英语语言学概论 Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学).ppt

Chapter 5 Morphology(形态学,词法学),Internal structures of words and rules of word formation,careful wonderful successful beautiful widen deepen shorten fasten sharpenImpossible,incorrect,improper,illegal,report,import export transport support porterrespect inspect expect suspect prospectboys girls toys books tables bottles working,thinking speaking,cutting,hitting the,to,for,bird,leg,air,captain.suffixes,prefixes,roots,inflectional suffixes,free root,Semantically:root(词根)and affixaffix(词缀):prefix(前缀),suffix(后缀);derivational affixes(派生词缀)and inflectional affixes(屈折词缀)Structurally:free morphemes(自由词素,即自由词根)and bound morphemes(粘着词素),5.1 what is morphology,Morphology studies the internal structures(内部结构)of words and word formation rules.It divided into two fields:inflectional morphology(屈折词法)and derivational/lexical morphology(派生词法).It studies the different categories of morphemes(bound,free,derivational and inflectional)morphological rules,5.2 morpheme(词素,语素),Morpheme is a minimal meaningful grammatical unit in a language.1 minimal:smallest,it can not further be divided.un,bird but not blackboard=black+boarddisagree=dis+agree 2 meaningful:can not be further divided without destroying its meaningcap+tain,man+age=manage,3,grammatical:not only lexical morphemes like bird,leg,table,but also grammatical ones,liketo,for,-s,ed,-er,the a aninternational=inter+nation+altourists=tour+ist+sdisagreements=dis+agree+ment+s,Classification of morphemes,Free morphemes:those that can exist as individual words:the,to for cap shoe Lexical morphemes:nouns,adjectives,verbs,adverbs.Open class,large part of vocabulary 实词Functional morphemes:prepositions,conjunctions,articles,pronouns.Closed class.虚词,Bound morphemes(粘着词素):those that can not occur alone as separate words.-ful,-less,re-de,tele-vis-ion,un-happyRoots(词根),the most important part of a word that carries the principal meaning:receive,conceive,deceive,Respect,expect,suspect,diction,contradiction bird leg hand,Affixes(词缀):those that lexically depend on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words.Interralation:all free morphemes(like bird)are roots but not all roots are free morphemes.(like spect).All affixes are bound morphemes but not all bound morphemes are affixes(like ceive),affixes,Position:prefixes,suffixes and inffixes(中缀)dislike,disagree,discourage;movement,encouragement spokesman,townspeopleFunction:affixes can be divided into:inflectional affixes and derivational affixes,Inflectional affixes:indicate grammatical function,do not produce new words or cause a change in grammatical class.Number,gender,tense,aspect,case and degree(8个:-s,-s,s,-ing,-ed,-en,-er,est P60)Derivational affixes:produce new words,some change grammatical classes of words.dis-,un-,re-,in-,-ly,-y,ful,-er,ment,tion,(P 61),root:the basic part of a word that can not be further analysed without total loss of its identitybase:the form that a derivational affix is attached,disagree+ment=disagreemenstem:the form that an inflectional affix is attached:reopen+ing=reopening.eat+ing=eating(stem)eat+able=eatable(base)eat+er=eater,incorrect,impossible illegal irregularinexact impracticle illegible irrelevantinaccurate improper inefficient in-/in/,/im/,/il/,/ir/enlarge embodyensure empowerenrich en-/en/,/em/,Morpheme,morph,allomorph,Morphemes are the minimal meaningful units in a grammatical system of a language.ingMorphs are the realizations of morphemes in general and are the actual forms used to realize morphemesAllomorphs(词素变体):the realizations of a particular morpheme./in/,/il/ir/,/im/,d:/t/after voiceless consonants except/t/;hoped,looked,stopped,finished/d/after vowels and voiced consonants except/d/;loved,lived,realized/id/after/t/and/d/.Visited,stated,headed,z:/s/:after voiceless consonants except/s/,/,and/,books,maps streets;/z/after vowels and voiced consonants except/z/,/,/.bags,cars keys/iz/after/s/,/z/,/,/,/,/.sizes,bridges bosses,matches,haus-/haus/:house,housework,housewife;or/hauz/:houseswaif-/waif/wife,housewife or/waiv/wivesnaif-/naif/knife,or/naiv/knivesMorphs are related to morphemes in general and allomorphs are related to a specific morpheme.,empty morph and zero morph,empty morph:a morph whcu has form but no meaning.children=child+r+en oxen=ox+enzero morph:a morph which has meaning but no form.They work in Nanjing.work=work+/sheep(plural)=sheep+/,IC analysis,Morphemic analysis:to analyse the number of morphemes and the relationships between the morphemes.linear order of morphemes:the horizontal(水平)order or the sequential characteristics of morphemes in a word:meanings=mean+ing+sdisagreements=dis+agree+ment+s,hierarchical order:the internal structure or relationships of the morphemes.Immediate constituent analysis(IC analysis)to divide the morphemes of a word into two groups and then divide them into sub-groups and so on,until the irreducible constituents or the morphemes are obtained.,replacements replacement+s replace+ment re+place ultimate constituents(最后成分):re,place,ment,simmediate constituents:constituents:all the forms except the one at the top(word),replacements re+placements placement+s place+ment disagreements dis+agreements agreements+s,IC analysis must conform to the morphological rules:the rules that determine how morphemes are combined into new words.每次切分所得的词素都必须有意义,反映词构成的先后顺序.un+truly,unman+ly,5.6 word-formation processes1 coining(创造新词):the first-time creation of non-complex words whose form and meaning is completely unmotivated and arbitrary.Clone aspirin,nylon,zipper,dacron,Kleenex,雷人2 borrowing:taking over words from other languages.,borrowed words,borrowings or loanwords fall into 4 categories:aliens(非同化词):elite(精英),coup detat(政变)coupe(汽车);denizens(同化词):get,theater,socio(French)+logy(Greek).translation-loan(译借词):black humour(humour noir),mother tongue(lingua materna).,semantic borrowings(借义词):gift(the price of wife in Old English)-”gift or present”from the Scandinavian term“gift”,word-formation processes:the rule-governed processes of forming new words on the basis of already existing linguistic resources.productive ones:derivation(派生),conversion(转换)and compounding(复合);less productive ones:blending(拼缀法),clipping(截短法),backformation(逆成法),acronymy(首字母法),Derivation:a process in which one or more affixes are attached to a root or a base to produce a new word known as derived words.Derivation will often change the part of speech or grammatical class of the root or base.happyhappily.It is the most common word-formation process,including prefixation and suffixation.,compounding:a process in which two or more free morphemes are combined to form a new word called compound word or compound.sleepwalk,forget-me-not,water-bed.3 types:hyphenated compounds:linked by a hyphen.father-in-law,baby-faced,whistle-blowing,lets-make-a-deal.,A solid compound:two words are written together:fingerprint,sunburn doorknob.Open compound:the words are written separately:April Fools day,Boston terrier.A compound may be permanent or temporary,Conversion:a process to turn a owrd into a new word class without the addition of affix.It is also called functional shift or zero-derivation.Increase-increase.full conversion,partial conversion:the rich,the poor,the last,blending:to delete parts of two words and combine the remaining parts to form a new word.breakfast+lunch=brunchclipping:to form a new word by deleting one or two syllables without any change in meaning or part of speech.ominibus=bus,back-clipping:automobile=autoFront-clipping:airplane=planefront and back clipping:influenza=fluPhrase clipping:popular music=pop,back-formation:to form a new word by removing the supposed suffix from a longer word already in a language.baby-sit from babysitter edit from editor,acronymy:to form a new word by joining the first letters of several words together.Acronym:the letters are pronounced as a single word.APEC,NASAInitialism:the letters are pronounced one by one.UFO,VOA,