疗指南,I类适应症均为二级预防,仅关注二级预防,1998 ACC/AHA的ICD的I类适应症,1.非一过性或可逆性原因引起VF/VT导致的心脏骤停2.自发性持续性VT(91年ClassII)(VT不再要求:药物无效或不能耐受,EP 诱发,血流动力学)3.不明原因的晕厥,合并电生理诱发出持续性VT,血流动力学不稳定 VT/VF,药物无效、不能耐受4.患有冠脉疾病,心梗病史、左室功能低下者,电生理检查诱发出持续性VT/VF,I类AAD不抑制(91年ClassII),ClassI中唯一预防性,Source:Gregoratos G.J Am Coll Cardiol.1998;31:1175-1209,AVIDCIDSCASH,MADIT,I类适应症第4条首次出现一级预防理念,但必须EP诱发,2002年ACC/AHA的ICD 的I类适应症,I类适应症1、因室速、室颤引起的心脏骤停,除外暂时性、可逆性原因(A)2、自发性持续性室速,合并器质性心脏病(B)3、不明原因的晕厥,合并电生理诱发出持续性VT,血流动力学不稳定,药物无效、不能耐受(B)4、非持续性室速,有冠脉疾病,心梗病史、合并左室功能低下,电生理检查诱发出持续性VT/VF,I类AAD不抑制(B,A)5、自发性持续性室速,无器质性心脏病,其它治疗困难(C)IIa类适应症左室功能低下,LVEF30%,心梗后一月,冠脉介入或搭桥术后三月(B),(来自MADIT II试验),新增加IIa类适应症,首次明确确立ICD一级预防的地位,2006年ACC/AHA/ESC室性心律失常预防SCD指南,ICD I类适应症:有心脏骤停、室颤或血液动力学不稳定VT,不明原因晕厥(SCD二级预防)心梗后40天LVEF 30-40%;NYHA II或III级的SCD预防(SCD一级预防)非缺血心肌病患者,LVEF30-35%NYHAII或III级SCD预防(SCD一级预防)先天性疾病如LQT综合症,Brugada综合症,HCM和ARVC有SCD高危患者(SCD一级预防)ICD IIa类适应症:缺血性或者非缺血性患者,NYHA分级I级,LVEF30-35%,Zipes,DP,et al.2006 ACC/AHA/ESC Practice Guidelines 5.Circulation.2006;114;385-484,I类与IIa类适应症中ICD一级预防的地位更加突出,心肌梗死后40天,心功能II级或III级,LVEF35%EF35%,心功能II级或III级非缺血性心肌病 LVEF30%,心功能I级,心梗后40天,左室功能不良患者(原为IIa类,现I类适应症)陈旧性心梗,LVEF40%,非持续性室速,EP可诱发室颤或者持续性室速,All primary SCD prevention ICD recommendations apply only to patients who are receiving optimal medical therapy and have reasonable expectation of survival with good functional capacity for more than 1 year.,2008年ACC/AHA/HRS心律失常指南ICD主要用于SCD的一级预防,心肌梗塞小于40天的人群ICD对SCD的预防作用如何,DINAMITDefibrillator in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial,目的:评估ICD在AMI后早期高危病人猝死预防作用入选1880岁,AMI后(640天),LVEF0.35,心脏自主神经调节受损,至少3天动态心电图检查提示窦律心率变异70 ms或平均心率升高RR750 ms(HR80次/分或以上)1998,4-20003,9入组药物强化治疗同时随机按1:1随机进入ICD组和对照组一级终点:任何原因死亡二级终点:心律失常死亡,生活质量入组后3,6个月随访,以后每半年一次,平均随访2.5年,Hohnloser SH,et al.N Engl J Med.2004;351(24):2481-8,平均LVEF0.28,入组时间MI后18天药物:胺碘酮在ICD组27例(8.1%),对照组46例(13.5%)(P=0.04)随访期间PCI或CABG在ICD组 33例 ICD(9.9%),对照组50例(14.6%)(P=0.08)平均随访3013月,Hohnloser SH,et al.N Engl J Med.2004;351(24):2481-8,两组病人的基本特征,Hohnloser SH,et al.N Engl J Med.2004;351(24):2481-8,全因死亡两组无差别,ICD组7.5%/非ICD组 6.9%,ICD组62例,对照组58例(P=0.66),Hohnloser SH,et al.N Engl J Med.2004;351(24):2481-8,两组病人的死因分析,ICD在随机后1周内植入平均植入ICD时间:6.37.3天ICD院内并发症25例,包括电极脱位,气胸,不适当放电没有植入相关的死亡,Hohnloser SH,et al.N Engl J Med.2004;351(24):2481-8,大多数死亡(78%)是心血管病因死亡,ICD组预防心律失常相关死亡与以往试验相似,而非心律失常死亡明显增加,总死亡率不降低非心律失常死亡增加原因:非外科手术相关死亡或ICD并发症增加所致,也不是由于过多心脏起搏造成;推测ICD通过电击VF,只将SCD转变为泵衰竭所致死亡,没有明显延长寿命,尤其是VF发生在终末期心衰或大面积MI结论:ICD明显降低心律失常死亡达50%,但是该获益被非心律失常死亡增加抵消,ICD 治疗不降低MI后早期高危病人的死亡率,AMI 后早期心肌缺血可能对死亡起决定作用,DINAMIT研究的结论,Hohnloser SH,et al.N Engl J Med.2004;351(24):2481-8,A Randomized Study of the Effects of Defibrillator Implantation Early after Myocardial Infarction in High-Risk Patients on Optimal Medical TherapyImmediate Risk-Stratification Improves Survival(IRIS)study,Gerhard Steinbeck,D.Andresen,K.Seidl,J.Brachmann,E.Hoffmann,D.Wojciechowski,Z.Kornacewicz-Jach,M.Zembala,G.Lupkovics,F.Hofgrtner,A.Lubinski,K.Wegscheider,M.Rosenqvist,F.Habets,J.Senges,Gerhard Steinbeck,et al.N Engl J Med.2009;361:1427-1436,Registry of 62,944 patients,Exclusion criteria n=26,445Inclusion criteria not met n=35,188,Acute Myocardial Infarction,Criterion I+-Criterion II+-+88604210,3 Strata:,Randomization:n=902,ICD+OMT n=445,OMT n=453,Consent not valid n=2,Consent not valid n=2,Eligible day 5-31:n=1,311,No consent:n=409,Study Flow Diagram,Gerhard Steinbeck,et al.N Engl J Med.2009;361:1427-1436,LVEF 40%on day 531 after AMI,HR 90 bpm on the first available ECG,NSVT 150 bpm during Holter,Follow up 2 yearsPrimary endpoint:all cause mortalitySecondary endpoints:sudden cardiac deathnon-sudden cardiac deathnon-cardiac death,AIM:High-risk patients after AMI will show a better survival when treated early with an ICD compared to patients receiving OMT alone,All Cause Mortality,117 deaths116 deaths,Gerhard Steinbeck,et al.N Engl J Med.2009;361:1427-1436,Sudden Cardiac Death Non-Sudden Cardiac Death,Month after Randomisation,Cumulative Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death,p=0.049,Month after Randomisation,Cumulative Risk of nonSudden Cardiac Death,p=0.001,Gerhard Steinbeck,et al.N Engl J Med.2009;361:1427-1436,ICD-related Adverse Events81%received a single-chamber ICDComplications occurred in 65/415 ICD pts(15.7%),Early initiation of ICD therapy did not reduce all cause mortality,independent of the way of risk-stratificationSCD was reduced by ICD,which was counterbalanced by an increase of non-SCD,Voller H,et al.Europace 2011;13:499-508,PreSCD II Registry,Aim:investigate the clinical practice of ICD therapy in post MI and to assess the impact on survival,Voller H,et al.Europace 2011;13:499-508,PreSCD II Registry,Voller H,et al.Europace 2011;13:499-508,MI后即使11月植入ICD 治疗也未带来死亡率的获益,PreSCD II Registry,Brady GH et al.N Eng J Med 2008;358:1793-804,The Home Automated External Defibrillator Trial(HAT trial),Brady GH et al.N Eng J Med 2008;358:1793-804,HAT trial,2002年1月4日:美国FDA批准了由匹兹堡Lifecor公司生产的一种新型可以贴身穿着背心式心脏除颤器(LIFVEST),Recent registry of wearable cardioverter defibrillatorAggregate national experience with wearable cardioverter defibrillator:event rates,compliance and survival JACC 2010;56:194-203,第一个可以穿在体外而非置入体内的心脏复律除颤器适用于:SCD高危病人,不适合或不愿意安装ICD病人监 测并治疗其异常心律由一个缠绕胸部的贴身电极带,连接一个有警报装置的腰部监测器组成。可全天佩带,通过电话将数据传送到医师的电脑上以供回顾分析美国和欧洲16家医疗中心289例病人参加了临床试验,包括等候心脏移植术者、近期心梗及CABG病人随访3个月,平均每天20小时治疗突发心脏停搏成功率为71,而病人拨打911抢救成功率为25,2病人受到不必要电击,而埋藏式除颤器每人月的失误电击发生率为2.3最常见副作用为一过性皮疹,发生率为5.9,美国和中国预防性植入ICD用于SCD一级预防的现状对比,美国每年SCD至少45万例,每天1,000例,1例/2min年植入ICD 约20万台,Seidl K,et al.Card Electrophysiol Rev.2003;7:5-13;Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics 2005 Update.Crespo EM,Am J Med Sci.2005;329:238-246;Zheng ZJ,et al.Circulation.2001;104:2158-2163;Zipes,DP,et al.2006 ACC/AHA/ESC Practice Guidelines 5.Circulation.2006;114;385-484。国家十五攻关项目数据,中国每年SCD约54万,每天1500人,1例/Min1991年中国第1例 ICD2006年3002009年1000台2010年1500台(包括CRTD),小 结,SCD是当今社会导致人类死亡的最主要原因之一SCD高危人群包括:SCD复苏者,VT伴晕厥,冠心病或MI后,低LVEF和心功能不全,扩心病,HCM,LQT综合征,Brugada综合征,ARVC,猝死家族史等高危患者发生SCD前可能通过一些已知的或未知危险因素进行识别现有临床证据表明ICD是预防SCD的唯一有效方法,优于药物不同人群SCD的危险分层及对总SCD发生率的影响提示需要一级预防的人群数目巨大,对人群总SCD贡献率大比较SCD一级及二级预防的效果:一级预防对死亡率的下降超过二级预防,在关注二级预防的效果同时更应关注一级预防ICD治疗指南的适应症随着临床证据不断变化,更加强调一级预防,很多一级预防变成一类ICD的适应症,