五种基本的句子结构.ppt
英语中五种基本的句子结构,CONTENTS,Introduction,Some Related Information,Basic Sentence Patterns,Conclusion,1,Introduction,英语句子长短简繁不一,表面上似乎难以捉摸,但可以从实质上发现其内在联系,找出其共同规律。即可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型,是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,2,Some Related Information,2,Some Related Information,2,Some Related Information,S=Subject(主语);V=Verb(谓语动词);P=Predicative(表语);O=Object(宾语);,INO=Indirect Object(间接宾语);DO=Direct Object(直接宾语);OC=Object Complement(宾语补足语),Basic Sentence Patterns,3,句型一:+(主谓),句型二:+(主系表),句型四:+(主谓间宾直宾),句型三:+(主谓宾),句型五:+(主谓宾宾补),Basic Sentence Patterns,3,E.g:Birds fly.主 谓特点:谓语动词是不及物动词,本身能表达完整的意思,后面不需跟宾语,但有时可跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等在句中作状语成分。如:He runs in the park.主 谓 地点状语,Basic Sentence Patterns,3,E.g.:The food smells delicious.主 系 表特点:句子谓语动词不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做(连)系动词。,Basic Sentence Patterns,3,系动词可分四类:1)be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用,后可接动词外的任何词;2)感官动词类:look,feel,smell,taste,sound等;3)表示变化:get,grow,become,turn,go等;4)表示状态延续:stay,keep,remain,stand等。,Basic Sentence Patterns,3,Basic Sentence Patterns,3,E.g.:He hopes to fly to the moon.主 谓 宾特点:谓语动词都是实义动词,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词(vt.)。,Basic Sentence Patterns,3,1)只能用不定式作宾语的常见动词:want,hope,wish,would like,decide,agree,ask,wait等;2)只能用动名词作宾语的常见动词:mind,enjoy,keep,finish,cant help等;3)既能用不定式又能用动名词作宾语,且有区别的常见动词:remember,forget,stop,go on,try4)既能用不定式又能用动名词作宾语,且无区别的常见动词:begin,start,like,love,hate等。,Basic Sentence Patterns,3,E.g.:He brings me cookies every day.主 谓 间接宾语 直接宾语 状语特点:谓语动词跟有两个宾语,这两个宾语都是动作的对象或承受者,其中指人的是间接宾语,指物的是直接宾语。当间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时,通常需要加介词for或to。,Basic Sentence Patterns,3,若要先说出直接宾语(事物),后说间接宾语(人),则要借助于介词to或for。如:He brings cookies to me every day.She made a beautiful dress for me.用to侧重指动作的方向,表示朝着,向着,对着某人。用for 侧重指动作的受益者,表示为了某人,替某人。,Basic Sentence Patterns,3,常跟双宾语的动词有:(需借助to的)bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等;(需借助for 的)buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare等。,Basic Sentence Patterns,3,1Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。3请把那本字典递给我好吗?4他把车票给列车员看。,Mr Johnson taught us German.,Grandma told me an interesting story.,Would you please pass me the dictionary?,He showed the ticket to the conductor.,Basic Sentence Patterns,3,E.g.:The boy wished his father to buy him a bike.主 谓 宾 宾补特点:此结构中的宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系,若无宾语补足语,则句意不够完整。可以用做宾补的有:名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,动词不定式,分词等。,Basic Sentence Patterns,3,1)带to的不定式作宾补:例如:She asked me to call him again.很多动词后面都可以有这种宾补,这类动词有:ask,tell,want,wish,would,like,like,hate等。,Basic Sentence Patterns,3,2)不带to的不定式作宾补:例如:We often hear the girl sing the song.能带这种复合宾语的动词为感官动词、短语动词和使役动词如let,feel,notice,help,make,have,listen to,hear,see,watch,look at,observe.注:如果这种结构变为被动语态,不定式就必然带to.help后的不定式可以带to也可不带to.,Basic Sentence Patterns,3,3)分词作宾补:例如:He heard somebody knocking on the window.现在分词作宾补表示主动,且动作正在进行,过去分词作宾补表示被动,或动作已完成,也可以表示请别人做某事。能带分词作宾补的常见动词为感官动词:see,hear,notice,watch,feel及find,get,have(这三个动词为使役动词)等。,Basic Sentence Patterns,3,4)名词作宾补;例如:We must keep it a secret.这类复合宾语只有在有限的一些动词后使用,常见的动词有:name,call,make,elect,think,find,leave等。,Basic Sentence Patterns,3,5)形容词作宾补。例如:You should keep the room clean.常见的能跟这种复合宾语的动词有:make,keep,find,want,wish,like,see,think,believe,leave等。,Basic Sentence Patterns,3,1.The cake tastes delicious.主+系+表2.Classes begin at eight every day.主+谓3.They havent decided where to go next.主+谓+宾4.They made Tom monitor.主+谓+宾+宾补5.Mr.Johnson taught us German last year.主+谓+直宾+间宾,Conclusion,4,以上五种基本句型结构有什么共同之处?(都含有哪些成分),Conclusion,4,五种基本句型都含有主语和谓语,其中谓语是一个句子的灵魂,也是判断句子属于简单句,并列句还是复合句的依据。即“一句一谓”原则。,如果句子只有一个谓语,即可判断该句为简单句;如果句子中有两个或以上谓语,则句子属于并列句或复合句。,Conclusion,4,复合句的主句和从句之间有从属关系,所谓从属关系即从句是主句的某个成分,所以复合句有定语从句,状语从句,名词性从句(主从,宾从,表从,同位从)。,而并列句中,由连接词(主要是or,but,and,so四大类,每类可分别延伸。)连接的两个句子是独立的,互不充当成分。,THE END,