英语国家概况chapter(I).ppt

Guide to English-Speaking Countries,英语国家概况,英语国家概况,The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,Chapter 5 Education,Media and Holiday,The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,英语国家概况,Holidays and Festivals,Education,Media,I,II,III,CONTENT,Education,I,Educational Policy,Educational System,Educational Policy,Before 1870,education was voluntary and schools were set up by the church.20th century later on,government take responsibility for education.,Educational Policy,Compulsory education:ages of 5 and 16 Free education.(since 1944)Comprehensive schools introduced in the 1960sNational Curriculum introduced in 1988 Subjects:mathematics,English,science,geography,technology,music,art,physical education,a foreign language.,Educational Policy,Four stages:Primary:5-11secondary:11-16further education-16 Two more years in preparation for higher educationhigher education-18,Educational System,primary and Secondary EducationHigher EducationFamous Universities,Primary and Secondary Education,Two parallel school system:State system94%(Free to all children between 516 years old)Independent system Public schools 6%Independent tuition feesIndependent curriculum,Pre-schoolingBefore primary schooling some children have an opportunity to attend the few kindergartens,which are called“Nursery Schools”.,Primary and Secondary Education,state system11-year compulsory education5-11:primary schools 11-16:secondary schools(comprehensive schools:literature and science,cooking and carpentry),State System,Primary and Secondary Education,State Schools They are funded by local and central governments(Free to all children between the ages of 516)Independent schools Independent schools:fees are required 2500 independent schools in Britain,including Eton and Winchester A privilege for the richBetter fundedBetter teachersBetter facilitiesBetter chance to enter famous universities,Two Systems,Eton College,Harrow 哈罗公学：丘吉尔、拜伦的母校，约旦国王侯赛因、印度前总理尼赫鲁也曾在这里就学。Eton,伊顿公学，也是英国昔日殖民地上层社会家庭孩子入学的首选学校，从印度王子到阿拉伯王子，大家都以入学伊顿为骄傲。伊顿公学被称为“精英的摇篮”，先后出过20位英国首相。在各国名流眼中，能把小孩送到伊顿公学就代表了地位和身份，因此连英国切尔西足球俱乐部老板阿布拉莫维奇，也在拼命为孩子申请入学伊顿公学。,Independent System,primary and Secondary Education,6 percent of all British childrenHigh fees:7 000 per term,A privilege for the richBetter fundedBetter teachersBetter facilitiesBetter chance to enter famous universities,Independent System,primary and Secondary Education,Co-educated Schools State primary schools admit both boys and girls(aged from 5 to 11).These schools are called co-educational or mixed schools.Academic Year Begins in September,and is divided into three terms,with holidays at Christmas,Easter,and in the summer.,Secondary Education,The children begin secondary education at the age of 11.Types of secondary schools Examinations,Types of Secondary Schools,Independent and public Schools Independent schools are also confusingly called public schools.Independent schools are funded through the private sector,tuition fees and minimal government assistance.,Examinations,GCSE:General Certificate of Secondary Education普通中等教育证书 A-levels:General Certificate of Education-Advanced Level普通教育高级证书 GNVQ:General National Vocational Qualifications国家通用职业资格证书,Further Education,At 16:National examination，GCSE(General Certificate of Secondary Education),to leave or to continue“sixth form”(2 years):3 or 4 subjectsA-levels(General Certificate of EducationAdvanced)for universities admittances(academic)GNVQ(General National Vocational Qualification)for vocational training,British Educational System,Primary School 5-11,Secondary School 11-16(GCSE),Sixth Form School 16-18(A-levels),University or College of Higher Education,Vocational Training,Begin working,Begin Working,Begin Working,Begin Working,Primary and Secondary Education,D.Higher EducationBritish higher education has a long history.There are five types in higher education:1)old universities were Established in 12th and 13th:Oxford and Cambridge，they can be called Oxbridge.It is a term used to refer to the two most famous higher education institutions in Britain.,2)four Scottish universities They had been founded in Scotland before it was united with England to become part of the United Kingdom.They were St.Andrews(1411),Glasgow(1450),Aberdeen(1495)and Edinburgh(1583)3)the middle-aged universities:were founded in 1830-1930.Durham University,it was the first one after Oxbridge.4)the new universities:universities or university colleges sprang up after the Second World War in not-long-large,but not-too-small industrial towns.All the students have to pay fees and living costs,but they can receive a personal grant apart from the very rich,from the local authority of the place where hey live.,5)the Opened Universities:The Open Universities was established in 1969 and it has two principle means of communicating with its students:BBC radio and Television programs and its own national network of tutors and counselors(顾问).Most of those who fail to gain entry to a university go on to some other form higher education.,U.KS largest university for part-time higher education It was founded in 1969 and began its first course in 1970.No requirement for any formal educational qualifications It is open to everybody.Courses are taught through TV,radio,videos and a network of study centers,Open University,Open University By TV,radio,correspondence,video,network No education qualification University degree variety of people,Higher Education(Cont.),Higher Education,History and types of university Famous universities,History of University,12th and 13th centuries:Oxford and Cambridge 14th and 15th centuries:four Scottish universities of St.Andrews,Glasgow,Edinburgh and Aberdeen 19th and 20th centuries:other universities After the Second World War:new universities,The only independent university:Buckingham University BPP University British universities have relative academic and management freedom.,Higher Education,Recruitment based on:Grades of A-levelsSchool references InterviewMostly funded by central government grantsExcept The University of Buckingham,Degrees,Bachelors Degree 学士学位,Masters Degree 硕士学位,Doctors Degree 博士学位,Higher Education,Long history:University of Oxford:in 1167University of Cambridge:1231,The University of Buckingham is the only privately-financed university in UK.students can finish 3 years courses in two years.its curriculum changes according to market demands.,Higher Education(Cont.),Q.Whats the difference between time range required for degrees in British higher education system and that of Chinese higher education system?,Higher Education(Cont.),3 years,4 years,1 or 2 years,2 or 3 years,3 to 5 years,3 to 5 years,Famous Universities,Top 10 Britain University in 2012University of Cambridge 剑桥大学University of Oxford 牛津大学London School of Economics 伦敦政治经济学院 Imperial College(London)帝国学院（伦敦）University College London 伦敦大学学院Durham University 杜伦大学University of St.Andrews 圣安德鲁斯大学University of Bristol 布里斯托大学 University of Warwick 华威大学 Lancaster University 兰卡斯特大学University Of Exeter 埃克塞特大学,Media,Newspapers,Television and Broadcast,Media,Media functions in UK:Shape the public opinionDetermine peoples moral and political orientation Consolidate or undermine the rule of the government,Media:Newspapers,The Observer,first appeared in 1791,is the worlds oldest national newspaper.The Times,first published in 1785,is Britains oldest daily newspaper.,II The Press,Radio,Television and News 1.The press The British press has a long history.The earliest known printed newspaper in Britain was published in 1513.A.Papers:Newspapers play an important role in British life,more newspapers are sold in Britain in any other country.a.Daily Paper:the national dailies a)The Times(circulation more than 390323，发行量39万多份)b)The Guardian(circulation more than 418026)c)Daily Telegraph(circulation more than 1000000),it is very close to being an organ of Conservative Party(保守党)b.Sunday paper c.Evening Paper d.provincial Paper,B.Periodicals(期刊)Weekly Periodicals a.Radio Times b.TV Times c.TV Quick d.Whats on TV(电视预报)e.Readers Digest f.Womens Weekly g.Women Own(妇女报)h.My Weeklyi.Me,C.Journals(杂志)a.The Economist b.The New Statement c.Spectator(观察家),Media:Newspapers,Newspapers,Long established industry The Observer(first appeared in 1791)still published every Sunday the worlds oldest national newspaperThe Times(first published in 1785)the Britains oldest daily newspaper,Newspapers(Cont.),“Big Three”The Times view of government The Guardianleft wing,Labor PartyThe Daily Telegraph:free enterprisesThe“tabloids”:Scandal and gossipThe News of the World best-seller:crime,sports,sex stories,Two categories:10 daily national newspaper,2.Radio and Television1).The Main Public Broadcasting Bodies:in modern Britain,there are 3 public bodies:a.The British Broadcasting Corporation(BBC英国广播公司)b.Independent Television Commission(ITC独立电视委员会)c.the Radio Authority(广播权威机构)3.News AgenciesThere are several news agencies in Britain,the main ones are:a.Reuters News Agency(路透社)b.The Press Association LTD(出版联合公司)c.Extel Financial（金融交换通讯社）,Television and Broadcast,The British Broadcasting Corporation(BBC)1922Independent Television(ITV)1955Sky TV 1989British Satellite Broadcasting,The British Broadcasting Corporation,The BBC started daily radio broadcasts in 1922 and made its first TV broadcast in 1936.Its well-known brand programs are documentaries,costume dramas,and the“BBC Shakespeare”series.,Holidays and Festivals,Holidays and festivals:the religious,historical,social and cultural diversity of the nation.Opportunity for families and friends to get together,to exchange good wishes,to enjoy each others company,Holidays in the UK,New Years Day,Valentines Day,April Fools Day,May Day,Easter,Trooping the Color,Notting Hill Carnival,Halloween,Bonfire Night,Christmas,1,3,2,6,5,4,9,8,7,10,11,12,Holidays and Festivals,Christmas,Easter,Trooping the Color,Christmas,Celebration of the birth of Jesus ChristExchanging gifts and Christmas cardsPreparing holiday foodsDecorating homes and workplaces with colored lights,Christmas trees and ornaments,Christmas,British Christmas tradition:Christmas pantomimeQueens Chirstmas messageBoxing Day,British Christmas Traditions,The Christmas pantomime(圣诞童话剧)The Queens Christmas messageBoxing Day(节礼日),Easter Sunday,Commemorates the Resurrection of Jesus Christ three days after his CrucifixionOn a Sunday between March 22 and April 25春分之后第一次月圆之后的第一个星期日就是复活节 Easter eggs,Easter bunny,Trooping the Color,The second Saturday in June(the Queens birthday is officially celebrated)The ceremony of the Queen inspecting her troops,HalloweenAll Saints Eve,October 31stTrick-or-treatCostume partiesJack-o-lanternsApple bobbing,A national festival on November 5Historical event celebrated:,Bonfire Night,Mothers day:April Fools DayRemenberance Sunday:Halloween:November 1,Other Days,Holidays and Festivals,Education:,Media,I,II,III,Summary,Thank You!,英语国家概况,