主谓一致三原则.ppt

主谓一致三原则,一、定义主谓一致(Subject-Verb Agreement)，指“人称”和”数方面的一致关系“一致”是指句子之间或词语之间在人称、数、性等方面保持的协调关系。在英语中最主要的一致关系是主语与谓语动词之间数的一致。谓语动词的数必须和主语的人称和数一致，这就叫主谓一致。,二、功能与用法在判定一个句子主谓语是否一致时，要遵循下列三个原则：语法一致、意义一致和就近一致。“语法一致”也就是平常说的从语法形式上取得一致，即主语为单数形式，谓语动词也采用单数形式；主语为复数形式，谓语动词亦为复数形式。“意义一致”就是从意义着眼来处理主谓语一致问题。有时，主语形式为单数，但意义为复数，谓语动词依意义而定，也采用复数形式。“就近一致”是指谓语动词的人称和数往往和其最近的主语保持一致。,三、概述（一）语法一致原则,用作主语的名词词组中心词和谓语动词在单、复数形式上的一致，就是语法一致。也就是说，如果名词中心词是单数，动词用单数形式；如果名词中心词是复数，动词用复数形式。例如：This table is a genuine antique.Both parties have their own advantages.Her job has something to do with computers.She wants to go home.They are divorcing each other.Mary was watching herself in the mirror.The bird built a nest.Susan comes home every week-end.,1.单数主语即使后面带有with,along with,together with,like(像),but(除了),except,besides,as well as,no less than,rather than(而不是),including,in addition to 引导的短语,谓语动词仍用单数.如:Air as well as water is matter.空气和水都是物质.No one except two servants was late for the dinner.除了两个仆人外,没有一个人迟来用餐。,2.用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念,谓语动词用单数,否则用复数.如:The poet and writer has come.那位诗人兼作家来了.(一个人)A hammer and a saw are useful tools.锤子和锯都是有用的工具.(两样物)用and连接的成对名词习惯上被看成是一个整体,如:bread and butter(黄油抹面包),knife and fork(刀叉)等做主语时,谓语动词用单数。,3.不定式(短语),动名词(短语),或从句做主语时,谓语动词用单数.如:Serving the people is my great happiness.为人民服务是我最大的幸福.When well go out for an outing has been decided.我们什么时候出去郊游已决定了。,4.用连接的并列主语被each,every 或no修饰时,谓语动词用单数.Every boy and every girl likes to go swimming.每个男孩和每个女孩都喜欢去游泳.No teacher and no student was absent from the meeting.没有老师也没有学生开会缺席.Each man and(each)woman is asked to help.每个男人和每个女人都被请去帮忙。,5.each of+复数代词,谓语动词用单数.复数代词+each,谓语动词用复数.如:Each of us has something to say.我们每个人都有话要说。,6.若主语中有more than one 或many a/an,尽管从意义上看是复数,但它的谓语动词仍用单数。但more+复数名词+than one做主语时,谓语动词仍用复数.如:Many a boy likes playing basketball.许多男生都喜欢打篮球.More than one student was late.不只一个学生迟到More persons than one come to help us.不止一个人来帮助我们。,7.none 做主语时,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数;但在代表不可数的东西时总是看作单数,因而谓语动词要用单数.如:None of us are(is)perfect.人无完人。None of this worries me.这事一点不使我着急。,8.名词如:trousers,scissors,clothes,goods,glasses 等作主语时,谓语动词必须用复数.如:His clothes are good.但这些名词前若出现 a pair of,谓语一般用单数.如:A pair of glasses is on the desk.桌上有一副眼镜。9.形复意单名词如:news;以ics 结尾的学科名称如:physics,mathematics,economics;国名如:the United States;报纸名如:the New Times;书名如:Arabian Nights;以及The United Nations 等做主语时,谓语动词用单数。,10.“a+名词+and a half”,“one and a half+名词”,“the number of+名词”等做主语时,谓语动词要用单数.如:Only one and a half apples is left on the table.注意:one or two+复数名词做主语,谓语动词用复数形式,如:One or two places have been visited.参观了一两个地点。,（二）意义一致原则,有时，主语和谓语动词的一致关系取决于主语的单、复数意义，而不是语法上的单、复数形式，这样的一致关系就是意义一致。例如：Democratic government gradually take the place of an all-powerful monarchy.A barracks was attacked by the guerilla.Mumps is a kind of infectious disease.The United States is a developed country.It is the remains of a ruined palace.The archives was lost.This pair of trousers costs fifty dollars.,1.主语中有all,half,most,the rest等,以及“分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词.如:The rest of the bikes are on sale today.剩下的自行车今天出售。60%of the apple was eaten by little boy.这个苹果的60%都被这个小男孩吃了。Most of the apples were rotten.大部分的苹果都是烂的。Most of the apple was eaten by a rat.这个苹果的大部分被老鼠吃了。,2.不定数量的词组,如:part of,a lot of,lots of,one of,a number of,plenty of等做主语时,谓语动词的单复数取决于量词后面名词的数.如:A part of the textbooks have arrived.一小部分教科书已运到。A part of the apple has been eaten up by the pig.这个苹果的一部分被猪吃光了。3.加减乘除用单数.如:Fifteen minus five is ten.15减去5等于10。4.表示时间,金钱,距离,度量等的名词做主语时,尽管是复数形式,它们作为一个单一的概念时,其谓语动词用单数.如:Ten miles is a good distance.十英里是一个相当的距离。,5.（1）通常作复数的集体名词.包括police,people,cattle 等,这些集体名词通常用作复数.如:The British police have only very limited powers.（2）通常作不可数名词的集体名词.包括equipment,furniture,clothing,luggage 等.（3）可作单数也可作复数的集体名词.包括 audience,committee,government,family,enemy,group,party,team,public 等.如:The committee has/have decided to dismiss him.委员会决定解雇他。6.“the+形容词/过去分词形式”表示一类人或事物,做主语时,谓语动词用复数.如:The injured were saved after the fire.,（三）就近就前一致原则,（1）就近一致原则 有时，谓语动词的单、复数形式决定于最靠近它的词语。例如：Either my grandsons or their father is coming.No one except his daughters agree with him.Mary and her sisters are baking a cake.Neither Richard nor I am going.,1.由here,there,where 等引导的倒装句中,(有时主语不止一个时)谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致.如:2.用连词or,either.or,neither.nor,not only.but also 等连接的并列主语,谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。注意:one of+复数名词+who/that/which 引导的定语从句中,定语从句的动词为复数。The only one of+复数名词+who/that./which 引导的定语从句中，定语从句的动词应为单数。,（2）就前一致原则,1主语后跟with，together with，along with，but，except，besides，as well as，rather than，including，no less than，as much as等短语时，谓语应与前面的主语保持一致。2动名词、不定式或从句做主语时，谓语动词用单数。3确定倒装句谓语的单复数要找准主语。,高考常见考点,考点一谓语动词用单数的情况1主语为表示时间、距离、金钱、度量、容量、书名等整体概念的名词时。Ten miles is not a long way for me.2由and连接的两个或两个以上的单数名词作主语，前面由不定代词every/each/no修饰时。Every student and every teacher is in the classroom.3and连接的两个词是指同一个人、同一事物或同一概念，因而两个名词共用一个冠词时。The writer and artist has come.Bread and butter is her favourite food.,4the number of 复数名词作主语时。The number of professors present at the meeting is 1800.5动名词(短语)、不定式、从句等作主语时。What he said is very important for us all.6one and a half复数名词；more than one 单数名词；many a单数名词作主语时。More than one student has gone to Beijing.7“the形容词”表示一类抽象的事物，谓语动词用单数。The new is sure to replace the old.,考点二谓语动词用复数的情况,1有些集合名词，如：clothes，cattle，folk，people，police，poultry(家禽)等作主语，后面的谓语动词多用复数形式。The police are searching for the murderer.2“the形容词或分词”表示某一类人时动词用复数。The old are living a happy life now.3由and或both.and.连接两个单数名词作主语时，指的是复数概念，谓语动词用复数形式(不可数名词同样)。Both coffee and beer are on sale in the shop.,考点三谓语动词单复数视情况而定,1集合名词如：group，family，class，government，team，public，enemy，crowd，audience，club，party，crew等作主语时，如果看成一个整体，谓语动词用单数形式，如果侧重其成员，谓语动词用复数形式。The family which is not big like watching football games.2主语是单复数同形的名词如：deer，sheep，fish，series，species，means，works，aircraft等时，视其表达的意义而判断谓语动词的单复数。A new means has been used by our government.Many means have not come into effect.,3代词none，neither，all等作主语，谓语动词的单复数取决于所指代的内容。All our hope has gone.All the students have come on time.4population表示“人口”，即一个国家或地区的居民数目，它作主语时谓语动词要用单数形式。当它前面有分数或百分数时，population是指一个国家或地区的全体居民，它作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。The population of Canada is about 29 million.Eighty percent of the population in this country are farmers.,考点四“名词(或代词)介词短语”作主语时的主谓一致,1有时主语与谓语动词之间插入一个介词短语，该短语对谓语动词不产生影响。The danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly.2当主语后面跟有with，together with，along with，accompanied by，like，in addition to，as well as，as much as，more than，rather than，no less than，except，but，besides，including等连接的词组时，其谓语动词的单复数要与它们前面的主语取得一致。The singer together with his agent has arrived.,考点五“名词(或代词)of名词”作主语时的主谓一致,1由“some，plenty，a lot，lots，most，the rest，all，half，part或分数、百分数of名词”等短语作主语时，谓语动词常与of后的名词保持数的一致。一般来说，如果of后面所接名词为复数形式，谓语动词为复数；如果of后面所接名词为单数形式或不可数名词，谓语就用单数形式。About one third of the books are well worth reading.Over 30%of the work has been finished.2由“a kind of，this kind of，many kinds of”和“名词of this kind”等，以及type，sort，part，piece，section，pair等构成的同类型短语作主语时，谓语动词与of前的名词保持数的一致。This kind of animals is dangerous.Animals of this kind are dangerous.,3“a large amount of不可数名词”作主语，谓语用单数。“large amounts of不可数名词”作主语，谓语用复数。“a large quantity of不可数名词”作主语，谓语用单数。“a large quantity of复数名词”作主语，谓语用复数。“large quantities of不可数名词/复数名词”作主语，谓语用复数。“a good/great deal of不可数名词”作主语，谓语用单数。Vast amounts of money are being invested in the local market.,考点六就近原则,1由or，either.or，neither.nor，not only.but also.等连接两个或两个以上的并列主语时，采用就近一致原则，即谓语动词和与它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。Not only his family but also he likes Chaplins movies.Are either you or your brother going to the party?2there be句型中be 的形式由它后面的第一个名词的数决定。There are some envelopes and paper for you.,考点七定语从句中的主谓一致,1在定语从句里，关系代词that，who，which 等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。Those who have seen the film please put up your hands.2“one of复数名词定语从句”结构中，从句中谓语动词要用复数形式。Tom is one of the boys who have gone abroad.3“the only one of复数名词定语从句”结构中，从句中的谓语动词要用单数形式。He is the only one of the students who has passed the exam.,