介词加关系代词定语从句.ppt

The Attributive Clause,Made by Sun Yaru,关系代词引导的定语从句,定 语 从 句,1、定语从句及其相关概念2、关系代词引导的定语从句3、介词加关系代词引导的定语从句4、关系副词引导的定语从句5、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句6、由as引导的定语从句,关系代词引导的定语从句,一、定语从句及相关概念,1、在句中起定语作用，修饰某一名词或代词，或修饰整个主句的从句，叫做定语从句（The Attributive Clause).,3、关系词(Relatives)：引导定语从句的词，并代替先行词在从句中担任一定的成分。,2、先行词（Antecedent)：被定语从句所修饰的词。,关系代词引导的定语从句,The attributive clause or not?,Criteria,1、从句是否紧跟在一名词或代词之后。2、关系词是否代先行词，在从句中担任一定的成分。,The girl(who is standing there)is Mary.,Relative pronoun,antecedent,The girl is Mary./She is standing there.,How to combine two sentences into an attributive clause?,1、找准主句，并确定先行词。2、找准关系词，来代替先行词,Practice:,The boy is Tom.He sits in front of me.,The boy(who sits in front of me)is Tom.,The teacher will give us a speech.We met the teacher yesterday.,The teacher(whom we met yesterday)will give us a speech.,Practice:,Do you find the pen?I wrote with it just now.,Do you find the pen(which I wrote with just now)?,Do you find the pen(with which I wrote just now)?,关系代词引导的定语从句,关系词（Relatives)：关系代词+关系副词,Relative Pronouns:,Relative Adverbs:,Which,that,who,whom,whose,as,When,where,why,关系代词引导的定语从句,关系代词引导的定语从句,二、由关系代词引导的定语 从句,先行词和关系代词在从句中担任的语法成分,2、Introduction to attributive clauses(Page 8),关系代词引导的定语从句,Exercises:,指出关系代词（副词）在定语从句中的成分：1.The man who came to our school is Mr.Wang.()2.The girl(whom)I met is Lucy.()3.A child whose parents are dead is called Tom.()4.I like the book(which)you bought yesterday.(),主语,宾语,定语,宾语,关系代词引导的定语从句,6.I like the person to whom you just talked.()7.We shall never forget the days(that)we spent together.()8.We shall never forget the days when we lived together.(),Exercises:,介宾,宾语,状语,关系代词引导的定语从句,The girl who/that is standing there is Mary.She is the girl who/whom/that I met that day.The doctor to whom she sent her friend is very famous.,（1）指人的关系代词：who/that(主语)who/whom/that（宾语,可省略）,结论：1、关系代词前有介词，只能用whom指代人,作介词的宾语。2、指人时,更多用who/whom，that较少用。3、做宾语的关系代词可省略。4、作宾语时，用whom较who正式,关系代词引导的定语从句,为以下情况时，只用who,不用that,当先行詞是those/she/he/they 等代詞时,关系代詞用who.,Those who were late for class raise your hands.,Attention,He who doesnt go to the Great Wall is not a true man.,关系代词引导的定语从句,b.在there be 开头的句中用who指人,There is a man who wants to see you at the school gate.,为以下情况时，只用that,不用who,在以who开头的特殊疑问句时，为避免重复,Who is the girl that is crying?,关系代词引导的定语从句,（2）指物的关系代词：which/that(主语/宾语),Do you find the pen with which I wrote just now?,These are the trees which/that were planted last year.,This recorder（which/that）he is using ismade in Japan.,Tips:1、介词后，关系代词只用which.2、做宾语可以省略。3、指物时，较多用which，较少that.,关系代词引导的定语从句,为以下情况时，只用that,不用which,a.先行词为不定代词 all,few,little,much,everything，anything，nothing,none,etc。e.g.Finally,the thief handed everything that he had stolen.,e.g.I have read all the books(that)you gave me.,b.先行词被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some 等修饰时。,关系代词引导的定语从句,d.先行词被the only，the very，the last 修饰时，用that。,c.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级。e.g.This is the best book(that)Ive ever read.,e.g.He is the very person(that)I want to see at the present.,关系代词引导的定语从句,e.先行词同时指人和指物时，用that。,e.g.We talked about the things and persons that we saw then.,e.g.Last summer holiday,I went back to my hometown,only to find the neighbours and houses that I used to be familiar with were gone.,关系代词引导的定语从句,f.在以which开头的的特殊疑问句时，为避免重复，用that.g.主句以there be 开头，先行词指物.,Which of the books that were borrowed from the library is yours?There is a seat in the corner that is still free.,关系代词引导的定语从句,（3）whose 在定语从句中作定语，表示引导词与 whose 后的名词为所属关系。whose多指人，也可指物。,Do you know the girl whose hair is very short in our class?This is the book whose cover is blue.This is the book of which the cover is blue.,关系代词引导的定语从句,.情况：,（4）关系代词的省略,.条件：只在限定性定语从句中可省略。,a.关系代词在从句中担任动词宾语时b.在从句中做介词的宾语，且介词在句尾e.g.：Here is the man that you have been looking for.,关系代词引导的定语从句,c.当 先行词是way时，引导词为 in which/that,此时，关系代词省略。e.g.：I dont like the way(that/in which)you talk to me.,e.g.:The headmaster praised the way(that/in which)he walked.,介词加关系代词引导的定语从句,三、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句,The woman to whom my brother spoke just now is my teacher.,Ill never forget the day on which I joined the League.,Do you know the reason for which he was late?,已经知道：,介词后的关系代词只能是whom，指人；或者是which,指物。不能是that.,介词加关系代词引导的定语从句,方法一：一、根据定语从句中谓语动词的需要来确定介词。如：1She paid the man from whom she had borrowed some money(=She paid the manShe had borrowed some money from him)（borrow sthfrom sb意思是“向某人借东西”。）2In the dark street,there Wasnt a single person to whom she could turn for help.(NMET 1992)（turn to sbfor help意思是“求某人帮助”）在这一句式结构中，句中的介词是与从句的谓语动词有一定的搭配关系。介词可用于关系代词之前，但先行词若指人，关系代词必须用whom，不能用who或that；若指物必须用which，不能用that。介词也可以置于从句谓语动词之后。这时，句中关系代词用who，whom，that均可，指物可用which或that，并均可省略。例如：The middle-aged woman to whom I spoke just now is my English teacher(=The middle aged womanwho/whom/thatI spoke to just now is my English teacher),如何选择介词,关系代词引导的定语从句,二、根据定语从句的先行词的需要来确定介词。1He will never forget the day on which he joined the party.（on the day在那天）2Last Sunday my aunt bought me a telescope through which I could study the sky（through a telescope透过望远镜）三、根据定语从句中的形容词的需要来确定介词。如：China is a large country with a long history of which we are greatly proud（be/feel proud of以为自豪）,关系代词引导的定语从句,四、若表示“所有关系”或“整体中的一部分”，则用介词of。如：1I live in this room,the window of which faces south(=I live in this room,whose window faces south)（表示“所有关系”）2There are over 3,000 workers in that factory,eighty-five percent of whom are women=There are,and 85 of them are women（表示“整体中的一部分”）3China has hundreds of islands,the largest of which is Taiwan(=China has hundreds of islands and the largest of them is Taiwan)五、根据定语从句句意的需要来确定介词。如：Zhang Jia,with whom I went to the museum yesterday afternoon,enjoyed herself very much,关系代词引导的定语从句,注意:但含有介词的短语动词一般不能拆开,如look after,be made of,take part in,look forward to等。例：The babies(who/whom)the nurses look after look strong and happy.There is a great pain in my right foot,because of which I can only limp along.They arrived at a farmhouse,in front of which sat an old man.,介词加关系代词引导的定语从句,Exercises:,1.The speed _which you drive your car mustnt be too high.2.In the park there are many flowers,the colour_ which is bright and nice.3.The little girl is reading a book,_ which there are many pictures.4.What were the things_which he was not too sure?,at,of,in,about,关系副词引导的定语从句,四、关系副词引导的定语从句：,when,where,why在从句中做状语,关系副词引导的定语从句,Ill never forget the day when I joined the league.,on which,This is the house where I lived two years ago.,in which,关系副词引导的定语从句,Do you know the reason why she was late.,for which,关系代词引导的定语从句,1,The house,_ was destroyed in the terrible fire,has been repaired.A the roof of which B which roof C the roof of whose D that roof2,I decided to write about Chaplin,one of _ films I had seen several years before.A whose B whom C that D which,关系代词引导的定语从句,3,There are two small rooms in the house,_ serves as a kitchen.A the smaller of which B the small of which C the smaller of them D the smaller one4,He fell from his horse,as a result of _ he could not go to work.A that B which C whose D whom,关系代词引导的定语从句,5,The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year,80%_ are sold abroad.A of which B which of C of them D of that6,American women usually identify their best friend as someone _ they can talk frequently.A who B as C about which D with whom,关系代词引导的定语从句,7,The journey around the world took the old sailor nine months,_ the sailing time was 226 days.A of which B during which C from which D for which8,I work in a business_ almost everyone is waiting for a great chance.A how B which C where D that,关系代词引导的定语从句,9,Luckily,wed brought a road map without _ we would have lost our way.A it B that C this D which10,A fast food restaurant is the place,_,just as the name suggests,eating is performed quickly.A which B where C there D what,限制性和非限制性定语从句,五、限制性定语从句（Restrictive Clause)和非限制性定语从句(Non-Restrictive Clause),The man who came here yesterday has come again.,My sister,who is twenty,works in a bank.,注意,1.指物时，只能用which引导非限制性定语从句，不能用that;指人时，只能用who/whom 2.which不但指物，还可指代整个主句.,限制性和非限制性定语从句,e.g.She married John,which was unnatural.,e.g.The earth goes around the sun,which is a truth.,e.g.He has to work on Sundays,which he doesnt like.,e.g.Helen was much kinder to her youngest child than she was to the others,which of course made the others jealous.,限制性和非限制性从句,限制性定语从句(Restrictive Clause)是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。形式上，主句和从句写时不用逗号分开。,非限制性定语从句（Non-Restrictive Clause)和主句关系不很密切，只是对先行词作些附加说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。形式上，逗号分开。,由as引导的定语从句,六、由as 引导的定语从句,e.g.As we all know,the earth is round.,e.g.Such books as you tell me are interesting.,e.g.I have the same plan as you have.,由as引导的定语从句,Homework:,as 和which都可以引导非限制性的定语从句，两者区别在哪？,关系代词引导的定语从句,1.A.which用作关系代词，在定语从句中作主语。2C.和谁讲话”要说speak to sb.本题全句应为Do you know the man whom I spoke to.。whom是关系代词，作介词to的宾语，可以省略。3.D.where是关系副词，表示地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。4.C.when是关系副词，表示时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。5A.which是关系代词，在从句中作forget的宾语。其他几个答案都不能作宾语。6C.解析同第5题。7.A.解析见第3题。8.A.本句话的先行词应该是films,因此，关系代词that是负数概念，其谓语动词应用复述的被动语态have been shown。如果句中的one前面使用了定冠词the，则the one应该视为先行词。9.A.“谈到某事物”应说talk about sth.。about是介词，其后要用which作宾语，不能用that。10.A.with which是介词+关系代词结构,常用来引导定语从句.with有用的意思,介词之后只能用which,不能用that.with which在定语从句中作状语,即he is writing with a pen.,关系代词引导的定语从句,11.C.in front of which 即in front of a farmhouse.In front of which在从句中作状语.12.D.with whom引导定语从句.with whom放在从句中即为:my father works with the engineer.13.D.whose引导定语从句,在从句中作主语family的定语.14.A.that引导定语从句,因为先行词是all,所以只能选用that引导.15.D.the same.as是固定用法,as引导定语从句时,可以作主语,宾语或表语.在本句话中,as作从句的主语.16.D.such as是固定用法,as引导定语从句时,可以作主语,宾语或表语.在本题中,as作表语.17.B.as作关系代词可以单独用来引导非限制性定语从句。这时as所指代的不是主句中某个名词，而往往指代整个主句的含义。as在从句中可以作主语、宾语。从句可放在主句后，也可置于主句前。在本句中,as作宾语.18.B.Li Ming enjoyed it very much是主句,with whom I went to the concert是定语从句.with whom放在从句中为:I went to the concert with Li Ming.19.C.as引导定语从句时通常构成suchas或the sameas固定搭配，其中such和same修饰其后的名词，as为关系代词，指代其前的名词引导定语从句。as在从句中可以作主语、表语或宾语。Such修饰单数名词时,要用such a.,本题中such books,such直接修饰复数名词.20.B.things和persons是先行词.当定语从句要修饰的先行词是既表示人,又表示物的名词时,其关系代词要用that.,关系代词引导的定语从句,21.D.who引导非限制性定语从句,who作从句的主语.22.C.two thirds of whom 即:two thirds of the 2,000 workers.23.D.先行词person后有两个定语从句,第一个从句省略了关系代词whom.因为,whom作从句中met的宾语,可以省略.第二个从句who could do it.who在从句中作主语,不可省略.24.A.whose title引导非限制性定语从句,whose title也可以说成the title of which25.A.for which 引导定语从句,使用介词for,是来自于从句中的固定短语 be famous for 以.而闻名.26.C.当先行词被such修饰时,引导定语从句的关系代词要用as.As在本从句中作主语.27.A.两个先行词the day都是表示时间的名词,但第一个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作状语,因此要用关系副词when.第二个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作动词spent的宾语,因此要用关系代词which或that来引导定语从句.28.D.在way、distance、direction等词后的定语从句中，常用that来代替“in(或其他介词)+which”、when或where，而that常可省略。29.D.for which在定语从句中作原因状语,可用why 来替代.30.B.which I have looked after 构成一个非限制性定语从句.,关系代词引导的定语从句,31.A.The reason why was that.已成为一种固定句型，这一句中的why和that不能随意换位，也不能将that改成because，尽管that这个词在译文中可能有“因为”的含义。32.B.非限制性定语从句常用which引导,which表示前句话的整个含义.33.A.解释见28题.34.D.主句中的two表明不能选A.从句中的are表明不能选B.both of which用来引导非限制性定语从句.35.C.as引导定语从句时通常构成suchas或the sameas固定搭配，其中such和same修饰其后的名词，as为关系代词，指代其前的名词引导定语从句。as在从句中可以作主语、表语或宾语。本题中as作从句的主语.36.B.非限制性定语从句常用which引导,which表示前句话的整个含义.37.D.38.D.解析见35题.39.A.he makes是定语从句,从句前省略了关系代词that.40.B.which is a bad habit 非限制性定语从句.,关系代词引导的定语从句,41.A.what happened是宾语从句.all 之后that he knew是定语从句.先行词是all,所以关系代词只能用that.42.D.years是表示时间的名词,用when引导定语从句,是因为when在从句中作时间状语.第二个空选用which,引导一个非限制性定语从句.43.C.本句话的定语从句是who own cars.其先行词是people,因此,定语从句的谓语动词要用复数的own。本句话主句的主语是The number of指“.的数目”，是单数概念。因此，主句的谓语动词要用is。44.D.that followed是定语从句，关系代词that在从句中作主语。45.A.先行词gas被only修饰，关系代词要用that，而不用which。46.B.through which引导定语从句，through which即through the hole,在定语从句中作状语。What引导的是see的宾语从句，并作从句的主语。47.B.为便于理解，改写本句话：This is the school that some Germanfriends visited last week.不难看出，作表语的the school是先行词。that引导了定语从句，因为that同时又作visited的宾语，所以被省略了。其它选项结构不对。48.A.解释见35题。49.C.因为是two ballpens,并且定语从句的谓语writes是单数概念。因此，C是正确选项。50.B.本句话中，主句的主语是all,为抽象概念。因此，其谓语应用单数的has been。关系代词that引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语。,关系代词引导的定语从句,已知函数f(x)=x2-4x+a+3,g(x)=mx+5-2m,当a=0时，对任意的x11,4,总存在x21,4,使f(x1)=g(x2）成立，求m的范围。,当a=0时，f(x)=x2-4x+3,g(x)=mx+5-2m即 x2-4x+3=mx+5-2m 在1,4上有实数解 的问题整理得 h(x)=x2-(4+m)x+2m-2=0 在1,4上有实数 所以 1中情况为 当对称轴(4+m)/2小于等于1时 即 m小于等于-2时 h(1)*h(4)小于等于0 解得 m大于等于5或m小于等于-1 这种情况下m取小于等于-2 2种情况为 当对称轴(4+m)/2大于等于4时 即 m大于等于4时 h(1)*h(4)小于等于0 解得 m大于5或m小于等于-1 这种情况下m取大于等于5 3种情况为 当对称轴(4+m)/2大于等于1小于等于4时 即m大于等于-2小于等于4时（4+m）2-4(2m-2)=m2+24恒大于0 所以 m大于等于-2小于等于4 能满足条件 综上所述 m的取值范围是m小于等于4或m大于等于5,关系代词引导的定语从句,f(4)=a+3 f(2)=a-1若t=2，7-2t=3=f（4）-f（2）若t2,假设也存在，则t2-4t+a+3-(a+3)=2t-7t=3+2 3-2均不符合条件t2时若2t=0,7-2t3,D=3因此不存在当t0时t2-4t+a+3-(a-1)=7-2tt=-1一共有两个-1和2,关系代词引导的定语从句,一氧化碳二氧化碳混合气体15克，标况下体积10.08升，则一氧化碳质量？所含二氧化碳在标况下的体积？,标准状况下(STP)气体摩尔体积为 224L/mol。,设二氧化碳物质的量是X,一氧化碳是Y44X+28Y=1522.4(X+Y)=10.08解得X=0.15Y=0.3所以 二氧化碳0.15mol，一氧化碳0.3mol.,关系代词引导的定语从句,已知二次函数f(x)=4x2-2(p-2)x-p-5.若在区间（-1，1）内至少存在一个实数c，使f(c)大于0.求实数p的取值范围。,判别式0,对称轴x=(p-2)/2 结合图像观察,若使f(c)0恒成立 1)当对称轴小于0时,只要保证f(1)0 即(p-2)/20，4-2（p-2)-p-50=p1 2)当对称轴等于0时，也是要f(1)=f(-1)0 即(p-2)/2=0，4-2（p-2)-p-50=p无解 3）当对称轴大于0时，只要保证f(-1)0 即(p-2)/20，4+2(p-2)-p-50=p5 所以 p的解集为(-，1）（5，+）,关系代词引导的定语从句,THE END,