kevin考研作文基础讲义.ppt

1,考研作文总体介绍,2,小作文（应用文）,要求：100words，满分10分，平均分5.56分，考场建议时间：20分钟，考试内容：投诉，建议，邀请，辞职，道歉，申请，推荐，求职，离职等内容，目标得分：8分；,3,大作文,以图画题为主，早年考过图表文章，提纲作文，背景作文以及开放式作文要求：160200字，满分20分，平均分11分，考场建议时间：40分钟；目标得分：14分,4,A节应用文的评分侧重点,信息点的覆盖内容的组织语言的准确性格式语域的恰当注：对语法结构和词汇多样性的要求将根据具体试题做调整。允许在作文中使用提示语中出现的关键词，但使用提示语中出现过的词组或句子将被扣分,5,B节作文的评分重点,内容的完整性文章的组织连贯性语法结构和词汇的多样性语言的准确性,6,解读评分原则（以大作文为例）,奖励分（3分）基准分（17分）,7,奖励分给分原则,正确正规可读 书法笔记 标点使用 修改的问题,8,书法笔迹大字VS小字笔的选择正规标记&，vs,etc.And,versus,etc.简写的问题：WTO？World trade organization(WTO)-,9,标点的使用1.随意点2.逗号问题3.句号问题4.省略号5.顿号6.书名号7.惊叹号和问号,10,修改的问题1.尽量别修改：三处以上修改扣一分2.反对对于内容的修改3.正确的修改方法：4.修正液,11,12,13,14,15,基准分的考察范围,内容形式语言,16,相关即可，自圆其说,17,12个万能理由,经济，效率，交流，他人安全，方便，环境，健康情感，性格，经验，空间,18,你认为是住在城市里面好还是乡下好？,住在城里的好处？住在乡下的好处？,19,在你家附近建一个超市，你是否同意？,20,养宠物的利与弊？,21,避免跑题,22,23,避免跑题,内容趋同最保险1997年托福考试真题：20世纪即将过去，21世纪马上到来，在你看来，20世纪最著名的发明是什么？为什么？它将对21世纪带来怎样的影响？,24,万能话题的选择一例多用,环保话题：在你家周围建一个工厂，你是否同意？你认为科学家对人类的贡献大还是艺术家对人类的贡献大？你的职业梦想是什么？如果让你发明一样机器，你会选择什么？,25,二 形式比较重要,分段段落安排合理,26,三 语言最重要,谚语和典故修辞准确和地道复杂的句式多变的用词,27,1 谚语和典故,Just as an old Chinese proverb says,Just as an old English proverb says,Just as an old Arab proverb says,28,日常积累谚语是可以编的具体的问题抽象化，抽象的问题具体化,29,（1）具体的问题抽象化白猫黑猫，抓住耗子就是好猫结果最重要Ends justify means.,30,（2）抽象的问题具体化：劳逸结合要懂得休息和休闲All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.男大当婚，女大当嫁结婚是正常的行为Each Jack has his Jill.,31,总结,不要直白的表达自己的目的；Jack 和Jill在谚语中经常出现否定常出现练习：人是铁，饭是钢，一顿不吃饿的慌。No longer can Jack live without grain.,32,2 修辞,a busy beethe blue skythe black coffeea evil devila pure angeldeep oceanas busy as a beeas blue as skyas black as coffeeas evil as a devilas pure as an angelas deep as ocean,33,3 语言的准确和地道,少写多改翻译新概念第二册后三十篇文章，与原文进行对照，找出自己的不足,34,4 复杂的句式,35,简单句变复杂的方法,形容词和副词同位语作插入语介词结构作修饰非限定性定语从句非谓语动词,36,形容词和副词,K哥讲课。白白胖胖的，穿着灰色毛衣的K哥激情四射地讲一节无比无聊的考研写作课。,37,同位语作插入语,同位语？位置相同的语言叫作“同位语”白白胖胖的，穿着灰色毛衣的K哥，一个三十岁的老男人，激情四射地讲一节无比无聊的考研写作课，比阅读还要无聊的课。所有名词后面可加同位语,38,c 介词结构作修饰,在一个艳阳高照的春日的午后，在教室里，白白胖胖的，穿着短袖衬衣的K哥，一个三十岁的男人，激情四射地讲一节无比无聊的考研写作课，比阅读还要无聊的课。,39,d 非限定性定语从句,在一个艳阳高照的春日的午后，在教室里，白白胖胖的，穿着灰色的K哥，一个三十岁的男人，激情四射地讲一节无比无聊的考研写作课，比阅读还要无聊的课，which left us a deep impression.,40,e 非谓语动词,我是一名教师。我讲课。I am a teacher.I give classes.I am a teacher and I give classes.Because I am a teacher,I give classes.I am a teacher,so I give classes.Being a teacher,I give classes.I,being a teacher,give classes.,41,我不是一名教师，但是我讲课。I,not being a teacher,give classes.我过去是个学生，但是现在我讲课。am beingwas having beenI,having been a student,give classes.我过去不是学生，但是现在我讲课。I,not having been a student,give classes.,42,汝非鱼，安知鱼之乐乎？,你自己不是鱼。You are not a fish yourself.你怎么能知道鱼的欢乐呢？How can you know the happiness of a fish？How can you,not being a fish yourself,know the happiness of a fish?我们自己不是年轻人，我们怎么能知道年轻人的痛苦呢？How can you,not being the teenagers yourselves,know the agony of them?,43,方法,当前后两个句子的主语相同的时候，可以去掉一个主语，将句号改为逗号，动词做以下的变化：Am/is/are=beingWas/were=having beenDo/does=doingDid=having doneBe done=doneBeing可以被省略I,a teacher,give classes.,44,如果主语不同呢？,今天很热。我在家呆着了。It is hot today.I stay at home.It being hot today,I stay at home.I,It being hot today,stay at home.I,it,today,being hot,stay at home.,45,当前后两个句子的主语不相同的时候，可以保留主语，将句号改为逗号，动词做以下的变化：Am/is/are=beingWas/were=having beenDo/does=doingDid=having doneBe done=done可以独立主格之前加上 with，being也可以省略。,46,五大经典句型,倒装虚拟语气as引导的状语从句状语从句的省略问题rather than vs other than,47,a 倒装,完全倒装：主系表倒装为表系主In the sunshine stands a young tree.(注意主谓一致)否定副词提前，部分倒装。Hardly can I do it.虚拟语气的省略倒装（略）,48,b 虚拟语气,It is high time that 主语did（是做某件事情非常紧急和迫切的时刻了。）问题如此严重，我们必须马上解决这个问题。The situation being so serious,it is high time that we took effective measures to,49,It is important/necessary/urgent+that+(should)+do 我们必须制订（work out）并执行一些法律法规（laws and regulations）来解决这个问题。It is imperative that laws and regulations should be worked out to Introduced It is imperative that corresponding laws and regulations should be introduced and enforced to tackle/address/curb and harness/this problem.,50,It is important/necessary/urgent+that+(should)+do 我们必须制订（work out）并执行一些法律法规（laws and regulations）来解决这个问题。It is imperative that laws and regulations should be worked out to Introduced It is imperative that corresponding laws and regulations（should）be introduced and enforced to tackle this problem.,51,条件从句引导的虚拟语气,52,c as引导的状语从句,让步状语从句：Although she is a girl,she sings like a man.Girl as she is,she sings like a man.尽管漫画很简单，但是其寓意却非常深刻。Simple as the picture is,the meaning behind it is as deep as ocean.,53,d 状语从句的省略问题,When in Rome,do as Romans do.When in Rome,you do as Romans do.(祈使句的省略)规则（1）当从句和主句的主语相同，（2）从句中的动词为系动词的时候，从句中的主语和系动词可以被省略,54,6岁的时候，我老爸开始给我讲英文。When at the age of 6,my father began to teach me English.怎么改?When I was at age of 6,my father began to teach me English.When at the age of 6,I was taught English by my father.,55,e rather than vs other than,rather than：而不是（万能插入语）I am the best teacher.I,rather than anyone else,am,rather than was,the best,rather than the worst,teacher,rather than 警察.Police/cop?,56,other than:除了,I,other than anyone else,am the best teacher.No one,other than I,is the best teacher.中国正在面临非常严重的。问题。,57,中国正在面临非常严重的环境问题。China is facing the most serious problem of environment.No country,other than China,is facing the more serious problem of environment.,58,合理的同义改写：中国正在面临非常严重的(养老/环境/社会)问题；在中国，(养老/环境/社会)问题 是最严重的。,59,环境问题在中国是最严重的。The problem of environment is the most serious in China.The problem of environment is more serious in no country other than China.In no country other than China is the problem of environment more serious.In no country other than China,it has been said,is the problem of environment more serious.,60,5 词汇的多样性,词汇量的概念简单词复杂化的方法五大恶心词汇词汇的替换方法,61,5.1 词汇量的概念,拼写稍微复杂的单词，放弃初中词汇,62,5.2 简单词复杂化的方法,(1)of+n.=adj.(2)the poor,the beautiful,the old(3)n.+and the like 和他的同类（作为从一个到多个的推广方法，议论文常用）表达陌生的词汇(4)so called+n.所谓的,63,And his like/and its like/and their like,It has proclaimed to the world that the Red Army is an army of heroes,while the imperialists and their running dogs,Chiang Kai-shek and his like,are impotent.它向全世界宣告，红军是英雄好汉，帝国主义者和他们的走狗蒋介石等辈则是完全无用的.,64,Thechildren learn singing,dancing,drawing,andthe(its)likeinthe kindergarten.孩子们在幼儿园里学习唱歌、跳舞、画图画等。,65,Lawyers,politicians and like would profit mightily from all this inefficiency and injustice律师，政客 以及这样的人，从这种低效和不公平中受益很多。,66,5.3 五大恶心词汇,importantsignificant,necessary,essential,urgent,of importance.very 替换very的方法：将adj.的同义词 变为adv.即相当于very,67,Different various,a variety of,vary from person to personPeoples opinions are various.People have a variety of opinions.Peoples opinions vary from person to person.Thinkthing,68,5.4 词汇的有效替换,上下义词的概念同义词和反义词代词,69,上义词和下义词的转换上下义词：是指某个词的词义包含在另一个词的词义之中。Swimming,fishing and playing golf are his favorite sports.此句中,swimming,fishing 以及 playing golf 都是sports 的下义词,70,看个例子：,A lioness and her cubs could be seen under a small tree.The cats seemed unaware of our presence.We watched for several minutes,thinking how beautiful the animals were.,71,实战问题：20世纪最伟大的发明是什么？,我们都认为是电脑。有同学这样写道：Computer is Computer is Computer is 至少应该这样吧：The computer is,72,上下义词来帮忙,第一句：The computer 第二句：This invention第三句：This technology第四句：The PC第五句：My Lenovo 第六句：My baby,73,我们常犯的错误,1.The invention of computers makes people live more comfortable and convenient.2.Many traffic accidents occurred is the result of careless.3.Last night was too cold.,74,4.By comparison,nuclear energy has some distinctive advantages,such as it is very clean and cheap.5.Some people claim that fast food will instead of tradition food.,75,6.Despite he is diligent at study,he still cannot pass the exam.7.though the internet has many benefits,but it also has some drawbacks.8.In the past,the price of milk was so expensive that few people could afford it.,76,9.I forgot my watch at home.10.Smoking is harmful to your body.11.The true fact is he never offers help to others.12.There are many people plan to study abroad 13.Keep pets are very popular among people live in big city.,77,14.The society should pay more attention to the problems of education,poverty and disease,however,they seldom do so.15.when talking to the interviewer,my heart was beating very fast.,78,文章的连贯性问题,79,讲解考试范文总结得失,The past several years have witnessed a phenomenon that a variety of ranking lists have been arising from all walks of life.,80,The past two decades have witnessed the rapid development,the good foundation of material and technology,the stability of society,the establishment and the perfection of the market economy system and the favorable market environment to promote the rapid development of the economy in the western regions of china.,81,It will only be a matter of time before the problem becomes things of the history.主将从现,82,回顾,段落安排合理聪明的学生举例子句式复杂多变用词有效替换语法错误减少,83,考研写作题型深度剖析,第一段的写作,84,1.Describe the picture描述图画2.Interpret its symbolic meaning阐释寓意3.Give your comments/examples给出评论或例子,85,万能开头句,86,目前，世界正在面临。的问题One of the pressing problems facing our nation/world today is.人们慢慢认识到。There is a growing worldwide awareness of.报纸上有一张图画引起人们广泛的关注。There has been a heated discussion about a picture in the newspaper.Cartoon,photograph,drawingMagazine,journal,87,在过去十年间，由于改革开放政策的执行，我国的经济有了巨大的发展，但同时带来了一些问题，而下面的问题是最严重的。在时间中发生了事件由于有了巨大的发展但同时带来了一些问题下面的问题是最严重的。,88,在过去十年间，由于改革开放政策的执行，我国的经济有了巨大的发展，但同时带来了一些问题，而下面的问题是最严重的。In the past decade,because of the carrying out of reform and opening up policy our economy has developed quickly.At the same time,it brings some problems.The following one is the foremost.,89,witness,The 2001 witnessed the most serious terrorist attack in American history.,90,The past decade has witnessed a huge development in economy.,91,Owing to+动名词复合结构,owing to the reform and opening-up policy being carried out,92,The past decade has witnessed a huge development in economy owing to the reform and opening-up policy being carried out,93,The past decade has witnessed a huge development in economy owing to the reform and opening-up policy being carried outAt the same time,it brings some problems.The following one is the foremost.,94,The past decade has witnessed a huge development in economy owing to the reform and opening-up policy being carried out,bringing some problems at the same time,with the following one being the foremost,95,描述图画,As is shown in the picture,（后接完整单独句子描写图画）Shown,depicted,drawnPicture,cartoon,drawing,photographClearly,Vividly,ridiculously,interestingly,96,开始真正描写图画:,在图画中央有,它,周围有 可以使用倒装主语与前文一致,可使用现在分词；或非限定性从句；独立主格结构作状语,97,如图所示，黑暗中有一盏小小的油灯，它向周围散发着光亮。As is shown in the cartoon,in the darkness happily stands a candle.It spreads brightness around itself.As is shown in the cartoon,in the darkness happily stands a candle,spreading brightness around itself.Just as an old Arab proverb says,love is just like light,being brighter in the darker places.Just as an old Arab proverb says,where there is love,there is hope.,98,描述图画,照片中央站着一位美丽的美国女孩,她穿着传统的中国服饰,佩戴着各种各样的饰物,脸上洋溢着灿烂的笑容.,99,As is vividly shown in the photo,in the sunshine stands a pretty American girl,(who is)in Chinese traditional clothes,wearing necklace and its like,with a sweet smile on her face.,100,描述图画,操场上有一个小伙子在跑步，向着终点冲刺。然而，终点又被命名为起点。尽管他已经很累了（大汗淋漓），但是他还要乐观的继续跑下去。,101,As is shown in the cartoon,on the playground runs a young man,rushing to the final,which is defined as another start one.Tired as he is,he has to continue his journey optimistically.,102,描述图画,图画中央躺着一位老年人,蜷缩着像一个皮球,他被四个子女赶出门外;而四个子女各自把守着自己家的大门,拒绝接纳老人.,103,In the middle of the picture lies an old man.He crouches like a football,who is rejected by his sons and daughter.they are guarding their homes respectively and refusing to take care of their father.In the middle of the picture lies an old man,crouching like a football,who is rejected by his sons and daughter,who are guarding their homes respectively and refusing to take care of their father.,104,描述图画,如图所示，在椅子上有一个年轻人，希望理发师把自己的头发理成贝克汉姆的样子。,Having his hair cut as cool as David Beckham,105,描述图画,温室里有一朵柔嫩的小花,长的很茂盛,而温室为它遮风挡雨.当小花从温室中挪出来的时候，它无法抵抗风雨的侵蚀，很快就枯萎了，任由它的花叶随风飘零。,106,StandsGrow vigorouslyWith 结构When it is removed from the shelter,it cannot stand the brush of the rain.枯萎？随风飘零？,107,in the green house stands a delicate flower,growing vigorously,with the shelter protecting it from the brush of the storm.When removed out of the protection,the flower cannot stand the storm and quickly dies,with its leaves falling in the wind.,108,总结,尽管图画很简单,但其寓意却是非常深奥的.Simple as the picture is,the symbolic meaning is as deep as ocean.作者的真实目的不是图画本身，而是要引导我们去探求在图画背后究竟隐藏着什么.(任选)The authors real purpose is not the fact itself,but to lead us to find what hides behind the ice burg.,109,第一段注意事项,万能开头如图所示，非谓语动词，with伴随结构 which,非限定性定语从句总结注意用词替换一副图尽量用一个句子表示。,110,意义阐释段落 第二段的写法,描述图画中各部分的象征意义段落具体描述展开段落阐释原因(可能性较小),111,描述图画中各部分的象征意义,表示图画中本体与喻体的关系的短语本体be revealed as喻体 is referred to as 喻体 be associated with本体refer to,stand for,indicate,epitomize,112,小花象征着孩子们孩子被父母过分保护父母被比作温室温室抵抗风雨风雨象征着现实中的竞争,113,Be associated withOver-protectedBe revealed as the greenhouseepitomize,114,Symbolically,the delicate flower is naturally associated with the youth,Who are overprotected by their parents,Who are revealed as the greenhouse,It protects them from brush of storms,Which epitomizes the fierce competition in the real world.,115,Symbolically,the delicate flower is naturally associated with the youth,overprotected by their parents,revealed as the greenhouse,protecting them from brush of storms,which epitomizes the intense competition in the real world.,116,展开段落的方法,科学论据法:根据一项调查表明举例子虚拟语气,117,科学论据法,根据一项调查表明 According to a surveyAccording to one of the latest survey conducted by a certain international organization,列举数字后,后面需要一个定语从句来补充说明,118,每年，中国北京市民花费在养狗上的费用价值$1，000，000美元，可以够日本人吃一年的！钱被花在宠物上的钱Money spent on pets annually列举数字后,后面需要一个定语从句来补充说明,119,According to one of the latest survey,money spent on pets in the city of Beijing is as much as$1,000,000,000,which can feed all the Japanese in the world for a whole year.,120,举例子,例子的选择方法个别的例子 V.S 普遍的例子将个别例子变为普遍例子的方法Suppose there is a familyFor example,for instance我们人类历史上与这个话题相关的例子有很多，下面这个是最有说服力的。Our human history has been filled with a variety of examples of,with the following one being the foremost.With的伴随结构中非谓语动词,121,在我所听到的，看到的，经历过的所有和这个话题相关的例子之中，最有说服力的是Among all the touching facts relating to that I have heard,noticed,and experienced,the most impressive one is 举例子引出例子的方法除了这个例子，我找不到更有说服力的了。I can think of no better examples other than,122,虚拟语气,如果没有改革开放政策,我们可能根本吃不到麦当劳或者肯德鸡.如果没有希望工程，那些孩子将永远接受不到宝贵的知识。如果情况继续恶化下去,我们将付出更加昂贵的代价。,123,好的情况假设如果没有，那么。If there were no such policy,we would never taste KFC.坏的情况如果继续下去，那么我们将付出昂贵的代价。If the situation were to continue,we would pay a high price.,124,虚拟语气-省略倒装Were there no opening policy,we would never taste MacDonalds at all.Were the situation to continue,we would pay a high price.,125,综合训练：关于”爱心是一盏灯”的例子,希望工程义务献血照顾老人照顾伤残人希望工程,126,希望工程,我们人类历史上与爱心相关的例子有很多，希望工程是最有说服力的。在中国西部有一些家庭，他们是如此的贫困以至于无法资助孩子上学。尽管他们很可怜，但是来自各个行业的人们向他们伸出了援助之手，这就是所谓的希望工程。根据一项调查，每年希望工程所募集的资金价值￥。，这些钱可以。如果没有这些帮助，那么这些孩子将永远无法得到宝贵的知识，永远生活在黑暗之中。我们人类历史上与爱心相关的例子有很多，希望工程是最有说服力的。,127,Our human history has been filled with a variety of examples of love,with the Hope Project being the foremost.在中国西部有一些家庭，他们是如此的贫困