学术英语(社科)Unit.ppt

学术英语 社科,Academic English for Social Sciences,5,Sociology MattersCultures all share certain basic characteristics despite differences.In this unit we will see how those characteristics change as cultures develop,and how cultures influence one another through their technological,commercial,and artistic achievements.,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Unit Contents,Text A,Text B,Listening,Speaking,Writing,Lead-in,Text C,Lead-in,Task Read the first paragraph of the text.Work in pairs and write down two examples of the development of culture in China.,1 _2 _,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinkingDifficult sentencesGroup discussionEnglish language for academic purpose,Collocations Signpost language Formal English,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text AnalysisAnalyzing the text by explaining key terms1 Culture,the totality of learned,socially transmitted customs,knowledge,material objects,and behavior,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis2 Cultural universals,adaptations to meet essential human needs,such as peoples need for food,shelter,and clothinge.g.athletic sports,cooking,funeral ceremonies,medicine,and sexual restrictions(Anthropologist George Murdock)(Para.2),Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis,the process of introducing a new idea or object to a culture:1)discovery:making known or sharing the existence of some aspect of realitye.g.the finding of the DNA molecule;identification of a new moon of Saturn(Para.5)2)invention:an invention results when existing cultural items are combined into a form that did not exist before.e.g.the bow and arrow,automobile,the Internet(Para.5),3 Innovation,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis 4 Globalization,the worldwide integration of government policies,cultures,social movements,and financial markets through trade and the exchange of idease.g.Starbucks in China(Para.6),Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis5 Diffusion,the process by which a cultural item spreads from group to group or society to society.e.g.Diffusion can occur through a variety of means:exploration,military conquest,missionary work,the influence or the mass media,tourism,and the Internet.(Para.7),Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis6 McDonaldization,the process through which the principles of the fast-food restaurant have come to dominate certain sectors of society,both in the United States and throughout the world,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,McDonaldization is associated with the melting of cultures.Examples:In Japan:African entrepreneurs have found a thriving market for hip-pop fashions popularized by teens in the United States.(Para.9)In Austria:the McDonalds organization has drawn on Austrians love of coffee,cake,and conversation to create the McCafe fast-food chain.(Para.9),Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,In some societies,McDonaldization has met resistance to the invasion of too much culture from other countries.Examples:In Canada:35%of a stations daytime radio programming is required be devoted to Canadian songs or artists.(Para.10)In Brazil:Barbies popularity has been eclipsed by Susi,a doll that looks more like Brazilian girls.(Para.10),Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis7 Technology,cultural information about how to use the material resources of the environment to satisfy human needs and desirese.g.Technology has increased the speed of cultural diffusion and broadened the distribution of cultural elements.(Para.11),Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis8 Material culture,the physical or technological aspects of our daily lives,including food items,houses,factories,and raw materials,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis9 Nonmaterial culture,ways of using material objects and customs,beliefs,philosophies,governments,and patterns of communication It is more resistant to change than material culture.,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Critical reading and thinking of Text A,Text Analysis10 Cultural lag,the period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material conditionse.g.the ethics of using the Internet,such as issues concerning privacy and censorship(Para.12),Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Difficult sentences,The cultural practices listed by Murdock may be universal,but the manner in which they are expressed varies from culture to culture.(Para.3),These cultural practices in Murdocks list are common to many societies,but these practices are carried out in ways that differ greatly among different cultures.,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Difficult sentences,Each generation,and each year for that matter,most human cultures change and expand through the processes of innovation and diffusion.(Para.4),For that matter is used to show that a statement is true in another situation.Here it emphasizes the fact that human cultures change rapidly.,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Difficult sentences,Today,more and more cultural expressions and practices are crossing national borders,transforming the traditions and customs of the societies exposed to them.(Para.7),Today cultural expressions and practices of different countries are influencing each other.Hence the traditions and customs of many societies are changed under the influence.,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Difficult sentences,Sociologist George Ritzer coined the term“McDonaldization”(Para.8),Coin:to use a word or phrase that no one has used before.Coining of new terms is common in social science studies,often serving to introduce a new concept or theory.,Her wardrobe includes(Para.10),The clothes that the Brazilian doll has,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Difficult sentences,Todays technological developments no longer need await publication in journals with limited circulation.Press conferences,often carried simultaneously on the Internet,now trumpet new developments.(Para.11),Today when new technology is developed,it does not have to introduce itself in specific journals;rather it normally draws on online press conferences to spread the information.,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Difficult sentences,the ethics of using the Internet,particularly issues concerning privacy and censorship,have not yet caught up with the explosion in Internet use and technology.(Para.12),The Internet ethical issues,particularly privacy and censorship issues are not fully discussed and well developed,thus is lagging behind the rapid increase in the Internet use and technology.,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,Group Discussion,It is said that people in different societies take different attitudes toward diffusion.What kind of attitude do Chinese people take toward diffusion?Use examples to illustrate your point.,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Collocation,Text A,English language for academic purpose,人们对衣食住的需求推出新概念解除现有的工作关系改变社会传统和习俗,Task 1 Translate the following expressions related to sociology into English(P96),peoples need for food,shelter,and clothing introducing a new idea sweep away existing working relationships transform the traditions and customs of the society,Unit 5Sociology Matters,1,Text A,English language for academic purpose,dilute the distinctive aspects of a societys culture the cultural invasion from other countries satisfy human needs and desires issues concerning privacy and censorship,削弱社会文化中的特殊方面来自于其他国家的文化侵略满足人类的需求和欲望关于隐私和审查的问题,Collocation,Task 1 Translate the following expressions related to sociology into English(P96),Unit 5Sociology Matters,1,Text A,2,Task 1 Complete the sentences with the collocations in the box.(P97),English language for academic purpose,Collocation,Unit 5Sociology Matters,human needs and desires level of privacymaterial culture social consequencesworking relationship worldwide integration,2,Text A,2,Task 1 Complete the sentences with the collocations in the box.(P97),English language for academic purpose,Collocation,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Internet users may achieve an adequate _ through controlled disclosure of personal information.This book presents a comprehensive analysis of the _ of population decline and aging in Japan.Sociologists use the term“globalization”to refer to the resulting _ of government policies,cultures,social movements and financial markets.,level of privacy,social consequences,worldwide integration,2,Text A,Task 1 Complete the sentences with the collocations in the box.(P97),English language for academic purpose,Collocation,Unit 5Sociology Matters,A final recommendation of the consultants was a radical attempt to forge a closer _ between the board and staff members.In the social sciences,“_”is a term that refers to the relationship between artifacts and social relations.Abraham Maslow wrote his Hierarchy of Needs theory wherein he attempted to document the five levels of _.,human needs and desires,material culture,working relationship,2,Signpost language,may be classified in a variety of ways At the essay level be sorted into functional groups Depending upon the purpose or intent of the writer Paragraphs may also be classified,Text A,English language for academic purpose,Task 2 Classification Read the paragraph on Page 98 and underline signpost language of classification.,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,In academic writing,claims are often couched in tentative language.This is known as hedging.,English language for academic purpose,Formal English,Modal auxiliary verbs:can,could,may,might,should,would Other modal verbs:appear,look,seem,tend Probability adjectives:likely,possible,probable,unlikely Probability adverbs:perhaps,possibly,probably,presumably Frequency adverbs:generally,occasionally,often,seldom,usually,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text A,2,Task 3 Complete the sentences with hedging expressions.(P98),English language for academic purpose,Formal English,Unit 5Sociology Matters,The cultural practices listed by Murdock _ be universal,but the manner in which they are expressed varies from culture to culture.For example,one society _ let its members choose their own marriage partners.Another _ encourage marriages arranged by the parents.,may,may,may,Text A,2,Task 3 Complete the sentences with hedging expressions.(P98),Formal English,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Globalization _ be defined as the worldwide integration of government policies,cultures,social movements,and financial markets through trade and the exchange of ideas.One economist went so far as to suggest that the entire field _ be simply summarized:“People respond to incentives.The rest is commentary.”,may,could,English language for academic purpose,Text A,2,Task 3 Complete the sentences with hedging expressions.(P98),Formal English,Unit 5Sociology Matters,When deciding how safely to drive,rational people compare,_ unconsciously,the marginal benefit from safer driving to the marginal cost.Economists,like astronomers and evolutionary biologists,_ have to make do with whatever data the world happens to give them.Workers unemployed for many months are more _ to suffer economic and psychological hardship.,likely,usually,perhaps,English language for academic purpose,Text B,Critical reading and thinkingDifficult sentencesEnglish language for academic purposeResearching,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text B,Sociologists view on globalization“Globalization means an increase in the geographic range of locally consequential social interactions.”(Charles Tilly)tourist gazethe expectation on the part of the tourist that he or she will have exotic experiences while traveling abroad,Critical reading and thinking,Main points of the text,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text B,Effects of globalization on international tourismGlobalization has greatly expanded the possibilities for international travel.(Para.2;find statistics to illustrate it)High level of international tourism translated into an increase in the number of face-to-face interactions between people of different countries.,Critical reading and thinking,Main points of the text,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text B,exotic experiencesexperiences that violate our everyday expectation about how social interaction and interaction with the physical environment are supposed to proceed e.g.Americans traveling in England may delight in the fact that the British drive on the left-hand side of the road.(Para.3),Critical reading and thinking,Main points of the text,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text B,Most of tourists do not want their experiences to be too exotic.e.g.the popularity of McDonald in Paris among young American tourists(Para.4),Critical reading and thinking,Main points of the text,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text B,What can sociologists study about the tourist increases with the march of globalization?e.g.dominant patterns of interaction that emerge between tourists and locals;whether these interactions are friendly or antagonistic(Para.6),Critical reading and thinking,Main points of the text,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text B,Difficult sentences,Americans,of course,have always interacted with people from foreign lands if for no other reason than America itself is an ethnically and culturally diverse nation.(Para.1),Americans,of course,have always communicated with people from other cultures simply because America itself is an ethnically and culturally diverse nation.,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text B,Difficult sentences,“globalization means an increase in the geographic range of locally consequential social interactions”(Para.1),Globalization means those social interactions that used to just impact the local community now has an impact that reaches beyond the local area.,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text B,Difficult sentences,High levels of international tourism,of course,translate into an increase in the number of face-to-face interactions between people of different countries.(Para.3),High levels of international tourism,of course,leads to an increase in face-to-face communications between people of different countries.,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Collocation,witness the effects of globalizationsocial interaction a proportion ofdelight inbe disconcerting totake pleasure input strains onwith the march of globalization,Text B,English language for academic purpose,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Team work:Form groups of 4-5 and conduct a research about Chinese tourists traveling abroad.The following prompts may be helpful:,the number of Chinese tourists abroad every yearthe countries they visit and the length they stay therethe aspects or things they are interested intheir shopping behaviorshow the tourists interact with locals,Researching,Unit 5Sociology Matters,Text B,Task 1(P103),The“tourist gaze”refers to the expectation of a tourist when he