商务英语翻译(英译汉)第六讲.ppt

English-Chinese Translation for International Business,Translation of Subject,英汉主语的差异,英语：end-weight 头轻脚重，属于主语显著（subject-prominent）语言It is.to;there英语重视主语的位置及其统帅全局的作用。如何找准句子重心，确定主语常常是翻译成败的关键因素。,汉语：头重脚轻，属于主题显著（topic-prominent）语言语言学家赵元任：在汉语中，主语与谓语之间的语法关系不如说是话题和说明的关系，施事和动作可以看作是话题和说明的一个特例。,I worked very hard on this book.这本书我花了很多心血。He isnt interested in things like watching TV,listening to songs,or dancing.看电视、唱歌、跳舞这类活动他都不感兴趣。,主语具有不可或缺性（indispensability）。所有英语的陈述句和疑问句中都必须有主语。所有主语都必须是名词性的。主语是真正的一句之主，有“牵一发而动全身”的作用。主语和谓语在逻辑与语法上必须保持一致，即所谓主谓一致性。,英语的主语特点与功能,英语主语的种类：（1）施动主语：The hunter killed the tiger.（2）受动主语：The tiger was killed by the tiger.（3）工具主语：The gun killed the tiger.（4）地点主语：The hall seats 500.,（5）时间主语：Tomorrow will be the National Day.（6）形式主语：It is interesting to learn a foreign language.（7）类别属性主语:Mammal is any of a group of vertebrates the females of which have milk-secreting glands for feeding their offspring.,汉语的主语特点与功能,1.在汉语中，大量的句子没有主语，可能是省略，隐含或者说不出。也可能有多个看似平行并列，实质不在一个层次的主语（或称大主语和小主语）。,2.汉语主语对全句并不具有全面密切的关系，与谓语之间没有形态上的一致性，也不存在密切的逻辑搭配关系。,3.汉语主语具有词类兼容性。,如：干净是他的习惯。唱歌要有天赋。天天慢跑，很有必要。要孩子们在课堂上保持安静最难。他考上了北京大学不假。,（1）施事主语：妈妈在洗衣服。（2）受事主语：衣服被小弟弟弄脏了。（3）类别属性主语:家里最辛苦的是妈妈。(4)与事主语：这套衣服妈妈有个故事。（5）方式主语：这么快妈妈就洗好了衣服。（6）时间主语：仅仅一个小时就洗完了全家的衣服。（7）地点主语：洗衣盆里堆着一大堆脏衣服。（8）工具主语：一块洗衣板养活一家人。（9）零位主语：闷得我透不过气来。,汉语主语类别,主语的翻译方法,（1）主语译成谓语A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念碑的全景。A view of Mt.Fuji can be obtained from here.从这里可以看到富士山。His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph.任何场合，只要他一露面，就算成功了。,（2）主语译成宾语When power is spoken of,time is taken into account.说到功率时，总是把时间计算在内。Mr Billings cannot be deterred from his plan.（人们）不能阻止比凌斯先生实行他的计划。,（3）主语译成定语How many electrons has a magnesium atom in its outer layer镁原子的最外层有多少个电子？Various substances differ widely in their magnetic characteristics.各种材料的磁特性有很大不同。Without air,the earth would undergo extreme changes in temperature.没有空气，地球的温度会发生极大的变化。,（4）主语转译成句子结构（a）主语是动名词或表示动作意义的名词，常把它译成状语从句，而把它后面处于宾语的名词或答词译成主语。Pressure of work has somewhat delayed my answer.由于工作很忙，回复稍迟了些。The mere sight of it turned ones mind.只消看它一眼，人们就会动心。,如主语是动名词，谓语make,cause,offer,bring,help,allow,permit,require,give,compel一类动词，可根据句子意义，译成条件结果句。例如：Another hours ride will bring us to the village.只要再走一小时，我们就可以到达那个小村。,（b）主语虽不是动名词，但是主语及其修饰词在一起也能够说明动作的原因、条件、时间等作用。这类句子也按上述办法处理。Fast modern airplanes have made the world seem a smaller space.有了现代化的飞机，世界似乎比以前小了。,（c）表示时间、地点、范围的名词与某些特定的动词连用，常表示动作发生的时间、地点、场所。翻译是可将主语译成状语。The world has witnessed different roads to modernization世界上已有了不同的现代化道路。,（5）主语成分分译 主语分译是指把带定语的主语分译成一句。通常把主语的定语移做谓语。如：Lower temperature is associated with lower growth rates.温度一低，生长速度就慢下来。The very short wave lengths of ultrasound make a great difference in what ordinary sound waves can do.超声波的波长极短，其功能与普通声波相比大不相同。,英语无生命主语句的翻译,英语常用无生命的名词作主语,这是英语和汉语在句子构成方面的一个重要差别。,在英美人的思维中，往往更注意客观事物和现象对人的作用和影响，反映在语言表达上就是多用无生命名词作主语。例如：George told me that he would come this afternoon.乔治对我说他今天下午来。My conscience told me that I deserved no extraordinary politeness.凭良心讲,你待我礼貌有加,我却受之有愧。,英语无生命主语句（Non-life subject sentences）的类型:1.以时间地点等名词作主语的句子，常用see,find,witness等动词作谓语。例：1949 saw the founding of the Peoples Republic of China.1949年中华人民共和国成立了。Rome witnessed many great historic events.在罗马城发生了许多伟大历史事件。,2.表示生理、心理状态的名词和表示某种遭遇的名词主语的句子。Astonishment,apprehension,and even horror oppressed her.她焦躁不安，甚至惊恐万分。His weariness determined him to sit down in the first convenient shade.他疲惫不堪，于是下了决心，一碰到舒适的阴凉处就坐下休息。,3.具有行为和动作意义的名词作主语的句子。The very sight of it makes me feel nervous.一见到它，我就感到紧张。That night sleep eluded him.那天夜里他没睡好。Thought of the interview filled me with fear.一想到面试，我就担心害怕。,4.用“it”作形式主语，其逻辑主语是后面的短语或从句的英语句子。It was very wise of you to bring an umbrella.你带了雨伞是明知的。It is hardly likely that Tom may have forgotten to post the parcel.汤姆几乎不太可能忘记寄这个包裹。,5.表示其他事物名词作主语的句子。The matter asks immediate attention.这件事需要立即予以注意。Well,Colonel Fitzwilliam,what do I play next?My fingers wait your order.噢，菲兹威廉上校，接着弹个什么曲子？我在听您吩咐呢。Her heart did whisper that he had done it for her.她的心里的确嘀咕：为了我，他才这么做的。,常用的几种方法：1，改变原句中的主语，即找出合适的动作执行者作为汉语句子的主语，把无生命主语转换为有生命的主语，重组句子。Anger choked his words.他气得话也说不出来。,Her name escaped/eluded me.我当时想不起她的名字。The courage escaped from me at the moment and words also failed me.我当时没有勇气，也不知该说些什么。Alarm began to take entire possession of him.他开始变得惊恐万分。Something inside me seemed to stop momentarily.我顿时呆住了。,2.把无生命主语转化为汉语的状语。Investigation led us to the foregoing conclusion.经过调查，我们得出了上述结论。,The city witnessed the outbreak of the slaughter.大屠杀发生在这个城市。大屠杀是在这个城市发生的。The forty years,1840-80,brought almost ten million migrants to America.从1840至1880年这四十年中，近一千万移民移居美国。,3.把无生命主语句转化为汉语的无主语句。The problem defied solution.此问题无法解决。The heat makes me sweat like a pig.热得我满头大汗。The noise made everybody upset.吵得大家不得安宁。,There may be a chance to win.可能还会有赢的机会。There are over twenty printing errors.有二十多处印刷错误。状语变主语：There sits a flower bed in the middle of the garden.园子中央有一座花坛。,添加“有人、人们”等主语：There is a growing concern over the population growth.人们对人口的迅速增长越来越关注。There comes a knock at the door.有人敲门。,4.把无生命主语句译成兼语式。英语里有些无生命主语与某些动词连用(如:make,cause,throw,send,call,put等)，具有“使，令”的意义，遇到这种句子时，可译成汉语兼语式。His deeds moved me to tears.他的事迹使我感动得流下眼泪。,Modesty helps one go forward,whereas conceit makes one lag behind.谦虚使人进步，骄傲使人落后。His illness left him weak.疾病使他虚弱。The conference threw doubt upon the new policy.会议使人们对新政策产生怀疑。,5.把无生命主语转换成具体事物的主语，或是保留原主语，并同时引申英语谓语动词的词义，加以适当变通。Informed guesswork suggests that it could rise to over one hundred million tons next year.熟悉情况的人猜测说,产量在下一年可能超过一亿吨。,The door refuses to close.门关不上。My arms and legs go to sleep.我的手脚不管用了。,6.把无生命主语句转化成汉语复句。The bitter weather had driven everyone indoors.（由于）天气寒冷刺骨，大家都躲进了室内。,Losing his fortune drove him mad.他由于失去自己的财产而发疯。Dependence upon ones closest relations or great friends for three months will help one discover the other aspect of the human nature.若寄人篱下，哪怕是至爱亲朋，你就会从人们身上看出人性的另一面。This medicine will make you feel better.吃了药，你会舒服些。,