英语中的委婉语Euphemism.ppt
,English Euphemism,Definition,Euphemism is a pleasant replacement for an objectionable word that has pejorative connotations.The word“euphemism”comes from ancient Greek.three morphemes：So euphemism means“speaking well of”.,“eu-”,“being good or well”,“pheme-”,“speech”,“-ism”,an act or the result of an act.,Social background of the emergence of euphemism,The emergence and development of euphemism was caused mainly by the people of middle class.People of upper class didnt choose their work with great care any longer because their social status has been stabilized.People of lower-class didnt have the ability to weigh their words because of their knowledge limitation.People of middle class want to improve their present condition and social status,so they try to prettify themselves in language.During the past decades,in some English speaking countries,a lot of euphemism emerged and was developing quickly because of the increase of the people of middle class.,Formation devices,Most euphemisms are formed by morphological devices,phonetic devices,spelling devices,lexical devices,and rhetorical devices.Morphological devices include word-forming methods such as compounding,back formation,acronymy and clipping.For instance,the acronym BM is formed from bowel movement(大便);the word lav is the clipped form of lavatory(洗手间).,Lexical devices are often employed to attain euphemistic objective.That is,to substitute a taboo word with pejorative in meaning.For instance,agent for spy,speculator for gambler,silencer for murderer.Borrowing is a favorite method for students,especially in the Victorian Age.Figures of speech are also effective means to serve euphemistic function.These are metaphorical transfer(as in meat technologist for butcher),negation(as in unwise for stupid),understatement(as in the needy for the poor)and periphrasis(as in visually retarded for blind).,The euphemisms for death,Deathisoneofexpressions.Theeuphemismsfor deathareawidelyuseditem,especiallywhenitconcernsonesownfamiliesandfriends.e.g.passaway（过世）、togowest（归西天）、tickthebucket（翘辫子）、togotosleep（长眠）、tocloseoneseyes（闭眼）、toexpire（逝世）、toendonesday（寿终）、tolaydownoneslife（牺牲）、tobreatheoneslast（咽气）、topaythedebtofnature（了结尘缘）、tocrossovertotheotherside（去世）等,The euphemisms for povertyandunemployment,Thetopicofpovertyandunemploymentmightcausesomeembarrassment,sopeopleoftenuseeuphemismwhentheirtalksconcernsuchthings.Forexample,badlyoff（短缺的）、lesswelloff（不太宽裕的）、downononesluck（时运不济）、hardupformoney（缺钱）、indifficulty（处于困境）；have-nots（不富有的人）unemployment:“tobedevelopinganewproject”.InAmerica“unemployedmen”arecalled“claimants”,while,inBritain,theyarecalled“tobeonpublicassistance”or“thelessfortunate”.,Theeuphemismsfortheage andweight,Theage,especiallyawomansageisregardedasasensitive privacy.Andmostofthewesternpeopleareafraidofgetting old,so“oldpeople”or”oldage”caneasilycausethefearofthe oldpeople.Someeuphemisticexpressionstakeplaceofthem,suchas“gettingon(inyears),secondchildhood,adistinguishedgentleman,agrandedame,thirdage”.Theyarenot“old”but“long-lived”.Inwesterncountry,itisveryimpoliteifyoutalkabout someonesfigureandweightwithoutreservation.Ifsomeoneis“fat”,“overweight”isoftenusedtoreplaceit.Tomale,“fat”is called“stout”;tofemale,“afatgirl”iscalled“afullerfigureorplump”;tochild,itiscalled“chubby”.Onthecontrary,ifsomeoneistoothin,euphemismisalsoused.Tomale,itiscalled“lean”,andtofemale,itiscalled“slim,slender orsvelte”.,King Size&Queen Size When women go to buy pentyhose(连裤袜)in English,they can often see“Queen size”just likeKing Size,its for fat people.This is also a kind of euphemism.,Forexample,“mentalhospitalormental healthcenter”isaeuphemismfor“madhouse”;“mortuaryorfuneral”isaeuphemismofdeadhouse.Somesmallcompaniesorsmallenterprisesliketousetheword“industry”,suchashotelindustry,tourist industry,garageindustry,womensbeautyindustry etc.,Theeuphemismfortheoffice andtrade,Conclusion,As an important language phenomenon,euphemism will surely have an influence on the human language.Yet it still needs further study,not only from lexicon level,but also from the level of grammatical and phonetic.Besides,we also need to study the fundamental principles governing the building of euphemisms and the basic characteristics of euphemistic expressions.,THX,
