第讲英汉翻译中的增词法和减词法.ppt

第4讲 英汉翻译中的增词法和减词法,教学要点与要求1.什么是增词法和减词法2.增词法和减词法的适用范围,理据,英汉两种语言由于表达方式不同，翻译时要在词量上进行增减。所谓增词，就是要根据上下文的意思、逻辑关系以及目的语的表达习惯，增加词量，以表达原文字面没有出现但实际已经包含的意思，而减词就是减去原文有，但目的语表达用不着，且减去也不影响原文意思表达的词。,1.增译法(amplification),目的：为了使原文的语法概念在译文中表达得明确。为了使译文句子结构更加完整和合乎习惯。为了使词汇概念或范畴更清楚。为了使专业内容表达得更具体。原则：增补语义上、修辞上需要的词。增补原文中的省略成分。增补原文中的内含语义。,1.增译法(amplification),1.1 语法的需要（英汉差异）1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）1.3 语用的需要（修辞、文化）,1.1 语法的需要（英汉差异）,1.1.1英语中的名词为复数形式时(1)I saw bubbles rising from under the water.(2)The first electronic computers went into operation in 1945.,(3)Cargo insurance is to protect the trader from losses that many dangers may cause.(4)Nations have utilized different economic resources;people have developed different skills.,1.1 语法的需要（英汉差异）,1.1.2 英语的时态变化(1)Before 15th century it was generally believed that the earth was the center of the universe.(2)The old man said,“They say his father was a fisherman.Maybe he was as poor as we are.”,1.1 语法的需要（英汉差异）,1.1.3 增加量词(1)To the east and the south a faint pink is spreading.(2)The sun rose thinly from the sea.(3)A stream was winding its ways through the valley into the river.,1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）,1.2.1 抽象名词(1)Oxidation will make iron and steel rusty.(2)Due care must be taken to ensure that the pulse signal itself shall show no irregularities and no interruptions.,1.2.1 抽象名词arrogance jealousytransition preparationtension backwardnessoxidation correctnesshostility complexitymadness remedy,1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）,1.2.2 分词短语、独立结构Using a transformer,power at low voltage can be transformed into power at high voltage.如果分词短语或独立分词结构含有时间、原因、条件、让步等状语意义，翻译时可增加“当时”、“之后”、“因为”、“由于”、“如果”、“假若”、“虽然但”等词。,1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）,1.2.3 不定式作目的或结果状语We made transistors by different means only to get the same effect.当动词不定式和不定式短语表示目的或结果状语时，通常就可在其前面加：“为了”，“要”，“以便”，“就”，“从而”，“结果”等词。,1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）,1.2.4 不定式的被动形式作定语The cutting tool must be harder than the material to be cut.当动词不定式的被动形式作定语时，通常表示按计划或要求表示的动作，含有“将来”的意思。翻译时要增加“要”，“将”，“待”，“应”，“须”等词。,1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）,1.2.5 被动语态句中的谓语(1)All matter is known to possess weight.。(2)The plan is considered practical.,1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）,1.2.6 几个成分并列(1)The frequency,wave length and speed of sound are closely related.(2)The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers,artificial satellites and rockets.,1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）,1.2.7倒装语序表示的虚拟条件状语从句Had there been no electronic computers,there would have been no artificial satellite or rockets.,1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）,1.2.8“be”开头的让步状语从句(1)Be the shape of a body complicated,it is possible to find out its volume.(2)All magnets behave the same,be they large or small.,1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）,1.2.9 无连词的并列句Liquids contract in freezing;water is an important exception to the rule.,1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）,1.2.10祈使句(1)Remember that science requires the effort of a lifetime.(2)Compare the melting point and freezing point of a substance.,1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）,1.2.11 英语中的省略 为使句子前后连贯、意思通顺、逻辑严密，英译汉时可增加某些适当的词，包括语气助词、概括词、承上启下的词等。(1)Both brothers are not here.(2)When I arrived I found her sitting on the stoep.She looked lonely and pathetic.,1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）,(1)Atomic cells are very small and very light,as compared to ordinary dry ones.(2)If you think you are beaten,you are.(3)The best conductor has the least resistance and the poorest the greatest.(4)After the banquets,the machine exhibitions,the chief managere returned to the hotel.,1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）,语气连贯(1)Heat from the sun stirs up the atmosphere,generating winds.(2)For mistakes had been made,bad ones.,1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）,概括词(1)要顾全大局。(2)结婚大办酒席，实在可以免去了。,1.2 语义的需要（意义表达）,1.2.11 英语中的省略(3)在党的领导下，中国人民已经完成了解放事业。解放事业？,1.3 语用的需要（修辞、文化）,1.3.1修辞生动活泼(1)Poor little tender heart!And so it goes on hoping and beating,and longing and trusting.,1.3 语用的需要（修辞、文化）,1.3.2 文化背景 The blond boy quickly crossed himself.那个金发小男孩立刻在胸前划十字，祈求上帝保佑。,2.减译法(omission),词的省译 词的省译或叫省略法，指的是原文中的有些词，译时不译出来。译文中虽无其词，但已有其意，或是属于不言而喻，译出来反倒累赘或是违背译文的语言习惯。省略译法的目的是为了使译文简明扼要、通顺。要特别注意，省略法不是，也不能删去其中的内容。,2.减译法(omission),2.1 语法角度2.2 修辞角度,2.减译法(omission),2.1 语法角度 英汉两种语言在语法上差异较大，例如：英语有冠词，而汉语却没有；英语重形合、连接词较多，汉语重意合、连接词较少；英语中介词丰富，多达280多个，汉语中介词则较少，只有30来个；英语中经常使用代词，尤其是经常使用人称代词、关系代词等，而汉语中代词则用得较少；因此，英译汉时可根据具体情况将冠词、连接词、介词、代词略去，使译文练达晓畅。,2.1.1 省略代词1)He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable 2）So the train came,he pinched his little sister lovingly,and put his great arms about his mothers neck and then was away.3)Ice is a solid.If we heat it,it melts and becomes water.4)The products should be sampled to check their quality before they leave the factory.,2.减译法(omission),2.1 语法角度2.1.2省略连接词 1）He looked gloomy and troubled.2）If winter comes,can spring be far behind?3)Come if you like.,2.1.3省略冠词 英语有冠词，汉语没有冠词，因此，英译汉时往往可将冠词省略。1）A teacher should have patience in his work.2）The horse is a useful animal.3）The moon was slowly rising above the sea.4）The proletariat and the peasantry must unite!,2.减译法(omission),2.2 修辞角度 1）University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.2）There was no snow,but the leaves were gone from the trees and the grass was dead.,英汉翻译中的减词法,The retailers perform many functions.First,he may provide a convenient location.Also,he often guarantees and services the merchandise he sells.Third,the retailer aids in promoting the product,often through displays and advertising.Fourth,the retailers may finance the customer by extending credit.Further,the retailer performs storage function in his outlet,by having goods available.零售商还发挥许多功能。其一，（）可提供便利的场地；其二，（）对他所经销的商品提供担保和服务；其三，（）帮助促销产品，经常进行商品展示活动和发布广告；其四，（）为顾客提供信贷。另外，由于供货及时，零售商还可发挥其商店的仓储功能。,练习（增词法）,（1）Flowers bloom all over the yard.(2)We were hoping to have a holiday next week,but we may not be able to get away now.（3）The Americans and the Japanese conducted a completely secret exchange of messages.（4）Packing together with packing is designed not only as a form of protection but also a form to facilitate handling,storage,to prevent pilferage and whats more to help promote the sales.,练习（减词法）,（1）He is not well today,but he still comes to class.（2）That dishonest boy is not at all ill.He is alive and kicking in the swimming pool.We all saw him.（3）On condition that you sign this receipt,Ill pay the money.（4）中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。,Thank you!,