名词性从句+让步状语从句.ppt

名词性从句,Related Conception(相关概念),1.名词:,表示人或事物的名称的词叫名词。,2.名词在句子当中一般可以作什么成分?,名词在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。,The boy is li Ming.,主语,表语,Mr.Liang,a 24-year-old boy,teaches us English.,主语,同位语,宾语,在英语的句子结构中，本来该由名词充当的主语、宾语、表语和同位语，由一个句子来充当,这个句子就叫名词性从句。,什么是名词性从句?,名词性从句,主语从句(The Subject Clause),宾语从句(The Object Clause),表语从句(The Predicative Clause),同位语从句(The Appositive Clause),请判断出下列的句子属于哪种从句,What I want to do is taking a bath.The news that they won the game spread the whole school.I dont think he is an honest boy.The fact is that he stole the car.Do you know the fact that he stole the car?Do you know the man who is standing over there?It is said that they won the game.,(主从),(同位语从句),(宾从),(表从),(同位语从句),(定从),(主从),主语从句,在句中充当主语的从句叫做主语从句。,他星期三来这里是肯定的。,That he will come here on Wednesday is certain.,注意：从句作主语时，就算是句子意思完整，都要加上从属连词that,他星期三是否来这里还不肯定的。,Whether he will come here on Wednesday is not certain.,注意：主语从句表示“是否”只用“whether”而不用“if”,主语从句,主语从句有时用“it”作形式主语，把真正的主语放在后面，以避免头重脚轻。,It is known to us that he will come here.,It+be+形容词 that从句,It is necessary that 有必要It is important that.重要的是It is obvious that 很明显,It+be+-ed分词 that从句,It is believed that 人们相信It is known to us/all that.众所周知It has been decided that 已经决定,用it形式主语的that从句有以下四种不同的搭配：,It+be+名词 that从句,It is common knowledge that 是常识It is a surprise that.令人惊奇的是It is a fact that 事实是,It+不及物动词 that从句,It appears that 似乎It happens that.碰巧It occurred to me that 我突然想起,表语从句,在句中充当表语的从句(即放在be,look,seem,remain,appear等动词后面)叫做表语从句。,我们的目的是他能认识到错误。,Our purpose is that he can realize his faults.,注意：引导表语从句的连接词一般不省略。,问题是它是否值得做。,The question is whether it is worth doing.,注意：表语从句表示“是否”只用“whether”而不用“if”,试区分以下句子,Is this museum what you visited?,Is this the museum that you visited?,Is this museum the one that you visited?,注意：这种句子考试时一定要记住这句话：名词前（尤其是单数可数名词前）一定要有限定词。然后把句子变换成陈述句，接着判断句子是属于哪种从句再完成。,(表从),(定从),(定从),宾语从句,在句中充当及物动词或介词宾语的句子叫做宾语从句。,我不知道你会来这里。,I dont know（that）you will come here.,注意：that在从句中不充当任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常常被省去。,我不知道他来不来。我想知道他来还是不来。你们是在谈论着他来还是不来吗？他不在乎天气是否好。,I dont know whether/if he will come.,I want to know whether he will come or not.,Are you talking about whether he will come?,He doesnt care if it isnt a fine day.,注意：在宾语从句中，表示“是否”既可以用whether,也可以用if.但是，whether常与or not连用；作介词宾语只用whether;从句是否定句时一般用if。,宾语从句中的否定转移,我认为他不会来这里,I think he wont come here.()I dont think he will come here.(),注意：如果宾语从句是由think,believe,imagine,suppose等词引导的时候，要将从句中的否定形式转移到主句中去。,宾语从句中用it作形式宾语,We think it our duty that we should help others.I find it impossible that he should finish the work in two days.,注意：如果主句中有形容词或名词作宾语补足语时，一般用it来作形式宾语，把从句放在宾补后面。,同位语从句,在句中用作同位语的从句叫做同位语从句。同位语从句一般放在如idea,news,fact,promise,suggestion,belief,truth等含有丰富内涵的词语后面，用来说明前面那个词的具体内容。一般说来，同位语从句都用that来作连接词，而且不能省略。也可用how,when,where等。,他给了她一个承诺，他会在两个月后回来。,He gave her a promise that he would come back after two months.,试区分以下句子,Do you know the fact that he stole the car?,Do you know the fact that they were talking about?,注意：1.如果是定语从句，它的从句肯定是不完整的，关系词肯定在句中充当成分的；而同位语从句中的that只起连接作用。2.定语从句是对先行词起修饰作用，而同位语从句则解释说明先行词的具体内容。,(同从),(定从),主语从句,that whether who whom whose what which when where why how,从 句引导词:,1.That he knows Japanese is known to all.,他懂日语,这一点大家都知道,令我惊讶的是在这儿见到他.,3.When he will come is unknown.,4.Whether he is coming doesnt matter much.,他来不来没什么要紧的,他什么时候来不清楚.,他们是怎么登上山顶的仍是个秘密.,5.It remains a secret how they climbed up the mountain.,主语从句的位置 1.在句首 2.主语较长时通常放在后面,句首主语用 It,主语太长了!放到句尾,That无词义,不可省略,What“什么”,“所.的”,2.What surprised me was to see him here.,When“什么时候”,主语从句不用 if,位于句首,what在从句中表示“什么”或“所的”,return,What he will do next is unknown.what 表示疑问“什么”,比如：他下一步做什么我们不清楚。,在那儿所看到的(事物)是无法描述的。我们怎么处理这些书与你无关。她会给我们带些什么食物来还不清楚。明天会发生什么事还是个谜。她所买的只是一些蔬菜。,What was seen there is beyond description.,What we will do with the books has nothing to do with you.,What food she will bring to us is not clear.,What will happen tomorrow is still a mystery.,What she has bought are only some vegetables.,what只用于名词性从句中,Return,when,where,why,how,who,whom,whose分别表示什么时候、什么地方、为什么、怎么、谁（主格/宾格）、谁的,When we will have a meeting is unknown.,Where we will have a meeting is unknown.,Why we should have a meeting is unknown.,我们什么时候开会不清楚。我们在什么地方开会不清楚。我们为什么要开会不清楚。,4.他们是怎么发现那个秘密的令大家很感兴趣。5.谁来当他们的班主任还没有决定,How they discovered that secret interested everyone.,Who will be their class teacher has not been decided.,Where did they go last week is of no importance.(),错,凡是从句都必须用陈述语序,went,whether从句作主语时不能用 if,Return,我们是否要重新做这个实验还没有决定。这本书是否林先生写的这一点很重要。他们是否能按时到达要看天气。她是否能考上大学要看她是否努力。,Whether we should do the experiment again has not been decided.,Whether the book was written by Mr.Lin is very important.,Whether they can arrive in time depends on the weather.,Whether she can pass the college entrance examination depends on whether she will work hard.,Whether that she can come or not doesnt matter.(),错,一个从句只能有一个引导词,让步状语从句专讲,让步状语从句通常用 though,although,no matter,even if,if,even though,however,whatever等引起。让步状语从句可以前置，也可以后置；前置时强调主句内容，后置时强调从句内容。有时也可以采取中位（插入句中）。,1although 和though 引导的让步状语从句：,两个词同义，一般情况下可以互换使用，如：He didnt light the fire though/although it was cold.although 比though 较正式，语气较重，常用于强调让步概念，如：He insisted on doing it although I warned him not to.though可以和even 连用，但although 不可以，如：Although(Even though)the traffic held us up,we got to the airport on time.,当让步状语从句是指一种假设的情况，不指事实时，通常用though，而不用although，如：He will never do such a thing though he(should)be forced to.Though all the world were against me,I shall still hold to my opinion.though可以在非正式文体中用作连接性状语，而although 则不行。（though 可以放在句中或句末，通常用逗号隔开），如：He said he would come;he didnt,though.though引导的从句可用倒装语序（即把从句中的表语或状语等放在though之前），而although 不能这样用，如：Young though she is,yet she is fit for the job.(=Young as she is,),有时可用副词yet,still,nevertheless(但不能用连词but)来配合连接词though或although，以加强语气，如：Though he is over seventy,yet/still/nevertheless he can ride the bike.though和although后面的主语和谓语动词be 可以省略，如果这个主语和主句中的主语指同一个人或物时，如：Though(it was)cold,it was a fine winter morning.Though(he was)severely wounded,yet he refused to leave the battle field.Though(they were)very tired,they continued to march on.,2even if,even though和 if 引导的让步状语从句：even if 与 even though同义，常用于强调让步概念，如：Ill do it,even if it takes me all the afternoon.He was there even if we didnt see him.Even if you fail,you can try again.Ill help you,even if I dont sleep for a night.注：if 有时也可以用于让步含义，但要注意条件if 与让步if 的区别，试比较：If he is poor,how can he buy the house?(条件)If he is poor,he is at least honest.(让步)(=even if)If he is inexperienced,he wont be able to accomplish it.(条件)If he is inexperienced,he is at any rate eager to learn.(让步)(=even if)If John had been there,I would have seen him.(条件)If John was there,I didnt see him.(让步)(=even if),3由as,that,though引导的特殊让步状语从句结构：在正式文体或文学作品中，为了强调让步的含义，可用as引导让步从句。但as一般不置于句首，而将从句中的表语或状语置于句首。（though,that与as一样，也可以用于这种结构），如下面几种情况：,表语的倒装：Tired as he was,he still went on with his work.Old as I am,I can still fight.Clever as you may be,you cannot do that.Tall as/though he was,he couldnt reach the top shelf.Difficult though the task was,they managed to accomplish it in time.,状语的倒装：（这时不可在状语之前加very,much等修饰语）Much as I admire him as a writer,I do not like him as a man.Much as he likes the bike,he doesnt want to buy it.Hard as I studied,I could not catch up with them.,谓语动词的倒装：Try as he would,he could not remember a word of it.(=No matter how he would try)Try as he might,he didnt pass the exam.Hate him as we may,we must admit his greatness.Search as they would,they could find nothing in the room.Try as you may,you will never succeed.,注意事项：,如果是单数名词或形容词最高级作表语，不再用冠词，如：Teacher as Michael is,he is not capable of teaching all subjects.Child as/that he was,he knew what was the right thing to do.Youngest as he is in our class,he speaks English the best.Child as he is,he knows much.as从句可以置于主句前、主句后或句中，当as从句置于句首时，主句前可加yet，如：Mary,brave as she is,is afraid of snakes.He was unable to make much progress,hard as he tried.Rich as he is,(yet)I dont envy him.,当作表语的形容词提前时，如果从句的主语是人称代词，那么它只能放在动词之前；如果从句的主语是名词，则可用倒装语序，也可用陈述语序，如：Tired as were the workers,they did not stop.Clever though/as you may be,you cant do that.as 从句与主句在时态上可以不一致，如：Child as he is,he was brave.注意区别as 引导的原因从句与让步从句，试比较：Lawyer as he is,he explains the reason clearly.(原因从句)Lawyer as he is,he cant explain the reason very clearly.(让步从句),4even though和 though even though(=even if)引导的从句指把握不大或假设的事情，意为“即使”、“纵然”；though 引导的从句指事实，意为“尽管”、“虽然”，,例如：He will not reveal the secret,even though he knows it.(可能知道，也可能不知道。)He will not reveal the secret though he knows it.(虽然知道，却不说出来。),5while引导的让步状语从句：while(=although),它引导的让步状语从句只能前置，位于句首，如：While you may be right,I cant altogether agree.While I admit that the problems are difficult,I dont agree that they cannot be solved.,注意比较下列各句：While I admit his good points,I can see his shortcomings.(让步)While I understand what you say,I cant agree with you.(让步)While I was reading,the light went out.(时间)Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative.(转折、对比)He is idle,while his brother is diligent.(转折、对比),6whetheror引导的让步状语从句：这种从句也称“选择条件-让步状语从句”，可位于主句之前或之后，如：Whether he drives or(whether he)flies,he will be here on time.Whether you like it or not,youll have to do it.Whether or not it rains,Im giving a party tomorrow.We hold that all countries,(whether they are)big or small,(whether they are)rich or poor,should be equal.Whether it rains or snows,I will go tonight.She had to go,whether or not she wanted it.,7由连接代词whoever,whomever,whatever,whichever引导的让步状语从句：Whoever(=no matter who)is unwilling to go,I will go.(whoever 既相当于连接词短语no matter 连接主句与从句，又相当于疑问代词who)Whomever(=no matter whom)you are dealing with,this method is no good.Whatever(=no matter what)happens,keep calm.Whatever others may say,you are certainly right.Whichever(=no matter which)you choose,we have no objection.,8由连接形容词whatever 或whichever 引导的让步状语从句，如：Whatever(=no matter what)difficulties may arise,we must and can overcome them one by one.(whatever 既相当于no matter 连接主句与从句，又相当于疑问形容词what 修饰名词difficulties。)Whichever(=no matter which)room is assigned to him,he will have no objection.Whichever method you use,the result is much the same.,9由连接副词however,wherever 或whenever 引导的让步状语从句。例如：However(=no matter how)difficult the task may be,we will fulfil it on time.(however 既相当于 no matter 连接主句与从句，又相当于疑问副词 how 修饰 difficult。)Wherever(=no matter where)they went,they were warmly welcomed.Whenever Im unhappy,he cheers me up.The dog follows me wherever I go.,10注意以上几种结构的省略形式：However difficult the task(may be),it will be fulfilled on time.However great the difficulties(may be),we will never retreat.Whatever the difficulties(may be),they must and can be overcome.,11由whenever,wherever 引导的从句，同时也分别是时间状语从句和地点状语从句，这里作为让步状语从句来看待，是强调它们带有no matter when,no matter where 的含义。在口语中用no matter+wh-结构比较常见。例如：No matter what I did,no one paid any attention.(=Whatever I did,)No matter when and how the invaders come,they will be wiped out clean.No matter who it is,I dont want to see him.No matter how difficult the task may be,we must fulfil it in time.It is true,no matter what you may say.(可置于主句之后)Dont believe the rumour,no matter who repeats it.(可置于主句之后)口语中还可以这样用：It doesnt matter(=No matter)what he may say,I am going.,