chap1Introduction.ppt

Introduction,Computer TalentsComputer Science and TechnologyThe Course About Computing Essentials,Computer Talents,1 general people 2 computer user 3 application programmer 4 systems developer programmer senior programmer system analyst5 computer scientist,About the Course,Foundations of Computer Science（计算机科学基础）Foundation and EssentialsOperation and PracticeLecturesExamination,About Teachers,杨谊（PART I Chap14，PART III 9）E-mail:Tel:62789313 新科研楼6楼6-3-13陈浩（PART II Chap 56）傅蓉（PART III Chap 78）吕庆文（PART III Chap 10）曹蕾（PART IV Chap1114）张煜（PART V Chap15）杨小燕、席卫文（上机）,About Teaching Plan,Chap1Chap15 Lectures 80%Four Practice 20%（教室楼机房 205、206、305、306）,About References,1Computer science An overview,Sixth Edition,J.Gleen Brookshear,人民邮电出版社，影印,2002.1 2Computing Essentials，Timothy J.OLeary(高等教育出版社影印),2000.73计算科学导论，赵致琢，科学出版社,2000.84计算机导论，王玉龙，电子工业出版社，2001.85.计算机导论双语课程网站（学校主页/教学资源）,课程特点和学习方法,读懂英文，用英文理解重视课堂课后通读课文完成布置的练习，查阅资料,英文教程中英文讲课内容广泛，进度快有一定的难度,PART ONE:MACHINE ARCHITECTURE,Chapter 1:IntroductionChapter 2:Data RepresentationChapter 3:Number RepresentationChapter 4:Operations on Bits,Chapter 1,Introduction,Chapter 1:Introduction,1.1.The Computer as a Black Box 1.2.von Neumann Model 1.3.Computer Hardware 1.4.Data 1.5.Computer Software 1.6.History 1.7.Keyterms 1.8.Summary,1.1.The Computer as a Black Box,Two common computer models:(1)data processor,Computer,Input Data,Output Data,Problems:Too generalNot specify the type of processing:Is a temperature controller a computer?,1.1.The Computer as a Black Box,Two common computer models:(2)programmable data processor,Program:A set of instructions that tells the computer what to do with data.written in a computer language.,The output data depend on the input data and the program.Example:Sorting,1.1.The Computer as a Black Box,Computer,Input Data13,36,24,8,Output Data8,13,24,36,Sorting Program,Figure 1-3,Same program,different data,Figure 1-4,Same data,different programs,Computer is based on the von Neumann model.,1.2.von Neumann Model,Computer,Input Data,Output Data,Program,Black box,Four subsystems:,1.2.von Neumann Model,Input Data,Output Data,Program,Black box,Control Unit,Arithmetic Logic Unit,Memory,Input/Output,von Neumann Model,Memory,The storage area.Programs and data are stored during processing.,Arithmetic Logic Unit,ALUCalculation and logical operations,Control Unit,Controls the operations of the memory,ALU,and the input/output subsystems.,Input/Output,The input subsystem accepts data and the program from outside the computer.,Input/Output,The output subsystem sends the result of processing to the outside.,计算机系统,硬件系统,软件系统,系统软件,应用软件,主机,外围设备,电源,内存,CPU,运算器,控制器,输入设备,输出设备,外 存,Stored program concept,The program must be stored in memory.Early computers only stored data.Both the program and the data have the same formatbinary patterns.,Sequential execution of instructions,The control unit fetches one instruction from memoryinterprets itand then executes it,1.3.Computer Hardware,Von Nuemann model is the standard of computer components.Details in Chapter 5,1.4 Data,Storing DataElectronic device electrical signal 0 and 1 Number,text,image,audio,video:must be changed to 0s and 1s,文字,12345-67.891023e634*69,1.4 Data,Organizing DataData are organized into small units,Small units are organized into larger units,Chap2、Chap3、Chap4,1.5.Computer Software,Programs must be stored.,program,data,Memory,1.5.Computer Software,Program is a sequence of instructions.reusabilityChapter 710,1.5.Computer Software,AlgorithmHow to combine the instructions to do a task?Step-by-step solution:algorithmChapter 8,语言文字表示的算法,例1：给出一个所有正整数的列表例2：步骤1：从你的口袋里取出一个硬币，把它放到桌子上步骤2：返回第一步，直到口袋为空,不可终止,图形语言表示用正方形纸折出小鸟的算法,计算机的算法表示,定义：一组规定一个任务如何完成的步骤。CPU一个机器周期内遵循的算法：取一条指令译码该指令执行该指令算法的表示原语伪代码流程图,1.5.Computer Software,LanguagesAt first,no computer language.Instructions(0s and 1s)were difficult and tedious.Symbols(words)take place of 0s and 1sChapter 9,1.5.Computer Software,Software engineeringThe design and writing of structured programs must follow strict principles and rulesChapter 10,1.5.Computer Software,Operating systemsThere are a series of instructions common to all programs.Write these instructions once for the use of all programs.Operating systems:a manager to facilitate access of the computer components and much more.(Chapter 7),人类追求的计算工具,Charles Babbage,1822 差分机,1833 分析机,MARK I,ENIAC,电子计算机时代,计算机产生与发展,1.6 History,第一台电子计算机（ENIAC）,计算机产生与发展,Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator,5000次加法/秒体重28吨占地170m218800只电子管1500个继电器功率150KW,继电器计算机的1000倍,手工计算的20万倍,将电脑浓缩在一颗芯片上,0.18微米芯片,10微米芯片,计算机产生与发展,晶体管数,每18个月芯片能力增长一倍。,计算机第一定律摩尔定律,计算机产生与发展,第一代（19461956）电子管5千4万（次/秒）,第二代（19571964）晶体管几十万百万（次/秒）,第三代（19651970）集成电路百万几百万（次/秒）,第四代（197190年代）大规模集成电路几百万几亿（次/秒）,计算机发展的几个阶段,计算机产生与发展,香侬1938年，首次用布尔代数进行开关电路分析，并证明布尔代数的逻辑运算可以通过继电器电路来实现。是现代信息论的著名创始人。1948年，发表通信的数学理论信息论诞生。,奠定现代计算机发展的重要人物和思想,Claude Shannon,计算机产生与发展,图灵与图灵机,图灵奖姚期智,计算机是使用相应的程序来完成任何设定好的任务。,Turing(19121954)，英国数学家1936 理想计算机的数学模型图灵机Church-Turing命题1950年，“计算机与智能”Enigma破译,计算机产生与发展,Turing,John von Neumann冯诺依曼,1949 EDVAC,冯诺依曼计算机,存储程序工作原理计算机的两个基本能力：一是能够存储程序，二是能够自动地执行程序。,计算机产生与发展,1.7 Key terms,AlgorithmALUBlack boxComputer languageComputer scienceControl unitData processorInput dataInstructionIntegrated circuit,MemoryMicrocomputerOperating systemOutput dataProgramProgrammable data processorSoftwareSoftware engineeringVon Neumann model,1.8 Summary,Computer science:issues related to a computer.A computer:programmable data processor that accepts input data and programs and outputs data.A program:a set of instructions executed sequentially.Every computer today is based on von Neumann model.,1.8 Summary,Von Neumann model includes four subsystems:memory,ALU,control unit,I/O.Data and programs are stored in memory.Programs are written in computer language.Software engineering is the design and writing of programs in a structured form.,Homework,P11p12 NO.1226Others are selective.学习完第4章后提问、对答案。,