托福基础阅读(陈毅然).ppt

,iBT阅读基础,陈毅然,一、新托福阅读概述,考试性质,TOEFL iBT本质：比较先进的实用语言水平测试,1、形式特点：,关键数据：新：20 750 6-10 12-14老：10 350 3-4 9-11,1、形式特点：,关键数据：新：20 750 6-10 12-14老：10 350 3-4 9-11,1、形式特点：,文章形式两个改变：（1）单位时间理解信息量增多（2）信息点间组织结构更复杂,考试形式三个改革：由纸面阅读变为屏幕阅读,1、形式特点：,初级水平：1、CRI网站：http:/2、Economist 中国论坛：http:/space/,如何适应,高级水平：3、经济学人：4、国家地理http:/,考试形式第2个改革：出现加试题,1、形式特点：,考试形式第3个改革:阅读出现在口语和写作中读-听-说读-听-写,1、形式特点：,2、内容特点:,包括：（1）生命科学类（2）天文地理类（3）欧美历史类（4）文艺与发明（5）部分二级学科：社会学心理学考古学,仅限学术,2、内容特点:文章体裁,说明exposition陈述historical议论argumentation,主,辅,2、内容特点:常见误区,无需专业知识The passages will cover a variety of different subjects.Dont worry if youre unfamiliar with the topic of a passage.All the information needed to answer the questions will be in the passage.专业知识一律自带解释,补充阅读材料,老托福阅读真题英美学术杂志（National Geographic,New Scientist）英语原版大学教材百科全书（Wiki）,3、阅读题型介绍,每篇文章12-14题,(1)考察能力分布,词汇2个句子2个段落4个全文2个,词汇题：3-5道/篇 Vocabulary Questions The word locomotion in the passage is closest in meaning to 与文中单词X意义最接近的是 evolution movement survival escape,指代题：0-2道/篇 Reference Questions The word they in the passage refers to 文章中的代词X指的是 applied-art objects the laws of physics containers the sides of pots,句子简化题:0-1道/篇 Sentence Simplification Questions Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence?Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.下面四句话中,哪句话能最好得表达原文中勾出句的主要意思?不正确的选项将在重要方面改变原文意思或遗漏关键信息.,插入句子题:0-1道/篇 Insert Text Questions Scholars offer three related but different opinions about this puzzle.One opinion is that the paintings were a record of the seasonal migrations made by herds.Because some paintings were made directly over others,obliterating them,it is probable that a paintings value ended with the migration it pictured.Unfortunately,this explanation fails to explain the hidden locations,unless the migrations were celebrated with secret ceremonies.Look at the four squares that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.上文中标注 的位置是如下句子可能插入的地方 All three of them have strengths and weaknesses,but none adequately answers all of the questions the paintings present.Where would the sentence best fit?请找出最适合这句话的位置。,事实信息题：3-6道/篇 Factual Information Questions According to paragraph1,which of the following is true of wildbeests?根据文章第1段，下列关于“角马”的描述哪个是正确的？They eat more stem matter than zebras do.They are able to digest large food particles if the food is of a high quality.They tend to choose feeding areas in which the vegetation has been worn down.They are likely to choose low-quality food to eat in periods when the quantity of rainfall is low.,排除题：0-2道/篇 Negative Factual Information Questions According to the paragraph1,all of the following were true of American art in the late 1800s and early 1900s EXCEPT:根据原文第1段，下列关于19世纪末20世纪初的美国艺术的描述，不正确的是？Most Americans thought art was unimportant.American art generally copied European styles and traditions.Most Americans considered American art inferior to European art.American art was very popular with European audiences.,修辞目的性题：0-2道/篇 Rhetorical Purpose Questions Why does the author discuss the bronze statues of horses created by artists in the early Italian Renaissance?作者为什么提到意大利早期文艺复兴时期的青铜马雕像？To provide an example of a problem.To argue that fine artists are unconcerned with the laws.To contrast the relative sophistication of modern artists.To note an exceptional piece of art.,推断题：0-2道/篇 Inference Questions Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about candles before the nineteenth century?根据原文第1段，关于19世纪之前的蜡烛能推断出什么 They did not smoke when they were burned.They produced a pleasant odor as they burned.They were not available to all.They contained sulfuric acid.,段落小结题：0-1道/篇 Prose Summary An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below.Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.如下是关于本篇文章大意的一句简短概括。请从如下6个选项中选出3个最能代表文章主要意思的总结。本题分值2分。这篇文章讨论了应用艺术和精细艺术之间的基本区别。,图表题：0-1道/篇 Fill in a Table Directions:Complete the table below to summarize information about the two types of art discussed in the passage.Match the appropriate statements to the types of art with which they are associates.This question is worth 3 points.请选择和文中讨论的2种艺术相关的概括性信息完成表格。将艺术类型和相关陈述进行匹配。本题分值3分。,（2）重要性分布,词汇题+事实题60%段落+图表句简+句插推断 修辞 排除 指代,4、成绩计算,（1）分数计算方法：单分值题目+多分值题目弹性换算制,(1)(2),一、新托福阅读概述 小结,考试目的考试内容与形式考试题型和目标分数能力要求与我们目前的差距如何填补,二、新托福阅读的能力要求：,1、OG要求：Read to find the information Read for basic comprehension概念密集、语言复杂,二、新托福阅读的能力要求：,2、当前差距测试：教程第173页,解决方法：精简重复性内容精简可预知内容：对比类比精简补充性细节内容,障碍一：阅读速度,障碍二：词汇及语法有效支撑不足,1）针对词汇的解决办法：需记忆:特定话题高频词 parasitism需推断:学术概念低频词 endo-parasite一带而过:特定称谓低频词 Cuckoo托福考试越来越突出推断词义的能力,三种结构帮助推测词义,系表结构:be/remain定语从句:that/which同位插入:,/-,The Ogallala aquifer is a sandstone formation that underlies some 583,000 square kilometers of land extending from northwestern Texas to southern South Dakota.系表结构+定语解释people have experienced a trance state,a highly suggestive state of low consciousness between waking and sleeping.同位解释,障碍二：词汇及语法有效支撑不足,2）针对语法的解决办法：舍弃应试思维，还原语法本质,障碍三：不能区分信息重要层级,解决方法：区分主次 变速阅读信息点重点要点,P1:Parasitism harm together notP2:2 kinds endo ecto hookworm passive P3:ecto complex leeches,障碍四：不能构建信息点关联架构,解决方法：建立逻辑模型 提炼架构笔记,障碍四：不能构建信息点关联架构,总分结构时间顺序 结构对比结构问题-解决现象-原因 内容概念-解释,Parasitism 概念harm together 解释not2 kinds Endo hookworm 概念1+解释passive Ecto leeches 概念2+解释complex,总分结构,障碍五：主动推测与预测能力,解决方法：主动总结要点（总结）填补逻辑空白（预测）,Parasitism 概念harm together 解释not2 kinds Endo hookworm 概念1+解释passiveEcto leeches 概念2+解释complex,总分结构,内/被动,外/主动,2 ways:necrotroph host dies biotrophs host survives,阅读中的词汇,一、词汇重要性,阅读理解基础便于快速得分,二、阅读词汇难点,1、总量积累不足,二、阅读词汇难点,2、不能反应词义 信息理解中断,2、不能反应词义 信息理解中断,（1）核心词：掌握全部常用义 Approach Object Overlook,（2）非核心词：掌握主要释义 Execute,2、不能反应词义 信息理解中断,2、不能反应词义 信息理解中断,（3）特定话题高频词：熟知 判断标准：在同一类话题文章中反复出现 且不可替代,2、不能反应词义 信息理解中断,Photosynthesis Metabolism Precipitation Hormone 荷尔蒙 Stegosaurus 剑龙,3、对应不够准确 信息理解偏差,（1）抽象词 Intensify Contribute,3、对应不够准确 信息理解偏差,（2）多义词 Settle Solution,3、对应不够准确 信息理解偏差,（3）形似词 resemble/assemble secret/secrete,三、如何准备阅读词汇,1、确定理解重点：动词及形容词,三、如何准备阅读词汇,2、形成有效重复,三、如何准备阅读词汇,3、结合文章语境记忆更牢靠,Haroun Tazieff,the Polish scientist,has spent his lifetime studying active volcanoes and deep caves in all parts of the world.休眠火山：dormant volcano死火山：extinct volcano,5、辅助工具1）词典：Merriam-Websters（选用）2）卡片：正面/背面3）单词书：词汇总量/排列方法,三、如何准备阅读词汇,注意：一本就够 快速突破,四、如何推测词义,前缀词根后缀,1、拆分词根词缀法：,1、拆分词根词缀法：,单词构成规律,最重要：词根anim-animal/animate/animation Aqua-aquatic/aquarium aquaculture/aqueduct次重要：前缀macro/micro;mono/poly不重要：后缀：词性例外less,1、拆分词根词缀法：,Potash and soda are not interchangeable，but for glass-or soap-making either would do.Equivalent 同等的 可互换的,The specialized requirements of particular urban situations have further expanded the use of art in public places:in Memphis,sculptor Richard Hunt has created a monument to Martin Luther King,Jr.,who was slain there;in New York,Dan Flavin and Bill Brand have contributed neon and animation works to the enhancement of mass transit facilities.And in numerous cites,art is being raised as a symbol of the commitment to revitalize urban areas.The word“revitalize”in line 22 is closet in meaning to()A.show the importance ofB.promise to enlargeC.bring new life to D.provide artworks for,In 1938 the Fair Labor Standards Act mandated a weekly maximum of 40 hours to begin in 1940,and since that time the 8-hour day,5-day workweek has been the standard in the United States.Adjustments in various places,however,show that this standard is not immutable.In 1987,for example,German metalworkers struck for and received a 37.5-hour workweekThe word”immutable”in line 21 is()A.unmatched B.irregularC.unnecessaryD.unchangeable,1、拆分词根词缀法：,Immutable:CommuteCommunicateTransmute,2、上下文关联法,例文：The sick humor,most funny stories are based on comic situations,but these days,a new type of humor,which stems largely from the U.S,has came into fashion.In contrast,comedians based their jokes on tragic situations like violent death or serious accident.,A.论点与论据对应 动词 形容词,2、上下文关联法-同义推测,Another way of enhancing the effectiveness of flight is to move in an erratic and unpredictable way.Many species,like ptarmigans,snipes,and various antelopes and gazelles,flee from predators in a characteristic zigzag fashion.The description of the preys movement as“zigzag”in line 9 suggests that the movement is()A.ReliableB.fastC.constantD.unpredictable,B.性质对应,标志性标点：双引号破折号双逗号,Unlike those available for painting,the opportunities to exhibit sculpture in the United States around the turn of the twentieth century were quite scarce.There was almost no room for sculpture at the influential Fine Arts Societys 57th Street Galleries in New York.As late as 1905,the Monumental News,a journal dedicated to the promotion of sculpture,lamented,“Exhibitions of sculptors works are so comparatively rare.”The word“lamented”in line 5 is closest in meaning to（）declaredcomplainedrevealeddescribed,A skyscraper,or building more than twenty stories high,is built on a foundation of concrete supported by piles driven into the ground.,C.语法呼应,伴随状语：伴随的动作带有主语特征定语及定语从句：修饰形容词带有核心词特征,The culture spread southward into the present-day states of Louisiana,Alabama,Georgia,and Florida.Its peoples became great traders,bartering jewellery,pottery,animal pelts,tools,and other goods along extensive trading networks that stretched up and down eastern North America and as far west as the Rocky Mountains.The word“bartering”in line 9 is closest in meaning to()A.producingB.exchangingC.transportingD.loading,D.标志词呼应,并列连词：and,as well as,bothand,not onlybut also,eitheror,neithernor,Todays executives must have some grasp of economic realities and the political process,as well as some comprehension of the basic framework within which scientific and technological changes take place.They must gain an understanding of human nature,including its negative aspects,such as the sources of human conflict and the pitfalls of power.(1)The word grasp in the passage is closest in meaning to()A.understandingB.communicationC.criticismD.prediction(2)The word pitfalls in the passage is closest in meaning to()A.benefitsB.stagesC.causesD.hazards,D.标志词呼应,举例短语：takefor example,for example,for instance,such as，like，that is，in other words,A.论点与论据对应B.内容与概念性质对应C.语法呼应D.标志词呼应,小结：上下文关联法-同义推测,2、上下文关联法-反义推测,例文：The sick humor,most funny stories are based on comic situations,but these days,a new type of humor,which stems largely from the U.S,has came into fashion.In contrast,comedians based their jokes on tragic situations like violent death or serious accident.,例文：The sick humor,most funny stories are based on comic situations,but these days,a new type of humor,which stems largely from the U.S,has came into fashion.In contrast,comedians based their jokes on tragic situations like violent death or serious accident.,Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world,but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent?The word despondent in the passage is closest in meaning to()curiousunhappythoughtfuluncertain,2、上下文关联法-反义推测,标志词法：,1）、让步关联词：although、even though、despite、in spite ofBy 1745 New Market was opened on second street between Pine and Cedar.The next year the Callowhill Market began operation.Along with market days,the institution of twice-yearly fairs persisted in Philadelphia even after similar trading days had been discontinued in other colonial cities.The word“persisted”in line 9 is closest in meaning to()A.returnedB.startedC.declinedD.continued,标志词法：,2）、对比关联词：whereas、while、instead、unlike、in contrast、on the other handThe heavy amounts of heat and pollution rising from cities both delay and stimulate the fall of precipitation,depriving some areas of rain while drenching others.The word drenching in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to（）almost missingseverely damagingthoroughly wettingentirely avoiding,标志词法：,3）、转折关联词：but、however、yet、nevertheless Twilight rays are nearly parallel,but because of the observers perspective,they appear to diverge.,五、词汇题,2、解题思路：1）熟词熟义A.就题做题,寻找替代,In the early colonial days in North America,small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline,.This was natural because there areas were nearest to England and France,particularly England,from which most capital goods(assets such as equipment)and many consumer goods were imported.Merchandising establishments were,accordingly,advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements.The word“accordingly”in line 11 is the closest in meaning to()A.as usual B.in contrast C.to some degree D.for that reason,五、词汇题,2、解题思路：1）熟词熟义B.区分选项意义程度,Small changes had to be made to the violins internal structure and to the fingerboard so that they could with stand the extra strain.Accordingly,a higher standard of performance was achieved,in terms of both facility and interpretation.The word“Accordingly”in line 24 is closest in meaning to()A.HoweverB.consequentlyC.NeverthelessD.Ultimately,Food resources may be affected by environmental changes,which will then cause problems for a species requiring these resources.Other species may become better adapted to an environment,resulting in competition and,ultimately,in the death of a species.The word“ultimately”in line 8 is closest in meaning to()A.exceptionally B.dramatically C.eventually D.unfortunately,五、词汇题,2、解题思路：2）熟词生义A.代入,He was a champion of the City Beautiful Movement-an effort to increase the presence of urban art-and defended the central role that sculpture played in its national program.The word“champion”in line 18 is closest in meaning to()criticfoundercreatorsupporter,五、词汇题,2、解题思路：2）熟词生义B.联想：熟知词根/动词原形,The fruit paintings by James and Sarah Miriam Peale are simple arrangements of a few objects,handsomely colored,small in size,and representing little more than what they are.In contrast were the highly symbolic,complex compositions by Charles Bird King,with their biting satire and critical social commentary.The word“biting”in line 8 is closest in meaning to()A.simpleB.sorrowfulC.frequentD.sharp,五、词汇题,2、解题思路：总结,综合练习,AutismAutism is a developmental disorder that is characterized by severe behavioral abnormalities across all primary areas of functioning.Its onset is often early;it generally makes itself known by the age of two and one-half.It is not a single disease entity but is instead a syndrome defined by patterns and characteristics of behavior;it,therefore,most likely has multiple etiologies rather than a single causative factor.Autism is not fully understood and thus is controversial with respect to diagnosis,etiology,and treatment strategies.1.The word primary in the passage could best be replaced by()A.elementaryB.mainC.introductoryD.primitive2.The word onset is the passage is closest in meaning to()A.placementB.arrangementC.supportD.beginning3.The word syndrome in the pass