专四语法讲解(虚拟语气).ppt

,虚拟语气,1.主从句谓语动词的时态,(1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配:,真题举例：,1.All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there _ quite such a crowd people there.（00,49）A.werent B.hasnt been C.hadnt been D.wouldnt be C,If there were no subjunctive mood,English _ much easier to learn.(09,52)A.could have been B.would beC.will be D.would have beenB_ for the fact that she broke her leg,she might have passed the exam.(02,60）A.Had it not been B.Hadnt it beenC.Was it not D.Were it notA,(2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。如：Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public,our company would not be so thriving as it is.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)Had Paul received six more votes in the last election,he would be our chairman now.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反),真题举例：,1.Had Judy been more careful on the maths exam,she _ much better results now.(08,52)A.would be getting B.could have gotC.must get D.would getD2._ if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand?(04,54)A.Would you be surprised B.Were you surprisedC.Had you been surprised D.Would you have been surprisedA,(3)识别事实和假设混合句：Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.(句子前半部分为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实)I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible,but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.(前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实),真题举例：,1.He would have finished his college education,but he _ to quit and find a job to support his family.（07,60）A.had had B.has C.had D.would haveC,2.名词性从句的虚拟形式,从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。(1)下列表示建议、提议、命令、惊奇、不满等动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,require,insist,maintain,propose,prefer,urge,vote。,(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested,surprised。如：The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right away.It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.,真题举例：,1.It is absolutely essential that William _ his study in spite of some learning difficulties.(07,65)A.will continue B.continuedC.continue D.continuesC2.It is imperative that the government _ more investment into the shipbuilding industry.(06.59)A.attracts B.shall attractC.attract D.has to attract C,3.It is imperative that students _ their term papers on time.(o4,56）A.hand in B.would hand inC.have to hand in D.handed inA4.It is necessary that he _ the assignment without delay.(10,60)A.hand in B.hands inC.must hand in D.has to hand inA,5.I am surprised _ this city is a dull place to live in.(2006,57)A.that you should thinkB.by what you are thinkingC.that you would thinkD.with what you were thinkingA,(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,requirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understanding。如：John Wagners most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious,as well as worldly,frame of reference.,真题举例,He left orders that nothing _ touched until the police arrived here.(97,43)A.should be B.ought to be C.must be D.would be A,I wish+that 用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：,I wish I were as tall as you.我希望和你一样高。He wished he hadnt said that.他希望他没讲那样的话。I wish it would rain tomorrow.我希望明天下雨就好了。,3.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式,含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。(1)连词but,but that,or,or else；副词otherwise,unfortunately等表示转折假设。如：A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger.Unfortunately,it was never done.Victor obviously doesnt know whats happened;otherwise he wouldnt have made such a stupid remark.I used my calculator;otherwise Id have taken much longer.,(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without,but for,under more favorable conditions等。如：But for your timely advice,I would never have known how to go about the work.（94年）The storm delayed us.But for the storm we would have been in time.Without your timely help,my daughter would have drowned.,(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned 或was/were+不定式完成式或 had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。如：I intended to have called on you,but I was busy at that time.(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：I should have called to make an airline reservation,but I didnt.,真题举例：,1.You _ Jim anything about it.It was none of his business.(00,48)A.neednt have told B.neednt tell C.mustnt have told D.mustnt tell A2.Arent you tired?I _ you had done enough for today.(09,61)A.should have thought B.must have thoughtC.might have thought D.could have thoughtA,3.You _ Mark anything.It was none of his business.(98,52)A.neednt have told B.neednt tellC.mustnt have told D.mustnt tellA,4.常用虚拟形式的句型,(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型：would rather would as soon as though supposehad rather would sooner as if supposingIf onlyIt is(high)time that(从句中动词只用过去式),I would rather have coffee than tea.-John wants to see you today.-I would rather he came tomorrow than today.Id rather you hadnt told me about it.Id just as soon work at home and not have the hassle of the subway every morning.I would just as soon you didnt drive the car while Im gone.,(2)If it were not for(与现在事实相反)If it had not been for(与过去事实相反)相当于but for。如：If it had not been for his help(=but for his help),we would not have succeeded._ for the fact that she broke her leg,she might have passed the exam.(02,60）A.Had it not been B.Hadnt it beenC.Was it not D.Were it notA,(4)lest/for fear that/in case 从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。如：The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.,Lest的用法,Lestconj.用于fear,be afraid之后,等于that所连接的状语从句里常用should或原形动词 以免；生怕；唯恐例子：Be careful lest you fall from that tree.要当心,以免从树上摔下来。I was afraid lest he might come too late.我怕他来得太晚。lest的从句一般要用虚拟语气，形式是“should+动词原形”或省掉should。for fear that和in case从句一般用虚拟语气，但有时也可以用陈述语气。in case+主语+动词可跟在陈述句或命令句后面：lest除在较正式的书面英语中出现外，一般不常用。I obeyed her lest she should be angry.我得顺着她，免得她生气。,让步状语从句中的虚拟语气,Though,if,even if,even though,whatever,however,granted that 等连接代词或副词引导的让步状语从句中可以使用虚拟语气，但是主句一般用直陈语气。Eg:However dangerous it might be,I would have a try.We wont change our plan even if the rumor be true.,（2）在whatever，whichever，whenever，whoever，wherever，however，no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为：may+动词原形（指现在或将来）。如：We will finish it on time no matter what/whatever may happen.不管发生什么事，我们都要按时完成。We will find him wherever/no matter where he may be.无论他在哪里，我们都要找到他。,may+完成式（指过去），主句结构不限。如：You mustnt be proud whatever/no matter what great progress you may have made.不管你取得了多么大的进步，你也不能骄傲（from）。We must respect him no matter what/whatever mistakes he may have made.不管他翻过什么错误，我们必须尊敬他。,（3）在though，although等引导的让步状语从句中，从句虚拟语气结构为 should+动词原形，主句结构不限。如：Although/Though he should often be late，he is a good student.尽管他经常迟到，他还是个好学生。Although/Though he should be secretary，he must obey the rules.尽管他是书记，他也必须遵守规定。,Though 和 as 的 区别,1、as引导让步状语从句时必须倒装，而though引导让步状语从句时可以倒装也可以不倒装。如：虽然很晚了，但我们还是继续工作。正：Late as though it was,we still went on working.正：Though Although it was late,we still went on working.误：Late although it was,we still went on working.误：As it was late,we still went on working.,2、though 可以放在主句后面，用逗号隔开，as 不可以。Strange though it may sound,I was pleased it was over.=I was pleased it was over，strange though it may sound.,(5)whetheror有时谓语用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法经常采用倒装结构。如：Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions,be they Christian,Islamic,Buddhist,Jewish,and so on.The business of each day,be it selling goods or shipping them,went quite smoothly.,3、在“开放式条件句”(通常表示一个极可能发生的事情)和让步状语从句中should是被省略了的。在这种情况下，如果if省略，动词be与主语的位置要倒装。如：、If any person be guilty of a crime,the court shall have the right to appeal.(任何人犯罪，法院有权起诉。)Be any person guilty of a crime,the court shall have the right to appeal.,、Whether she be right or wrong,she will have my support.(不管她是对还是错，我都会支持她的。)Be she right or wrong,she will have my support.注意：如果条件从句为否定式，要将not置于主语之后，而不置于主语之前。例如：要不是我亲眼所见，我都不会相信了。误：Hadnt I seen it with my own eyes,I would not have believed it.正：Had I not seen it with my own eyes,I would not have believed it.,would rather(than)的用法,一、would rather意思是“宁愿、宁可、更、最好、还是为好”，后接动词原形,常省略为d rather，表示优先选择的一种方式 其否定形式是would rather not do sth。would rather没有人称和数的变化，所有的人称一律用would rather。,“would rather+动词原形”是英语中常见的一个惯用句式，美国英语中多用had rather。would(had)在此决无“过去”之意，它是一个情态助动词，且无词性、时态变化。例：If youd rather be alone,well all leave here.如果你宁愿独自呆着，那我们都离开这儿。Hed rather work in the countryside.他宁可到农村去工作。,二、如果在两者中进行取舍，表示“宁愿而不愿，与其宁可”的意思时，则可用would ratherthan或wouldrather than的句型 例：I would rather watch TV at home than go to the cinema.我宁可在家看电视而不愿去看电影。The children would walk there rather than take a bus.孩子们宁愿步行去那里而不愿乘公共汽车。,请注意:1）would ratherthan/wouldrather than也可以颠倒为：rather thanwould。Would(rather)和than后都接不带to的动词不定式，若选用的动词相同，那么than 后的动词可以省略。例:I would rather have noodles than rice.我宁愿吃面条也不吃米饭。Rather than work in such bad condition,he would give up.与其在这样差的条件下工作，他宁愿放弃。,2)使用would ratherthan句型时要注意“平行结构”，即在than 的前后要用两个同类的词或词组，如两个名词、两个不定式、两个介词短语等。例:I would rather go to work by bike than by bus.我宁愿骑自行车也不愿乘公共汽车去上班。I would rather talk with his mother than with his father.我宁愿和他妈说话而不愿和他爸说话。,三、在疑问句式中，would rather 与would ratherthan中的would要放在主语之前 例 Would you rather stay here or go home?你愿意呆在这里，还是回家？Which would you rather have,apples or bananas?你喜欢吃苹果还是香蕉？Would you rather read a novel than read a poem?你宁愿看小说而不愿朗读诗歌吗？,四、would rather/sooner和prefer/would prefer的区别:would rather和would sooner之间一般没有区别，但经常接触到的是would rather。例:Tom would rather/sooner read than talk 汤姆宁可读书而不愿谈天。Tom prefers reading to talking汤姆喜欢读书而不喜欢谈天。,请注意:1）would rather后跟不带to的不定式+than+不带 to的不定式，而prefer后跟动名词+to+动名词。有时prefer后面也可跟名词。例:He prefers wine to beer=He would rather drink wine than beer 他喜欢喝红葡萄酒而不喜欢喝啤酒。I prefer tennis to golf=Id rather play tennis than golf 我喜欢打网球而不喜欢打高尔夫球。,2）某些 prefer+名词的情况不能用 would rather完全确切地表达出来：例：He prefers dogs to cats（他喜欢狗而不喜欢猫。）和 He would rather have dogs than cats（他宁可养狗而不愿养猫。）很明显，这两句的意思并不完全相同。,3）would rather+不带to的不定式有时可代替 would prefer+带 to的不定式。例：Id rather fly than go by sea=Id prefer to fly 我宁愿乘飞机也不愿乘船。这两个结构后面带名词时情况也一样：例：Would you like some gin？Id prefer a coffee=Id rather have coffee than gin 您想喝点杜松子酒吗？我想喝点咖啡。/我想喝点咖啡，不想喝杜松子酒。,4）would rather/sooner和would prefer后面都可跟完成式，但后者带to。例：We went by sea but Id rather have gone by air=Id prefer to have gone by air 我们是乘船去的，可我本想乘飞机去。（我愿意乘飞机去，可我的愿望未能实现。）这和 would like+不定式的完成式有点相似，would like+带to 的不定式的完成式也表示未能实现的愿望。,rather than 的用法,.rather than 不与would连用时，表示客观事实，意为“是而不是；与其不如”。它连接的并列成分可以是名词、代词、形容词、介词(短语)、动名词、分句、不定式、动词等。现分述如下：,(1)连接两个名词或代词 He is an explorer rather than a sailor.与其说他是一个海员，不如说他是一个探险者。You rather than I are going to go camping.是你而不是我要去要野营。注意：rather than 连接两个名词或代词作主语时，谓语动词应与rather than 前面的名词或代词在人称和数上保持一致。,(2)连接两个形容词 The sweater she bought was beautiful rather than cheap.与其说她买的这件羊毛衫便宜不如说它漂亮。(3)连接两个分句 We should help him rather than he should help us.是我们应该帮助他而不是他应该帮助我们。,(4)连接两个介词(短语)或动名词 We will have the meeting in the classroom rather than in the great hall.我们是在教室里开会，不是在大厅里。She enjoys singing rather than dancing.她喜欢唱歌，而不喜欢跳舞。,(5)连接两个不定式 I decided to write rather than(to)telephone.我决定写信而不打电话。注意：rather than 后接不定式时，不定式可以带to，也可以不带to,如上句。但rather than位于句首时，则只能接不带to 的不定式。如：Rather than allow the vegetables to go bad,he sold them at half price.他唯恐蔬菜烂掉，把它们以半价卖掉了。,(6)连接两个动词 He ran rather than walked.他是跑来的，而不是走来的。注意：这里rather than 后用了walked，而没有用walk，表示客观事实，而不是主观愿望。如果换成walk，则作“宁愿而不愿”解。,