耕作学CroppingSystem.ppt

耕作学 Cropping System,教-学方法,互动、参与式研究型不要死学、学死，要掌握实质，灵活运用。要求预习授鱼-教渔协调，教-学双方配合建立学习小组,第一课,有关的基本概念 Several related concepts；农作制度的功能 Role of farming systems；中国农作制度的特点 Features of farming systems in China。,基本概念 Several concepts,The farming system is defined as:A unique and reasonably stable arrangement of farming enterprises that the household manages according to well-defined practices in response to physical,biological and socio-economic environments and in accordance with the households goals,preferences and resources.These factors combine to influence the output and production methods.”(Shaner(1982)in Merrill-Sands,1986)是农户按照其基于物理、生物和社会-经济环境而精心设计的生产措施，与其目的、优先选择和资源状况协调一致的对农业生产的独特的、相对稳定的安排。,Farming system 农作制度,Transitory Agricultural Systems:Nomadic pastoralism游牧;Shifting Cultivation遊墾 Settled Agriculture:農耕 Arable Systems;畜牧 Pastoral Systems;大田農耕 Plantation Agriculture;小農農耕 Farm-Houshold(Small-farm)Agriculture;農漁牧混合制度 Mixed Farming Systems;Urban Agriculture 都會農耕(包括市民農園、屋頂菜園等),農業生產制度(Agricultural System),A farming system is more than just the production of crops and rearing of animals.It includes other resources,the activities and inputs of all members of the household.Therefore,farming systems analysis must helps us understand how rural households use all their natural resources to make a living.Farming systems analysis includes collecting fuel wood,building materials and other biological products,e.g.traditional medicine.It also includes non-farm activities like basket weaving or brick making,and off-farm activities like wood collecting and labouring.In the past,the interactions between farm enterprises,and between on-farm and off-farm activities were ignored.Farming systems analysis looks at:all enterprises,all species cultured or captured and all agroecological niches utilized by the household regardless of resource access regime.In doing this it recognises that farm households do a lot more than grow crops and tend animals!,Understand complexity of small holder farming,Enterprise Focus,Interest in increasing food supplies through improving the productivity of crops and animals resulted in a focus on particular enterprises.Although scientists used a systems perspective,they focused on a predetermined enterprise.,Different focus,Problem,Problem focus,Interest in poor adoption of modern technologies gave rise to a focus on farmers problems with low yield and poor crop and livestock productivity.Scientists used systems diagnostic perspective with a farmer problem focus.,(Source:Norman and Lightfoot 1992),Natural resources focus,Interest in sustainable agriculture gave rise to a focus on the rehabilitation and regeneration of natural resources.Scientists used an ecosystems perspectives with a natural resource systems focus.,Livelihoods focus,(Source:Norman and Lightfoot 1992),Interest in poverty alleviation gave rise to a focus on livelihoods.Scientists used more holistic perspectives incorporating off-farm and non-farm activities with a sustainable livelihoods focus.,国际上，农业研究与开发工作重点（尺度，scale）的变化，经历了几个阶段：上个世纪60年代及以前，重点是单一作物，育种工作占据核心地位，作物科学围绕发挥良种的遗传潜力进行工作，即所谓的“良种良法”。到70年代，研发的中心变为种植制度，即通过从时间和空间上对作物和资源的合理配置，来提高系统的生产力和效益。到80年代，研发工作的着眼点在种植制度的基础上加入了畜牧业生产制度和农作制度(两个层次，农户/农场系统)。到了90年代，又加上了社区系统和流域系统。这些变化说明了人们对三农问题的联系、对农业问题的系统性有了越来越全面、深入的认识。,耕作制度或农作制(faming system)：一个地区或生产单位作物种植制度以及与之相适应的养地制度的综合技术体系。研究耕作制度的目的是提高土地利用率，全面持续增加产量与收益。种植制度(cropping system)：一个地区或生产单位作物组成、配置、熟制与种植方式的总称。=arable farming system characterized by the crop rotation,the crop frequency and the level of inputs and outputs.作物布局(crop composition and distribution)：一个地区或生产单位作物组成和配置的总称。作物组成包括作物种类、品种、面积、比例等，配置是指作物在区域或田地上的分布。,基本概念国内目前采用的定义,多熟种植(multiple cropping):又称多作种植，是指在同一田块上一年内同时或先后种两种或两种以上作物。包括时间上(多种)和空间上(间混作)两个方面的集约化。复种(sequential cropping):在同一田地上一年内接连种植二季或二季以上作物。休闲(fa1low)：在可种作物的季节或全年对耕地只耕不种或不耕不种的方式。,基本概念,间作(row intercropping)：在同一田地上于同一生长期内分行或分带相间种植两种或两种以上作物的方式。混作(mixed intercropping):在同一田地上，同期混合种植两种或两种以上作物的种植方式。套作(relay intercropping):在前季作物生长后期的株行间播种或移栽后季作物的种植方式。,基本概念,轮作(crop rotation):在同一田地上，有顺序地轮换不同作物的种植方式。连作(continuous cropping):在同一田地上连续种植相同作物的种植方式。养地制度(soil and nutrient management system):对农田采取的保护与改善土地生产力的技术体系。,基本概念,前提Farming system=cropping system+Two explanations/understandings:A 耕作制度=种植制度+土壤管理制度（养地制度）B 耕作制度=cropping system,Cropping systemcrop management,soil management,water management,nutrient management,weed management,pest management,disease management,residue management.,表示隔年-表示年内平播复种或+表示间作/表示套作 表示混作例：小麦玉米大豆棉花大蒜小麦/棉花,常用符号,耕作制度的功能 Role of farming systems,耕作制度是构成农业系统主体、反映农业生产全貌的基本单位。凡从事农业生产活动，必然要涉及耕作制度。一个合理的农作制度，不仅重视一种作物的高产，而是着眼于各种作物的全面增产；它不仅致力于资源的充分合理利用，而且也重视资源的保护与改善；它不仅要求当年增产，而且要求持久增产稳产并提高经济效益，即从统筹兼顾出发，全面部署种植业，促进农牧业综合发展，持续改善农民的生活。农作制度是各种农业资源和管理措施整合的平台，对农作制度的透彻分析和设计，是进行农业系统设计和管理达到可持续发展的综合、的、根本的方法。Holistic management!不是顾此失彼、拆东墙补西墙或头痛医头脚痛医脚。,建立合理耕作制度的基本原则Principles for farming systems development,社会效益、经济效益和生态效益的统一。Ecologically sound,economically profitable and socially responsible.高产、高效、可持续。Highly yielding,higher profitability and sustainable.,中国农作制度的特点Features of farming systems in China,自然资源与经济特点种植制度演变种植方式限制因素用地与养地结合,自然资源与经济特点 Features in natural resources and economy,地形复杂 雨热同季的大陆性季风气候 土壤多样 人均耕地少 农业生产条件仍在逐步改善,种植制度演变Evolution of farming systems,第一，作物组成改变。小麦、水稻、玉米以及棉花、糖料、油料发展甚快，而谷子、高粱则下降。从播种面积看粮食作物减少，主要是大豆、高粱、谷子面积剧减，玉米、小麦、稻谷则增加，油料、糖料增加甚多。从总产量看，1985年粮食比1952年增加1.31倍 第二，复种指数增加。1952年全国耕地复种指数为130.9%，1978华达151%。第三，间作套种扩大。,种植方式 Cropping patterns,限制因素 Limiting factors,在我国的条件下，决定一年二熟或三熟的主要限制因素是热量。水分、肥力与肥料以及这三因素的配合。热量与水分决定了复种能否存在，而水与肥的数量又决定了效益的好坏与增产的幅度。尽管许多地方人多地少，在前后作物收获和播种季节，劳力仍很紧张，需要有一定机械的配合。与单作相比，间作对水、热、肥条件无特殊要求，但一般费工较多。,多熟 多样 多利 多养,中国农作制度的发展方向Trends of farming systems development in China,耕作学的特点Features of farming systems,理论基础的综合性学科思想和方法的系统性 学科内容的实践性 学科目标的应用性,主要学习参考书,刘巽浩主编.耕作学.北京:中国农业出版社,1994年第1版.刘巽浩主编.中国的耕作制度.北京:中国农业出版社,1994年第1版.刘巽浩、陈阜编著.中国农作制.北京:中国农业出版社,2005年第1版.,