企业的基本问题与公司治理.ppt
企业管理学,Business Management,What is business management?,Business and ManagementNature of companies/human beings in companiesConcepts and basic business questionsCorporate governanceBusiness organizing and patterns Thoughts and strategies Risk management Planning and decision-makingOperations management Human resources managementSocial responsibility Multinational management Application of information and technology,Examination and Evaluation,A paper of 3000 words about any company you like 40%Open-book examination with open questions in the end 60%Books and periodicals readingAttendance and attitude Good impression,第一讲企业的基本问题与公司治理,Business basic concepts and corporate governance,企业的涵义、产生和发展过程Business meaning,initiation and development,企业的涵义及基本特征 Meaning and basic characters 在市场经济条件下,企业是以盈利为目的,直接组合和运用生产要素,从事商品生产、流通或服务等经营活动,为满足社会需要依法进行自主经营、自负盈亏、自我约束、自我发展的法人实体和市场竞争主体。企业是从事商品(或劳务)生产经营活动的基本经济组织 engaged in producing goods or services and management 企业是自主经营、自负盈亏的经济实体 deal in independently and assume sole responsibility for its profits and losses 企业是具有法人资格的经济实体 business entity as a legal person,企业的涵义、产生和发展过程Business meaning,initiation and development,2.企业的产生与发展过程 business initiation and development 手工作坊与现代企业 封建社会与资本主义社会 workshops and modern enterprises feudal society and capitalist society 工业生产时期 workshop period 工厂生产时期 manufactory period 企业生产时期 enterprise period 企业生产时期的主要特点:生产规模不断扩大、技术革新、科学管理制度的出现、管理权与所有权分离、企业竞争加剧和企业的社会责任改变。production scale,technology innovation,scientific management theory,separation between management and ownership,competition and change of social responsibility,企业的法律形式及经营特点business legal forms and operating characters,1.个体企业 self-employed business/individual business 个体企业由业主个人出资兴办,由业主自己直接经营的企业。由一个自然人投资设立的企业 The business invested by a natural person 个体企业的投资人对企业债务承担无限责任 absolute liability by self-employed laborers 内部机构简单,经营管理方式灵活 simple organization,flexible management 非法人企业,无独立承担民事责任的能力 non-legal entity,no substantive civil legal status,企业的法律形式及经营特点business legal forms and operating characters,个体企业的优缺点分析 Merits and shortcomings Merits 程序简单 easy procedures 规模较小、灵活多样、效率较高 small scale,agility and diversity,high efficiency 易于保守业务秘密 good for keeping secrets 竞争性和进取性强 competing and enterprising 扩大就业和社会投资 improving employment and social investment Shortcomings 经营能力和管理知识的局限 limited capability and knowledge on operation and management 经营规模的有限 small scale 风险大、安全性差 high risks 生存期限有限 limited life-span,企业的法律形式及经营特点business legal forms and operating characters,2.合伙制企业 partnership business 合伙制企业是由两个或两个以上的个人联合经营的企业,合伙人分享企业所得,并对营业亏损共同承担责任。由两个以上的自然人联合组成 invested by more than two natural persons 以合伙协议为联合的法律基础 the partnership agreement is the legal basis of cooperation 内部关系属于合伙关系 partnership in responsibility for business operation,risks,profits and losses 合伙人对合伙企业债务承担无限连带责任 joint absolute unlimited liability,企业的法律形式及经营特点business legal forms and operating characters,合伙企业的优缺点分析 Merits and shortcomings Merits设立手续简单,费用少 easy procedures and low fees扩大了资金来源,提高了企业盈利和信用能力Expanding sources of money,upgrading the level of business profit-making capability and credits税收负担较轻 low tax burden 法律环境宽松 easy legal circumstance for partnership Shortcomings相对公司而言,合伙企业资信、资金仍然有限Relatively limited credit and money 投资风险仍然较大 high risks 管理不利于统一 inharmonious management续存时间不稳定 uncertain life-span,企业的法律形式及经营特点business legal forms and operating characters,企业的法律形式及经营特点business legal forms and operating characters,3.股份合作制企业 Stock cooperative business 在我国的经济生活中,还有一种既不同于合伙制企业,也不同于股份公司的企业形式。它是依法发起设立的,企业资本以本企业职工股份为主构成的,职工股东共同出资、共同劳动、民主管理、共担风险,所有职工股东以其所持股份为限对企业承担责任,企业以全部资产承担责任的企业法人。独立的企业法人 independent legal entity股东为本企业职工 stockholders are working staff of the enterprise具有现代企业管理特点 modern business management劳动合作与资本合作相结合 labor cooperation and capital cooperation盈利性与互助性相结合 combination between profitability and mutual benefits 按劳分配与按资分配相结合 distribution according to work and contribution,企业的法律形式及经营特点business legal forms and operating characters,4.无限责任公司 Unlimited company 是指由两个或以上的股东组成,股东对公司的债务承担连带无限清偿责任的公司。Joint unlimited liability公司股东对公司债务负无限清偿责任 unlimited liability无限责任公司全体股东对公司债务负有连带责任 joint unlimited liability公司所有权与经营权融为一体 No separation in ownership and management 股本可任意改变,无须政府核准 equity capital can be changed at will without official permission.无须公开任何会计报表 No need to unveil any accounting report and form,企业的法律形式及经营特点business legal forms and operating characters,5.有限责任公司 limited company 有限责任公司是指由两个以上股东共同出资,每位股东以其认缴的出资额为限对公司承担有限责任,公司以其全部资产为限对其债务承担责任的企业法人。公司不对外发行股票,股东出资额由其协商确定。股东人数有限 regulated number of stockholders 不能公开发行股票 not issue stocks open股东承担有限责任 limited liability undertaken by stockholders组织机构设置灵活、简便 simple and easy structure in organization 优点:账目不必公开,股东彼此熟悉,组建相对容易;no need to unveil the accounting book,stockholders knowing each other well and easy to set up 缺点:资金规模小,股权转让困难 limited money,difficult stocks transfer,企业的法律形式及经营特点business legal forms and operating characters,6.股份有限公司 limited liability company 是指注册资本由等额股份构成并通过发行股票(或股期权证)筹措资本,股东以其所认购股份为限对公司承担有限责任,公司以其全部资产对公司债务承担责任的企业法人。股东总数只有最低限,没有最高限 the regulated minimized number of shareholders公司股份等额构成,并通过公开向社会发行股票募集资金Raising money through issuing stocks with equal face value to the public股东只负有限责任 limited liability undertaken by the shareholders公开公司财务状况 unveil kinds of accounting reports 所有权与经营权分离 separation in ownership and management,企业的法律形式及经营特点business legal forms and operating characters,股份有限公司企业的优缺点分析 Merits and shortcomings Merits资金来源广泛 wide capital and money sources发行股票募集的资金不用偿还,保证企业发展的稳定性 unrefunded money raised from stock market guarantee a stable business development 股票的流动性 liquidity of stocks健全的公司管理机制 sound mechanism of management Shortcomings程序复杂 complicated procedures 小股东权益易受损害 vulnerable interests of small shareholders投机性 speculation财务公开 open financial affairs,Brief summary,the business meaningthe business initiation and development the business legal forms the business management characters self-employed business partnership business stock cooperative business unlimited company limited company limited liability company,股份有限公司 limited liability company,股份制是三权分离而不是两权分离 separation of the executive,proprietorial and supervisory powers 企业实物资产与价值资产相分离 separation of physical assets and asset value有限责任制度 limited liability产权市场化、商品化、货币化、证券化 marketization,commercialization,monetization and securitization of the property right股份制企业是一种社会企业Social company现代公司制度是专家管理制度 expert management system 现代公司是大型的、综合化与国际化经营的企业 big-scale,integrated and international corporation,公司治理corporate governance,1.现代公司的法人治理制度的概念 Definition of the Corporate governance 现代公司有两个显著特点,一是法人财产制度;二是法人治理结构。corporate equity and corporate governance所谓法人治理结构是指为了保证公司法人资产能有效运营,在组织管理和领导体制上作出的权利安排。具体说它是由股东会、董事会、监事会和高层经理人员组成的一种企业组织结构。(内部治理结构internal governance structure)狭义的公司治理:所有者对经营者的一种监督制衡机制。明确权利与责任关系,保证股东利益最大化。广义的公司治理:不局限于股东对经营者的制衡,而是涉及广泛的 利益相关者。(stakeholders)股东,债权人,供应商,雇员,政府和社区等stockholders,creditors,suppliers,employees,governments and communities.etc,公司治理corporate governance,公司治理是通过一套包括正式或非正式的、内部的或外部的制度或机制来协调公司与所有利害相关者之间的利益关系,以保证公司决策的科学化,从而最终维护公司的各方面利益。,公司制企业法人治理结构示意图,公司治理corporate governance,2.公司法人治理结构是公司制的核心 business with the corporate governance as a core 钱颖一,Stanford University公司治理结构是一套制度安排,用来支配若干在企业中有重大利害关系的团体,包括投资者、经理、工人之间的关系,并从这种制度安排中实现各自的经济利益。公司治理结构应包括:如何配置和行使控制权;如何监督和评价董事会、经理人员和职工;如何设计和实施激励机制。简单说,决定企业为谁服务,由谁控制,风险和利益在投资人、管理层员工和相关利益团体间怎么分担,以及企业最高领导层怎样架构和决策。Who does the corporate serve for and is controlled by?How to share profits and assign risks among stakeholders?How to organize the corporate leadership and have it makeright decisions?经理层利益机制和经理人管理能力The incentive issue and the competency issue,公司治理corporate governance,1)权力制衡和决策科学 观念的转变 checks and balances and scientific decision-making 传统的公司治理结构,要通过建立既分权又相互制衡的制度来降低代理成本和代理风险,防止经营者对所有者的利益背离。基础在于权力配置。制衡不是目的,是保证各方面利益得到满足的手段Checks and balances is not the end but the mean of making profits.科学决策是公司治理的核心scientific decision-making is the key to corporate governance.2)治理结构和治理机制 governance structure and mechanism公司治理可以说是侧重于公司的内部治理机构,不能解决所有问题。内部监控机制与外部治理机制相结合Internal supervision and external governance公司法、证券法、信息披露、会计准则、社会审计与社会舆论,公司治理corporate governance,3.公司治理的实质是委托代理关系The essence of corporate governance principal-agent relationship 现代企业制度最大的特点就是两权分离,即所有权与经营权的分离,需要通过制度安排来合理地配置所有者与经营者之间的权利义务关系。既要保证公司的经营者不得违背所有者的利益,也要保证经营者决策的科学、有效。建立有效的激励和约束机制,合理行使权力,进行约束;Effective incentive and regulated mechanism建立有效的决策制衡机制,以合理的方式和程序进行决策;Effective balance of decision-making,公司治理corporate governance,所有者和经营者的委托受托经营关系Business connection经营权与所有权权责关系应以契约形式予以明确,所有者和监事会的委托受托审计责任关系Audit responsibility connection所有权与监督权以审计契约或公司章程形式规定,监事会与经营者的监督与被监督关系Supervisor and supervisee监督权的行使公司法或监事工作条例进行规定,董事会与经理层的经营决策与执行关系Decision-making and execution决策权与执行权也应在有关契约中予以明确,1)公司内部治理结构的主要框架,公司治理corporate governance,2)公司内部治理结构必须解决的问题Problems needed to be solved in corporate governance 如何形成有行为能力的股东大会 How to form a general meeting of shareholders with competence?如何形成公司的组织治理结构How to constitute the organizational structure of corporate governance?如何形成公司的决策治理结构How to set up an effective decision-making mechanism?如何建立健全公司内部多层次管理体系How to build an internal multiple management system?,公司治理corporate governance,4.建立有效的激励和约束机制Effective incentive and regulated mechanism经营者股权激励 interest incentive measures 经营者直接持股 the shareholder plan 股票期权制度 the stock option 管理层收购 MBO推行职工持股制度 staff share plan 以灵活多样的方式推行职工持股制度并建立持股基金会或 委托信托机构管理职工股。其他激励与约束 年薪制 annual pay 岗位工资 status wage 市场 market,公司治理corporate governance,价格(元),收益,股价走势1,行权价,股价走势2,授予认股权,行权,出售,时间,21.00,17.00,15.00,股票期权激励原理,公司治理corporate governance,公司治理corporate governance,公司治理corporate governance,5.我国公司制企业中法人治理结构存在的主要问题Major problems existing in corporate governance of Chinas enterprises 1)我国国有企业和公司制企业尚未建立完善的法人治理结构 2)产权过份集中、决策政企合一 3)代理成本过高、代理效率低下 4)“内部人控制”严重,法人治理结构失衡 5)董事会的产生与运作不规范 6)企业家阶层形成存在体制障碍解决的路径选择:ways out 产权制度改革是完善我国公司治理结构的有效前提 完善我国现代公司治理结构中的董事会制 建立有效的激励与约束机制 建立和健全公司治理结构中的职工参与管理制度,Your Main Topic Goes Here,Your subtopic goes here,Backdrops:-These are full sized backdrops,just scale them up!-Can be Copy-Pasted out of Templates for use anywhere!,Title Backdrop,Slide Backdrop,Print Backdrop,