英语国家概况Unit3History1(UK).ppt
Unit 3 The History of UK,Objectives,Be familiar with the history before the Norman ConquestUnderstand the feudal system after the Norman ConquestLearn about the history of the English Reformation and RenaissanceKnow the English Civil War and its consequencesKnow the major advancements in the Industrial RevolutionBe familiar with the Victorian AgeBe familiar with the situation of Britain in the two world wars,A brief timeline of British history,Questions:1.The earliest known settlers on the British Isles were _.2.The most famous/biggest relic left by the earliest settlers on British Isles is _.,I.Early Britain(Before 1066)Prehistoric times,Iberian,Celt,Stonehenge,The best evidence that the primitive people had showntheir own civilization is the Stonehenge.(史前巨石柱),Questions:3.Christianity was first brought to Britain by _.4.The Romans left behind on Britain three things of value,they are _,the _ and _,especially _.,Roman Britain,55BC-410 AD,Welsh Christianity,roman roads,cities,Hadrians wall,Roman Baths,Roman Britain,Roman Army,commanded by Julius Caesar,invade England in 55BC.The invasion marked the beginning of the English Recorded history.The successful invasion of England by the Roman Army,headed by Emperor Claudius was in 43AD.They built two great walls(the Hadrians Wall&the Antonine Wall)to prevent the Picts in Scotland.,The Romans remained in Britain from 55 BC to 410 AD,almost four hundred years(four centuries).They imposed their own way of life and culture.And they brought Christianity to England.The Romans left behind on Britain three things of value:Welsh Christianity,the Roman roads and cities,especially London.,Hadrians Wall(哈德良长城),Hadrians Wall,a stone wall barrier built to separate the Romans and the Picts tribes in Scotland 2000 years ago(122 A.D.).It allowed Roman soldiers to control the movements of people coming into or leaving Roman Britain.It was so well built that you can still see parts of it today.,How long was Hadrians Wall?It was 117 kilometers(73 miles)long across the narrow neck of England,from the North Sea to the Irish Sea.,Roman Civilization,Built up baths,temples,amphitheatres,villas and buildings,Established network of towns(-ster,-cester,-shire),roads and organized government system;mined iron,lead,tin and manufactured pottery.Brought new religion-ChristianityTreated the Britons as slaves and there was no intermarriage.,Roman Baths,Questions:5.The three Teutonic groups began to migrate from the region of Denmark and Low Countries(Holland,Belgium and Luxemburg)and settled in Britain.The three groups are _,_ and _.From the _ conquerors came the name“England”and“English”.,Anglo-Saxon Britain&Danish Invasion,450,3 Teutonic groups,Heptarchy,King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table,Viking Britain,793,King Alfred,the Great,The Anglo-Saxon Conquest,From the middle of the fifth century,three Teutonic groups began to migrate from the region of Denmark and the Low Countries(Holland,Belgium and Luxemburg)and settled in Britain.The three Teutonic groups were Angles,Saxons and Jutes.From the Anglo-Saxon conquerors came the name“England”,meaning the land of Anglo-Saxons and“English”.,Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy(七国时代),The seven principal kingdoms of Kent,Essex,Sussex,Wessex,East Anglia,Mercia and Northumbria have been given the name of Heptarchy,having occupied the lowland zones.Jutes invasion:In 449,the Jutish chief became the king of Kent（肯特）;Anglo-Saxon Conquest:Saxon:Essex（埃塞克斯）,Sussex（苏赛克斯）,Wessex（威赛克斯）;Angles:East Anglia（东盎格利亚）,Northumbria（诺森布里亚）,Mercia（麦西亚）;No possession of Scotland,Wales and Ireland,still by Celts,The legend of King Arthur;,King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table were romanized Celts trying to hold back the advances of the Anglo-Saxons.,The Viking Britain(793)Another wave of Germanic invasion came in the eighth century.These invaders were known as Vikings,the Norsemen or Danes,who came from Scandinavia.In the ninth century they conquered and settled the extreme north and west of Scotland,and also some coastal regions of Ireland.Their conquest of England was halted when they were defeated by King Alfred of the Saxon kingdom of Wessex.This resulted in an agreement in 878 which divided England between Wessex in the south and west,and the“Danelaw”in the north and east.,Viking Invasion,The name Viking comes from my language which is called Old Norse.It means a pirate raid.,Alfred the Great Alfred the Great,Father of British Navy;the Danelaw(eastern part of England for the Danes);established schools and brought churchmen to teach Latin;his writings and translations(beginning of prose literature in England);,However,fewer differences existed between Anglo-Saxons and Danes.By the end of the 10th century England was one kingdom with a Germanic culture throughout.Most of modern-day Scotland was also united by this time in a Celtic kingdom.,The Norman Conquest,FactsThe Battle of Hastings in 1066 made William,the Conqueror the first Anglo-Norman king of England.SignificanceIt is the last invasion of England by foreigners while English history regards it as a hidden blessing.,Questions:6.Norman Conquest,by _,beginning from the year _,established _ in Britain.7.King William made a record of each mans property,which was called“_”.8.The Great Charter signed in _ was made in the interest of the _,it had a progressive significance.9.The first parliament was called in 1265 under the leadership of _.,II.Medieval Britain(1066-1485),Doomsday BookKing John and the Great Charter in 1215 and Robin HoodKing Henry III and the beginning of parliamentSir De Montfort and the Great Council and All Estates Parliament in 1265Edward I and the model parliament in 1295 and William Wallace-,Britain under the Norman kings William the Conqueror,replaced the English bishops with Normans and made himself Head of the Bishops;completed the establishment of the feudal system in England,Sent his clerks to compile a property record known as Domesday Book in 1085.(The book stated the extent,value,population and ownership of the Land).,Feudal System,Influence,It has speeded up the development of Feudalism in England.Feudal aristocracy developed and resulted in the appearance of noble titles.This sophisticated medieval form of government was handed over to the Normans and grew stronger.The Doomsday Book(末日审判书)exemplifies the practical codification.Tower of London(the White Tower)served as the administration of justice.Witan was replaced by the Great Council led by the head of bishops.The Norman vs.Anglo-Saxon relation became that of the master vs.servant.,England was civilized by Norman way of living,particularly reflected by the language.It is a bi-linguistic period with French as the official language,Latin as the church language while the Middle English,as that of the lower class.However English regained the position of dominant speech by the end of 14th century.,King Henry II and his reforms,Henry House of Plantagenet（金雀花王朝）,Henry II reformed the courts and the laws:introduced the jury system(陪审团制度)institutionalized common law Great Council,Royal line,Richard I,Richard I succeeded Henry II in 1189.known as Richard the Lion-heart（狮心王）even before his accession,because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior.While he spoke very little English and spent very little time in England(he lived in the southwest of France).He was busy with the Crusade（十字军东征）in his lifetime.He remains one of the very few Kings of England remembered as an enduring,iconic figure in England.,Robin Hood,While King Richard I was fighting in the crusades,England was governed by his brother John,who imposed all the taxes.Robin Hood lived with his band of“merry men”in Sherwood Forest,stealing from the rich and giving to the poor.,Decline of Feudalism,The Greater Charter(1215)Beginning of Parliament（1265）The Hundred Years War(1337-1453)The Black Death(1348-1349)The Wars of the Roses(1455-1485),King John was demanding more feudal taxes and army service,and then an army of angry lords marched to London.King John was forced to sign the charter the lords had prepared in 1215.,The Great Charter(The Magna Carta)大宪章,Contents:no tax should be made without the approval of the councilno freeman should be arrested or imprisoned except by the law of the landIf the king attempted to free himself from law,the vassals(封臣)had the right to force the king to obey it.Significance The Great Charter was made in the interest of the feudal lords,great and small.It had a progress significance.It granted to the towns people freedom of trade and self-government.The merchants and craftsmen in England appeared for the first time as a new political force.,Beginning of Parliament,Henry III heavily taxed the lords to pay tributes to the Pope to defeat the lords.Simon de Montfort,defender of the Great Charter,reformed the Great Council with two knights each county and two representatives each town.It later developed into the House of Lords（上院）and the House of Commons.（下院）The Earliest English Parliament(All Estates Parliament)was summoned in 1265 in Westminster after the capture of Henry III.,In 1295,King Edward I summoned the“All Estates Parliament”more than 400 hundred members in all.As that parliament was followed as a model,it became known in history as the“Model Parliament”.Edward I was also famous for his invasion of Scotland fighting with William Wallace in the first war of Scottish Independence.,The Hundred Years War(13371453)Joan of Arc(1412-1431),the leader of the French peasants against the English.she was later tried for heresy（异端邪说）and sorcery（巫术）and was burned at the stake in Rouen.,Result of the war:By the time the war was concluded,the English had lost all the territories they had gained during the war except the French port of Calais.Consequence of the war:The war accelerated the breakdown of feudal society and put the money class,the new bourgeoisie in a more important position in Britain.,The Black Death(1348-50):killed nearly half of the European population,Consequence of the Black DeathThe lords was in shortage of the laborWage labor demanded higher wages and greater freedom.The paradox led to the hatred and conflict between the two classes.,Wars of the Roses,The Wars of the Roses(14551485)were a series of civil wars fought over the throne of England between adherents of the House of Lancaster（兰开斯特）（(feudal landowner)and the House of York（约克）(commercial-minded).Both houses were branches of the Plantagenet royal house,tracing descent from King Edward III.The name Wars of the Roses has its origins in the badges associated with the two royal houses,the Red Rose of Lancaster and the White Rose of York.,Questions:10.The _ Monarchy was in a transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism.11.In 1533,Henry VIII repudiated papal supremacy over English Church and declared himself _ of the Church of England by the Act of Supremacy.12.During the Renaissance period,the greatest of the English humanist was Sir Thomas More,with his classical work _.13.The greatest dramatist _ lived in the age of Elisabeth I.14.The“Glorious Revolution”was so called because it was _.,The Tudor Britain(1485 1603),Henry VII and the Tudor Rose,Henry III and the Reformation,Elizabeth I and the Renaissance and the Maritime War and the foundation of the British Empire The Stuart(1603)and the Civil war(1642 1646)and the Restoration in 1660 and the Glorious revolution in 1688,III.Transition to the Modern Age(1485-1688),Renaissance:,The Renaissance began in Italy in the early 14th century,with Leonardo Da Vinci as its representative figure.In England,the Renaissance began with the accession of the House of Tudor to the throne in 1485.The date was close to that of the introduction of printing into England by William Caxton.,Self portrait Of Leonardo da Vinci,Mona Lisa,The last supper,Reformation and renaissance England under the Tudors(1485-1603)Henry VII gained the throne when he won over the War of the Roses and created the Tudor rose,containing both the White Rose of York and the Red Rose of Lancaster.It symbolized the end of a struggle between York and Lancaster England became a national state with an efficient centralized government.It was in the transitional stage from feudalism to capitalism.It reformed church in England and tolerated enclosures.America was discovered and the Renaissance spread into England.It stimulated English commercial and maritime enterprise.,Henry VIII(reigned 1509-1547)He is one of the most well-known monarchs in English history.He had six wives.It was during his reign that the Reformation took place.,Henry had six wives because.He had the first wife because he was betrothed to her by his father.He had the second wife because he fell in love and also needed a legitimate male heir.He had the third wife because he still needed a male heir.He had the fourth wife because of diplomatic reasons.He had the fifth wife because he fell in love again.He had the sixth wife because he was old and sick and needed a companion and nurse who wouldnt give him too much trouble.Henrys Six Wivesfate was like the order of divorce,being beheaded,death,divorce,being beheaded,survival.,The Global Reasons for the Reformation in England,Encouraged by Martin Luther,many English people demanded reform of the church.The privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented by many people.The monarchy would benefit from the reform.,The fuseThe Pope refused to grant Henry VIII a divorce from Catherine of Aragon,and he set up the Protestant Church of England.The Act of Supremacy(1534)confirmed the break from Rome,declaring Henry to be the Supreme Head of the Church of England.,Elizabeth I(1533-1603)Daughter of Henry VIII,was the first of three long-reigning queens in British history.During her long reign she established a reasonable degree of internal stability in a firmly Protestant England.She never married,but used its possibility as a diplomatic tool.In her time,England established its supremacy over the sea.,On March 23,1603,Elizabeth died,which marked the end of Tudors reign.When she came to power England was an insignificant country.When she died it was a major European power.,The Golden Age,Under Elizabeth Is rule,England advanced in such areas as foreign trade,exploration,literature,and the arts.The English navy defeated the Spanish Armada.During her reign,the age of exploration began with the explorers such as Francis Drake claiming new lands for England and introducing new materials and foods.The American State,Virginia,is named after the virgin Queen.,The Spanish Armada（无敌舰队）(Invincible Fleet)in Early 1500s,The Maritime War in 1588,
