特点与命名.ppt

一、科技英语的特点,词汇上的特点,句法上的特点,修辞上的特点,1.词汇上的特点,(1)词义专一,take,拿、带、采用、承担、容纳、假定、推断、产生、引起、处理、乘等,take apart,take away,take back,take down,take from,take off,take on,take in etc,oxidation,氧化反应,词愈长，词义愈单一,hexachlorocyclohexane,六氯环己烷,plant,植物 种植,Basic chemicals are typically manufactured in plants that produce hundreds of thousands of tonnes of products per year.,工厂,base,基础,A base is the hydroxide of a metal,碱,()前后缀出现频率高,英语的构词法主要有三种,合成法,转化法,派生法,其它：压缩法、混成法、符号法和 字母象形法,合成法：两个或更多的词合成一个词(有时需加连字符),atomic weight,functional group,branched chain,by-product,acid ionization constant,standard electrode potential,转化法,charge(n电荷),charge(v充电),yield(n产率),yield(v生成),派生法:化学科技英语最常用的构词法,thermo-,热、电,thermoplastic,thermodynamic,-icide,杀、杀剂,insecticide,bactericide,“烷烃”alkane,“-ene”、“-yne”、“-ol”、“-al”、“-yl”,“烯”、“炔”、“醇”、“醛”、“基”,其它构词法：压缩法,ppm,parts per million 百万分之一,UFO,unidentified flying object,rpm（r/m）,revolution per minute 转/分钟,rate per minute 每分钟速率,CA,chemical abstract 化学文摘,cost accounting 会计成本,compressed air 压缩空气,其它构词法：混成法,两个词的头尾连在一起，构成一个新词,smog smoke+fog,烟,雾,烟雾,aldehyde alcohol+dehydrogenation,醇,脱氢,醛,(3)科技词汇多源于希腊语和拉丁语,chlorine,chloros（希腊语）,greenish yellow,phosphorus,phosphoros（希腊语）,Light bearing,formic acid,formica（拉丁语）,ant,2.句法上的特点,(1)长句使用多,Most people are familiar with the idea that the chemical elements which constitute the matter of the universe,are made up of particles called atoms and that an atom is the smallest recognizable particle of an element.,One way to relate the structural formulas of these functional groups to the structural formulas of a carboxylic acid is to imagine a reaction in which OH from the carboxyl and H from a mineral acid,a carboxylic acid,an alcohol,or an amine is removed as water and the remaining atoms are joined in the following ways.,(2)广泛使用被动语态句,Nitration can be carried out with nitric acid.,Nitrogen is known to be an inert gas.,(3)动词非谓语形式使用频率高,When a piece of metal is rubbed with wool,the electricity produced moves freely through the metal.,(4)普遍使用形容词短语作后置定语,As a ship is loaded,it sinks deeper into the water,displacing an additional amount of water equal to the weight of the added load.,3.修辞上的特点,(1)时态运用有限,Hydrogen reacts with oxygen.,Weakness in the metal caused it to fracture under tension.,A number of various complicated problems have already been solved with the help of computers.,(2)修辞手法较单调,二、翻译的质量标准,翻译：把一种语言文字的意义用另一 种语言文字表达出来,玄奘不但把梵文佛经译成汉语，而且还是中国第一个把汉语著作介绍到外国，让外国了解我国的古代文化的翻译家，是他第一个把老子的著作译成梵文。,印度学者这样评价玄奘：,在中国以外没有这么伟大的翻译家，在全人类文化史中，只能说玄奘是第一个伟大的翻译家,清末翻译家严复：,信,达,雅,忠实,通顺,修辞,准确规范、通顺易懂、简洁明晰,准确规范,准确：忠实地、不折不扣地传达原文的全部信息内容,规范：译文要符合所涉及的科学技术或某个专业领域的专业语言表达规范,Oil and gas will continue to be our chief source of fuel,通顺易懂,China proves rich in oil and she is completely self-sufficient in it.,简洁明晰,The homologs of benzene are those containing an alkyl group or alkyl groups in place of one or more hydrogen atoms,苯的同系物就是那些被一个或多个烷基取代一个或多个氢原子所形成的产物。,苯的同系物是那些苯环上含有单烷基（取代一个氢）或多烷基（取代多个氢）的物质。,What is“Special English of Chemistry”?,Why to learn“Special English of Chemistry”?,How to learn“Special English of Chemistry”?,Why to learn“Special English of Chemistry”?,专业英语学习就是为了培养学生在自己的专业领域内查阅、翻译英文文献、写出地道的论文英文摘要，与国外学者直接进行科技交流，这才是英语学习的最终目的。,给自己设定三个目标：阅读方面：能查阅该领域的专业文章，通过专业词典能快速理解文章主线和细节；写作方面：要求写出符合科技论文要求及特点的英文摘要，在本科毕业论文中具体体现；听说方面：要求能进行一些简单的专业技术交流。,How to learn“Special English of Chemistry”?,掌握词根和组词的方法，扩大专业词汇量 组织有效的复习：“学而时习之”和“温故而知新”,平时要在大量阅读中去接触、熟悉、记忆,加强专业英语、基础英语和专业课程的联系,Surfactants are usually organic compounds that are amphiphilic，meaning they contain both hydrophobic groups(their“tails”)and hydrophilic groups(their“heads”),三、Naming Inorganic Compounds,1.Compounds of the metals,规则：,两个单词组成,前面单词：金属名称,后面单词：非金属名称“-ide”,化物,Name Symbol,aluminumbarium cadmiumchromiumcoppergoldironleadlithiummagnesiummanganese,AlBaCdCrCuAuFePbLiMgMn,Name Symbol,mercurynickelplatinumpotassiumradiumrubidiumsilversodiumtinzinc,HgNiPtKRaRbAgNaSnZn,Element Latin Name Symbol,antimonycoppergoldironleadmercurypotassiumsilversodiumtin,stibiumcuprumaurumferrumplumbumhydrargyrumkaliumargentumnatriumstannum,SbCuAuFePbHgKAgNaSn,较常用非金属：,fluorinechlorinebromineiodinesulfurcarbon,fluoridechloridebromideiodidesulfidecarbide,倒数第二辅音“-ide”,oxygenhydrogennitrogenhalogenphosphorus,oxidehydridenitridehalidephosphide,倒数第三辅音“-ide”,非金属有两个元素组成：,hydroxycyanperoxy,hydroxidecyanideperoxide,举例：,KI,Potassium iodide,NaOH,Sodium hydroxide,FeCl3,Ferrum(iron)chloride,?,金属的价态不止一种时：,规则：,用后缀“-ic”表示高价态,用后缀“-ous”表示低价态,FeCl3,ferric chloride,FeCl2,ferrous chloride,CuO,cupric oxide,Cu2O,cuprous oxide,HgS,mercuric sulfide,Hg2S,mercurous sulfide,2.Binary compounds of the nonmetals,规则：,先出现的元素先写第二元素“-ide”,HCl,Hydrogen chloride,CO CO2,?,如果一对元素组成不止一个化合物，则应标出原子个数,hemi-mono-1di-2tri-3tetra-4penta-5hexa-6hepta-7,octa-8nona-9deca-10undeca-11dodeca-12trideca-13,CO,carbon monoxideor carbon oxide,CO2,carbon dioxide,NO,nitrogen oxide,N2O,dinitrogen oxide,N2O3,dinitrogen trioxide,N2O5,dinitrogen pentoxide,H2O2,hydrogen peroxide,NH3,ammonia,PH3,phosphine,N2H4,hydrazine,3.Oxyanions,大多数非金属形成两种或两种以上含氧负离子,用“-ate”(酸盐)，“-ite”(亚酸盐)作后缀,规则：,(1)非金属只形成两个含氧负离子,高价氧化态负离子，用“-ate”作后缀,低价氧化态负离子，用“-ite”作后缀,SO42-,sulfate,SO32-,sulfite,NO3-,nitrate,NO2-,nitrite,PO43-,phosphate,PO33-,phosphite,(2)非金属不止形成两个含氧负离子,最高价氧化态负离子，用“per-”作前缀用“-ate”作后缀,最低价氧化态负离子，用“hypo-”作前缀用“-ite”作后缀,次高价氧化态负离子，用“-ate”作后缀,次低价氧化态负离子，用“-ite”作后缀,ClO4-,perchlorate,ClO3-,chlorate,ClO2-,chlorite,ClO-,hypochlorite,其它较常用的含氧负离子命名,CO32-,carbonate,MnO4-,permanganate,CrO42-,chromate,Cr2O72-,dichromate,(3)含有氢的含氧负离子,新方法：含氧负离子前加“hydrogen-”,老方法：含氧负离子前加“bi-”,HSO4-,hydrogensulfate,bisulfate,酸盐的命名规则类似于金属化合物,金属含氧负离子,Na2SO4,sodium sulfate,KNO2,potassium nitrite,4.Oxyacids,规则：,对应于含氧负离子，只是用“-ic”替代“-ate”+“acid”用“-ous”替代“-ite”+“acid”,NO3-,nitrate,NO2-,nitrite,HNO3,nitric acid,HNO2,nitrous acid,ClO4-perchlorateClO3-chlorateClO2-chloriteClO-hypochlorite,ic acid,HClO4,chloric acid,chlorous acid,hypochlorous acid,SO42-,sulfate,SO32-,sulfite,H2SO4,sulfuric acid,H2SO3,sulfurous acid,不含氧的酸,规则：,“hydro-”+非金属+“-ic”+“acid”,HCl(aq.),aqueous,含水的,hydrochloric acid,H2S(aq.),hydrosulfuric acid,四、Naming organic Compounds,有两种名称,trivial name(common name),systematic name,trivial name(common name):,与化合物的来源有关,formic acid,与化合物具有的特殊性能有关,morphine,morpheus(the god of sleep),systematic name,又叫Geneva Nomenclature（日内瓦命名法）,也叫IUPAC命名法,International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry,按照化合物的骨架和种类命名,优点：,可看出分子的结构,cumene,1-methylethylbenzene,1.Hydrocarbons,(1)Alkanes(saturated hydrocarbons),规则：,C1C4烷烃命名采用半俗名methane ethane propane butane,C4以上烷烃采用系统命名,C numbers Name,567891011121314,PentaHexaHeptaHexaNonaDecaUndecaDodecaTridecaTetraceca,C numbers Name,202122233031405060100,IcosaHenicosaDocosaTricosaTriacontaHentriacontaTetracontaPentacontaHexacontahecta,前缀：pent-hex-hept-oct-non-dec-undec-dodec-,后缀：-ane,CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3,pentane,取代基命名规则：,用“-yl”代替“-ane”,CH3-,methane,yl,C2H5-,ethyl,n-propyl,normal正,isopropyl,isomer 异,n-butyl,isobutyl,secbutyl,secondary 仲,tert-butyl,tertiary 叔,2-methylbutane,3-Ethyl-2-methylhexane,3-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane,取代基为卤素的烷烃：,卤素名称 fluoro-chloro-bromo-iodo-,1-Bromobutane(n-butyl bromide),2-Bromobutane(sec-butyl bromide),1-Bromo-2-methylpropane(isobutyl bromide),2-Bromo-2-methylpropane(tert-butyl bromide),(2)Cycloalkanes,规则：,在烷烃前加“cyclo-”,cyclopropane,1,3-Dimethylcyclohexane,(3)Alkenes,规则：,用“-ene”代替对应烷烃的“-ane”,C3以上的烯烃要指出双键所在位置,简单烯烃可用俗名，用“-ylene”代替烷烃的“-ane”,propane,ene,ylene,2-methylpropene,(Isobutylene),2-butene,(4)Alkadienes,规则：,用“-adiene”代替对应烷烃的“-ane”,1,3-pentadiene,(5)Alkynes,规则：,用“-yne”代替“-ane”,俗名：作为乙炔(acetylene)的烷基衍生物,ethyne,(acetylene),propyne,(methylacetylene),3-methyl-1-pentyne,(sec-butylacetylene),2.Aromatic hydrocarbons,单环芳烃命名规则：,取代基 benzene,methylbenzene,(toluene),bromobenzene,nitrobenzene,ethenylbenzene,(styrene),1,2-dimethylbenzene,(o-xylene),ortho-邻,m-xylene,meta-间,p-xylene,para-对,1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene,(p-chloronitrobenzen),2-bromo-1-methyl-4-nitrobenzene,hydroxybenzene,?,phenol,4-bromophenol,常见的多环芳烃：,naphthalene,anthracene,2-naphthol,9,10-Anthraquinone,3.Alcohols,规则：,(1)一元醇，用“-ol”代替“-ane”中“e”,俗名：alkyl alcohol,ethanol,(ethyl alcohol),a primary alcohol,2-propanol,(isopropyl alcohol),a secondary alcohol,2-methyl-2-propanol,(tert-butyl alcohol),a tertiary alcohol,(2)二元醇，直接加“-diol”,1,2-ethanediol,(glycol),(3)三元醇，直接加“-triol”,1,2,3-propanetriol,(glycerol),4.Ethers,规则：,与氧所联的小基团称 alkoxy 基团取代，大基团为取代烃。,俗名：与氧所联的两个烷基ether,methoxyethane,(ethyl methyl ether),ethoxyethane,(diethyl ether),(ethyl ether),methoxybenzene,(methyl phenyl ether),5.Carboxylic acids,规则：,(1)“-COOH”不在环上,用“-oic”代替“-ane”中“e”acid,propane,oic,acid,methanoic acid,(formic acid),ethanoic acid,(acetic acid),3-hydroxybutanoic acid,(2)“-COOH”在环上,直接加“carboxylic acid”,cyclohexanecarboxylic acid,benzenecarboxylic acid,(benzoic acid),6.Carboxylic acid derivatives,(1)Acid halides,acyl halides（酰基卤化物）,规则：,用“-yl”代替酸的“-ic”+halide,ethanoyl chloride,(acetyl chloride),(2)Acid anhydrides,规则：,酸去“acid”+anhydride,acetic anhydride,(3)Esters,规则：,与“-o-”所联烷基作取代基另一基团用“-ate”代替“-ic”,methyl ethanoate,(methyl acetate),ethyl benzoate,(4)Amides,规则：,(1)用“-amide”代替酸的“-oic”或“-ic”,formamide,benzamide,(2)“-CONH2”在环上,直接加“carboxamide”,2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxamide,7.Aldehydes,规则：,(1)用“-al”代替“-ane”中“e”,(2)用“-aldehyde”代替 酸俗名中的“-oic”或“-ic”,methanal,(formaldehyde),acetaldehyde,benzaldehyde,“-CHO”在环上,直接加“carboxaldehyde”,Cyclohexanecarboxaldehyde,8.ketones,规则：,用“-one”代替“-ane”中“e”,俗名：与羰基所联的两个烷基+ketone,propanone,(acetone),(dimethyl ketone),如果羰基与苯环相连，用“-ophenone”代替“-oic”或“-ic”,acetophenone,benzophenone,9.Amines,规则：,用“-amine”代替“-ane”中“e”,俗名：烷基+amine,methanamine,(methylamine),N-methylmethanamine,(dimethylamine),benzenamine,(phenylbenzene),(aniline),Class of compounds,Function group,Name as suffix,Name as prefix,Carboxylic acid,-oic acid,-carboxylic acid,carboxy,Esters,-oate,-carboxylate,alkoxycarbonyl,phenoxycarbonyl,Acid halides,-oyl,Amides,-amide,-carboxamide,amido,carbamoyl,Nitriles,-nitrile,-carbonitrile,cyano,Aldehydes,-al,-carboxaldehyde,methanoyl,Ketones,-one,oxo,Alcohols,-ol,Phenols,Amines,-amine,amino,formyl,-OH,hydroxy,-OH,-ol,hydroxy,-NH2,Alkenes,-ene,alkenyl,Alkynes,-yne,alkynyl,Alkanes,-ane,alkyl,Ethers,alkoxy,phenoxy,Halides,-X,halo,(fluoro,chloro,bormo,iodo),4-Hydroxybenzonitrile,4-Cyanobenzoic acid,The root names indicating the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain are derived from Greek or Latin,except for the first four members of the series.For a cyclic structure,the prefix cyclo is inserted before the root.Table I gives some skeletons and names of hydrocarbons.Comparable names apply to larger systems.,That air conditioning is principally cooling in the summer time is a mistaken notion arising from the undue emphasis placed on cooling by advertising as well as the spectacular impression made on people when entering a comfortable cool theater,store,or train,on a summer day.,