模块教学从句讲义.ppt

大学英语模块教学语法专题讲座 从句部分,外国语学院 李晓梅,2,英语语法中从句的分类,宾语从句（Object Clause）主语从句（Subject Clause）表语从句（Predicative Clause)同位语从句（Appositive Clause）定语从句（Attributive clause）状语从句（Adverbial clause）,3,宾语从句,定义:宾语从句就是一个句子作动词或 介词的宾语。三要素：连接词、语序和时态。,4,宾语从句的连词,从句连词陈述句 that或将that省略一般疑问句if/whether 在whetheror not 结构中不能用if替换特殊疑问句what/when/where/which/who/how,5,宾语从句的连词练习,1.I dont know _ he will come tomorrow_ he comes，Ill tell you A.if；WhetherB.whether；WhetherC.if；ThatD.if；If,6,宾语从句的语序陈述句语序,1.Could you tell me _ the radio without any help？A.how did he mend B.what did he mend C.how he mended D.what he mended,7,宾语从句的语序陈述句语序,2.The small children dont know _.A.what is their stockings in B.what is in their stockings C.where is their stockings in D.what in their stockings,8,宾语从句的语序陈述句语序,3.Who do you think _ as their favorite singer this year?A.might the public choose B.the public might choose,9,宾语从句的时态,主、从句时态一致 主句从句一般现在时各种时态一般过去时各种相应过去时态 从句描绘客观事实 用一般现在时 一般将来时一般现在时（“主将从现”）,10,宾语从句的时态,He answered that he was listening to me.Father told me that practice _ perfect.A.made B.makesC.has made D.would make,11,宾语从句其它特殊情况(1),否定前移/反意问句（主句主语是第一人称）在think/believe/suppose/guess/imagine/expect 等动词后跟宾语从句否定式时，应转移到主句上去；反意疑问句应与从句主、谓保持一致。I dont think you are right,are you?I dont believe they have finished their work yet,have they?,12,宾语从句其它特殊情况(2),建议suggest,advise 要求demand/desire/require/request/propose 决定 decide 命令 order,command 坚决主张 insist 后跟宾语从句，用(should)+v（虚拟语气）I suggested that you(should)study hard He ordered that we(should)go out at once,13,宾语从句其它特殊情况(3),如果宾语从句后有宾语补足语，用it作形式宾语，把宾语从句后置 You may think it strange that he would live there,14,宾语从句其它特殊情况(4),宾语从句that在以下情况下不能省略:当主句谓语动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时，可以省略第一个that，其他不能省略。I believe(that)you have done your best and that things will get best?当it作形式宾语时 She made it clear that she had nothing to do with him 当宾语从句前置时 That our team will win，I believe,15,宾语从句其它特殊情况(5),有时候可以用it 作形式宾语，把宾语从句放后面,此类动词有think，find,feel,consider,make,believe I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours.I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day.We all find it important that we(should)make a quick decision about this mater.He left it to my judgment whether we should continue this project.,16,宾语从句其它特殊情况(6),介词、形容词宾语从句I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.The new book is about how Shenzhou 6 manned spaceship was sent up into space.He is glad that Li Ming went to see him when he was ill.,17,主语从句,主语从句就是主语由一个句子来充当。引导词that,whether,who,what,which;连接副词有when,where,how,why等 这些连接词的选择主语看他们在从句中是什么意思和做什么成分，如：,18,主语从句,Whathewantedtoseewasanendtoall thearmiesoftheworld.Whokilledthescientistremainsaquestion.Whetherwecancontrolthefloodsisstilluncertain.Whenthebroadcaststationwillbereadyis unknown.HowtheywenttoUSAiswhatIwanttoknow.,19,有时候that引导的主语从句其主语由形式主语 it 来充当,例如：Itisadj./n.that Itissaid/reported/thought.that Itiscertainthatfuelslikecoalandoilcausealotofpollution.Itishopedthatyoullbeabletovisitourcityinthenearfuture.,主语从句变型,20,用一个句子作为表语，说明主语是什么或者怎么样，和连系动词一起构成谓语。表语从句一定要用陈述语序。连接词有：that,what,who,when,where,which,why,whether,how,whoever，whomever，whichever，whatever等。The problem is when we can get a pay rise.,表语从句,21,主语+连系动词+连词+一个句子作表语His suggestion is that we should stay calm.The question is when he can arrive at the hotel.That is why you see this old woman before you.He has become what he wanted to be ten years ago.She has remained where I stood yesterday for an hour.,表语从句,22,在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句，一般跟在某些名词后面，用以说明该名词表示的具体内容，如：I heard the news that our team had won I had no idea that you were here 我不知道你在这里。,同位语从句定义,23,可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有:news，idea，fact，promise，question，hope，doubt，thought，message，report,suggestion，words（消息），possibilityIve come from Mr.Wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon,同位语从句修饰的名词,24,引导词：that，whether；连接副词 how,when,where等。l have no idea When he will be backHe must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.,同位语从句连词,25,有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开。Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect themThe thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city 他突然想起可能敌人已经逃出城了。,同位语从句特殊情况,26,同位语从句与定语从句的区别（1）,同位语从句与前面的名词是同位关系，即说明 它前面名词的内容；而定语从句与前面的名词 是修饰与被修饰关系，即限定它前面的名词范 围，或补充一些情况。The news that l have passed the exam is true 我通过了考试这一消息是真的。（同位语从句）The news that he told me just now is true 他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。（定语从句）,27,引导同位语从句的连词是that，在从句中不充当任何成份，引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises many people.（that在从句中不充当任何成份）The idea that he gave surprises many people（that在从句中作gave的宾语）,同位语从句与定语从句的区别（2）,28,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等关系副词有where,when,why等。关系词常有3个作用：连接作用，引导定语从句。代替主句中的先行词，主句中的一部分或整个主句。在定语从句中充当一句子成分。,定语从句定义,29,限定、修饰名词或代词词、短语、句子，常翻译为的由形容词，名词，代词，数词，分词，分词短语、动名词短语、不定式以及介词短语来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。,定语从句定语,30,关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等关系副词有where,when,why等。关系代词有主语、宾语之分。一般whom作为宾语。关系代词在从句中作主语，宾语，表语，定语等关系副词在从句中作地点状语，时间状语，原因状语等。,定语从句关系词,31,who,whom,that先行词是指人的名词或代词who做主语指人；whom作宾语指人；that既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略），可以指人也可以指物。Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）,定语从句关系代词（1）,32,whom在定语从句中充当宾语，常省略who在定语从句中可以做主语,而whom不可以whom前可以加介词，如“from whom”，但who不行whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略 Mr.Ling is just the boy(whom)I want to see.He is the man who has an English book.We thought you were a person from whom we could expect good decisions.我们认为你会做出好的决定。The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.,定语从句关系代词（1）,33,Whose 用来指人或物，从句中只用作定语；They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book whose color is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。,定语从句关系代词（2）,34,whose指物时通常以以下结构来代替，例如：The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.Do you like the book whose color is yellow?Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?,定语从句关系代词（2）,35,which,that先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，作宾语时可以省略。A prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which/that在句中作主语）The package(which/that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿那个包裹快要散开了。(which/that在句中作宾语）,定语从句关系代词（3）,36,that/which在从句中作主语或宾语;在从句中作宾语时常省略that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；下列情况中用that不用which：a)先行词是anything,everything,nothing,none等不定代词时；b)先行词由every,any,all,some,no,little,few,much等修饰时，这时的that常被省略；c)先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时；d)先行词中既有人又有物时；e)整个句中前面已有which，who,that时；f)当先行词为物并作表语时。,定语从句关系代词（3）,37,介词+关系代词引导定语从句,代词在从句中做宾语The school(that/which)he once studied in is very famous.The school in which he once studied is very famous.Tomorrow Ill bring a book(that/which)you asked for.Tomorrow Ill bring a book for which you asked.Well go to hear the famous singer(whom/that/who)we have often talked about.Well go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.,定语从句关系代词（4）,38,含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for,look after,take care of等 This is the watch which/that I am looking for.若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；The man with whom you talked is my friend.关系代词是所有格时用whoseThe plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable.,定语从句关系代词（4）,39,When指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语 I still remember the day when I first came to the school.The time when we got together finally came.,定语从句关系副词（1）,40,Where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语 Shanghai is the city where I was born.The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.,定语从句关系副词（2）,41,Why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.I dont know the reason why he looks unhappy today.,定语从句关系副词（3）,42,可以和“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换 From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.Great changes have taken place in the city in which/where I was born.The reason why/for which he refused the invitation is not clear.,定语从句关系副词（4）,43,the way后面的定语从句，关系词若在从句中作状语，相当于“用这种方式/方法(=in this way)”时，通常不用关系词，偶尔用that，在较正式的文体里才用in which来引导。如：Do it the way you were taught.I was impressed by the way in which she did it.way 后不能用 how 引导定语从句如：Thats the way he did it.=Thats how he did it.当先行词way表示方向时，不用任何关系词。Was that the way she went?,定语从句the way（5）,44,非限制性定语从句只是对主句内容，或先行词的补充、解释或附加说明;主句与先行词或从句之间一般用逗号分开，常常单独翻译。没有它，主句意思仍然完整;关系代词有as/which/who/whom/whose等，作定语从句的主语、宾语、表语及定语;关系副词有when，where，作定语从句的状语;关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中一般不能省。,非限制性定语从句简介,45,指代主句的全部或部分内容时，常表事实、状态、起因等，有“这就使得、这一点”等意思，常置主句末。主句与定语从句用逗号分开。Her house,which was built a hundred years ago,stood still in the earthquake.那座房子在地震中依然耸立，它是一百多年前建造的。,非限制性定语从句（1）which,46,指代先行词，从句置先行词后面，用逗号隔开。China has thousands of islands，the largest of which is TaiwanFootball，which is a very interesting game，is played all over the worldThe Nile，which used to flood every year，now runs more regularly below the dam（大坝）My family，which has 35 people，is a large oneLast year he went to Egypt，which is in Africa,非限制性定语从句（2）which,47,who，whom，whose指代人的普通名词、专有名词等，在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语等Bobs father，who worked on the project，spent four years in EgyptHis mother，whom he loved，died in 1818Mr.King，whose legs were badly hurt，was quickly taken to hospitalWe went to hear this famous singer，about whom we had heard many stories,非限制性定语从句（3）,48,when，where作定语从句的状语。why不引导非限制性定语从句。He went to America in 1912，where and when he was noticed by an important film directorThat was in 1929，since when things have been betterI still remembered May 10，on whichwhen he came to see me,非限制性定语从句（4）,49,as引导非限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前或之后，甚至可以切割一个主句；译为“正如/正像”As is known to all,China is a developing country.He is from the south,as we can see from his accent.John,as you know,is a famous writer.,非限制性定语从句（5）as,50,用作状语的从句叫作状语从句，其关联词是一些从属连词。修饰主句中的动词、形容词和副词,通常由从属连词引导,按其意义和作用可分为时间、地点、条件、原因、让步、目的、结果、方式、比较状语从句,状语从句定义,51,状语从句时间状语从句,when as while wheneverbeforeafteronce,sincetillnot untilas soon asno matter whenas long as,52,It is about ten years since I met you last.We will work whenever we are needed.Not until I received the letter,did I know he had gone to America.No sooner had I opened the door than the telephone rang.,状语从句时间状语从句,53,状语从句地点状语从句,一般用where or wherever 引导 I will stand where I can see the live show clearly.Wherever they went,they were warmly welcome.,54,状语从句条件状语从句,if,unless,so long as,provided that,supposing that,on condition that,in the event that,in case that,etcI will not go to her party unless she invites me.If he had received six more votes,he would be our chairman now.,55,从属连词有：because,as,since,for,now that,in that,seeing that,considering that(鉴于,由于)As the school regulations are written clearly,there is nothing to be explained.Considering that the sweater was hard made,it was expensive.Seeing that/Since they are inexperienced,they are doing quite a good job.,状语从句原因状语从句,56,even if,though,even though,while，no matter what/how/which,however,whatever,whichever,however etc.He will not give up smoking even though the doctor advises him to.Whatever the consequence may be,I will be on your side.However hard she tried to explain,nobody trusted her.Cold as it is,the children play outdoors.Whether you be a student or a teacher,you are required to obey the regulations of the school.,状语从句让步状语从句,57,引导词：so,so that,sothat,suchthat He is so humorous that well never forget him.She is such a nice girl that everybody likes to make friends with her.,状语从句结果状语从句,58,so that,in order that,for fear that,lest,in case I checked all the results time and again for fear that there should be any mistakes.Telephone us in advance in order that we might make the necessary arrangements.,状语从句目的状语从句,59,as,just as,as if,as though As water is to fish,so air is to man.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。Just as we sweep our rooms,so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.He looks as if(as though)he had been hit by lighting.(多用虚拟),状语从句方式状语从句,60,asas,not so/asas The film was not so exciting as we expected.She likes them almost as much as Paul does.比较级+than,so much/a lot more than She looks much younger than she is.The universe is a lot more complicated than you think.no morethan,not morethan,lessthan Jack is not more frightened than Mike is.the morethe more The farther north you go,the severer the winter is.,状语从句方式状语从句,