主谓一致三原则首都师大附中英语组王培同.ppt

主谓一致三原则 首都师大附中英语组 王培同,英语句子中，主语的“人称”和“数”决定谓语动词的形式变化，也就是说主语的形式决定谓语的形式，这就叫“主谓一致”。“主谓一致”通常依据三项原则：语法一致原则；意义一致原则和就近一致原则。,【语法一致原则】,语法一致是指主语和谓语在形式上保持一致，一般遵循“主单谓单，主复谓复”原则。,I.主语的“人称”决定谓语动词的形式。.I love music.She loves music.Are your mother a worker？（误）Is your mother a worker？（正),II.主语的“数”决定谓语动词的形式。“不可数名词、可数名词单数、单数代词、不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）”或“从句”等作主语，用单数谓语形式。.The work is important.To serve the country is our duty.How and why he left was a sad story.,2.复数的名词、代词一般接复数谓语形式。.The children are taken good care of.They have gone to Chengdu.,.以“and”或“both and”连接的并列主语：1.通常作复数用（相加原则）。.Plastics and rubber never rot.What he says and what he does do not agree.Both Tom and I are fond of music.,2.如果并列主语指的是“同一个”人或事、物、抽象概念，作单数用。.The worker and writer has come.A cart and horse was seen in the distance.Truth and honesty is the best policy.类似的还有a fork and knife、a needle and thread 等。,3.“and”前、后的单数词语都有“each，every，many a，no”等修饰时，仍作单数用。.Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here.No teacher and no student is excused from taking part in the activity.,.主语前、后加表“数、量”等的修饰语时：1.A）“many a+单名”接单数谓语;“a good（great）many+复名”接复数谓语。.Many a fine man has died for it.A great many parents were present at the meeting.,B）.“a/an+单名+or two”大多接单数谓语：“one or two+复名”接复数谓语。.Only a word or two is needed.One or two reasons were suggested.,C）“a/an+单名+and a half”常接单数谓语：“one and a half+复名”多接复数谓语。A year and a half has passed.One and a half tons of rice are sold.,D）“more than one+单名”大多接单数谓语。More than one person was（were）absent.“more+复名+than one”接复数谓语。More students than one have been there.“more than two（three，）+复名”接复数谓语。More than one hundred students have attended the concert.,2.主语前加表示“单位、度量”的短语如“a kind（sort/type/form/pair/cup/glass/piece/load/block/box/handful/quantity/ton/meter/）of”等时，表示“单位、度量”的这个名词的单复数决定谓语形式。,A）.There is only a small quantity of paper（books）left.Large quantities of water are needed.B）.This kind of apple is sweet.This kind of apples is sweet.（大多依 kind，作单数用）.These kinds of apples are sweet.（总作复数用）Apples of this kind are sweet.（总作复数用）,3.主语后接“with”等干扰成分时：谓语仍与这类短语前的“主语”一致。构成这类短语的常用“with，along with，together with，as well as，but，besides，except，added to，including，like，no less than，rather than，more than”等。,A woman with two children has come.I as well as they am ready to help you.,4.“one of+复数名词+定语从句”：1）.定语从句的先行词通常是这个“复数名词”，因此从句的谓语用复数形式。e.g.This is one of the best novels that have appeared this year.（关系词“that”代“novels”）He was one of the boys who were praised.(who代所有受到表扬的同学),2）.若“one”前加“this，the，the only”等时，定语从句的关系词指代one，作从句主语时，接单数谓语。He was the only one of the boys who was praised.（关系词who 代 the only one）,5.强调句式的谓语动词一般都用单数。Tom is singing English songs in the classroom.,(1).It is Tom who is singing English songs in the classroom.(2).It is English songs that Tom is singing in the classroom.(3).It is in the classroom that Tom is singing English songs.,【意义一致原则】,I.集体名词作主语时：1.集体名词通常作复数用（不变词形）。如：“people，police，cattle（牛，牲口），folk，youth，militia（民兵）”，等。The police have caught the murderer.,2.有些指“整体”时作单数，指其中的“成员”时作复数（不变词形）。如:“army，audience（听众），class，club（俱乐部），company（公司），committee（委员会），crew，crowd，staff（员工），family，public，government，group，party，union，couple，population，team.”等。,.Our family is a happy one.The family are early risers.The public are（is）requested not to litter.,但上述集合名词也可有复数形式。如：families，two classes.等。有些变复数形式后意义不同。如：peoples多个民族,youths男青年。,II.代词作主语时：1.不定代词“each，one，much，（a）little，either，neither，another，the other（+单名）”等常作单数用。它们所修饰的主语也作单数。.Each of the girls（Each girl）has a new hat.Neither plan suits me.Neither of the plans suits me.,2.下列复合不定代词一般作单数用：“someone，somebody，something，anybody，anyone，anything，everybody，everyone，everything，nobody，no one，nothing”等。e.g.Is everybody here？There was nothing special then.,3.下列不定代词作复数用：“（a）few，many，several，both”等。.Few of the guests were familiar to us.Both/Both of these are interesting.,4.下列代词须视其“具体所指”来决定单、复数：1）“what，which，who，whose”等。Who is your brother？Who are League Members.,2）“all，some，more，most，any，none，a lot（of），lots（of），”等。.All（of the students）are working hard.（所有的学生）都在用功。.All（of the paint）is fine.（这些油漆）都很好。,3）“half（of），plenty（of），the rest（of），（a）part（of），the remainder（of）余下的）”，等。.Half of the apples are bad.苹果中有一半是坏的。.Half of the apple is bad.这只苹果坏了一半。,.“数词”、“数量、单位”等词语作主语时：1.表示“运算”的数词通常作单数.Ten times four makes（make）forty.十乘以四得四十。,2.表示“时间、距离、金额、度量衡”等的词语，作“整体”看时作单数用，侧重指“若干单位”时作复数用。.Twenty years is not a long time.二十年光阴，弹指一挥间。.Twenty years have passed since he left.他离开已二十个年头了。,3.“分数、百分数”通常依其“具体所指”来决定单、复数。.About 40 percent/two-fifths of the books here are worth reading.这些书中百分之四十/五分之二值得读。.Only sixty percent/three-fifths of the work was done yesterday.昨天只干完了百分之六十/五分之三的工作。,4.“a number of（许多）/a variety of（各式各样）”+复数名词，常作复数用。.A number of students in this class are from Sichuan.There are a variety of toys in this shop.,但是，“the number（数目）/the variety（种类）”+of+复数名词，作单数。.The number of students in this college has doubled.The variety of goods in this shop is rich.,5.“one inout of+复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数，但在非正式用于中也可用复数。.One in ten is expected to take part in the contest.,6.“more+复数名词+than one”作主语时谓语动词用复数。.More students than one have passed the exam.,7.population作主语时，若前无分数修饰，谓语动词用单数；有分数修饰时，谓语动词用复数。.Chinas large population has been a great problem.Two third of Chinas population live in the countryside(农村).,8.“单位词+of+不可数名词”时主语与单位词保持一致。.Two pieces of furniture were bought for the office.There are three bottles of milk on the desk.Three million tons of coal were exported last year.,9.不定式、动词的-ing形式作主语时，谓语动词用单数。.To obey the laws is everyones duty.Climbing hills is a good exercise.,.单、复数同形或易混的词作主语时：1.以“-ics”结尾的学科名词：指教育、科研的某一学科，作单数。.Mathematics seems easy to me.Physics is a very interesting subject.Politics is very dull.,2.“works(工厂)，means(方法)，series(系列)，species(物种)，aircraft(飞机)”等名词单、复数同形，要从上下文判断其具体意义来决定单、复数。.This works was（These works were）built two years ago.这（几）家工厂是两年前修建的。.Every means has（All means have）been tried.各种办法都试过了。,这类名词通常还有:“fish，deer，sheep，headquarters（总部驻地），bellows（风箱），plastics，gallows（绞架），manners（礼貌），whereabouts（行踪），”等。但news（消息）是不可数名词，通常只作单数用。,.“the+形容词/分词”作主语时：1.指“一类”人或事物时，常用作复数用。.The English speak English.The rejected were heaped in the corner.,2.指“某一个”人，或“抽象的”事物时，作单数用。.The deceased was his father.去世的是他父亲。.The agreeable is not always the useful.好看的不一定中用。.The new and progressive always wins over the old.新生、进步的事物总是要战胜旧的东西。,.专用名词作主语时：1.“书名、剧名、报刊名、国家名”等通常作单数用。.The United States was founded in 1776.美国成立于1776年。.The Arabian Nights is very interesting.天方夜谭很有趣。,2.“书刊名”有时作单数或复数两可，尤其是编成集子的书。Dickens American Notes were（was）published in 1842.狄更斯所著的美国笔记出版于1842年。,.“what等引导的从句”作主语时：1.大多作单数用。.What we need is more practice.我们需要的是更多的实践。.What he says doesnt agree with what he does.他言行不一致。,2.若从句是含复数意义的并列结构、或“表语”是复数时，谓语动词用单数或复数两可。.What you say and think is/are no business of mine.What he bought was/were some books.,【就近一致原则】,就近一致原则又叫临近一致原则，是指谓语动词的数不是由主语决定的，而是由于它最近靠近的那个名词或代词决定的。即：谓语与靠近的名词、代词（有时不一定是主语）在“人称、数”上一致。,1.由下列词语连接的并列主语：“or；either or；nor；neithernor；whetheror；notbut；not onlybut also”等。,.What he does or what he says does not concern me.Neither you nor I am wrong.。.Not you but your father is to blame.Not only you hut（also）he is wrong.,2.在倒装句中：谓语可与后面第一个主语一致。In the distance was heard the clapping of hands and the shouts of the people.There is a pen and some books on the desk.,Thank you!,