《古代文化常识》优秀课件.ppt

古代 文化 常识,纪年纪时,姓名字号,礼仪制度,知识拓展,古代文化常识,天文地理,目录,北斗七星,十二星座,二十八星宿,北（玄武）,西（白虎）,东（青龙）,南（朱雀）,东：青龙星宿图,角、亢、氐（d）、房、心、尾、箕,北：玄武星宿图,斗、牛、女、虚、危、室、壁,西：白虎星宿图,奎（ku）、娄、胃、昴（mo）、毕、觜（z）、参（shn）,南：朱雀星宿图,井、鬼、柳、星、张、翼、轸（zhn）,你知道的,北斗星、牛郎星、织女星、天狼星,我们知道的,苏轼赤壁赋：“月出于东山之上，徘徊于斗牛之间。”写景之句，以景衬月古诗十九首迢迢牵牛星：“迢迢牵牛星，皎皎河汉女。”牛郎织女离别相思李商隐马嵬：“此日六军同驻马，当时七夕笑牵牛。”回忆美好时光,九州,“九州”是中国的别称之一九州分别是：冀州、兖州、青州、徐州、扬州、荆州、梁州、雍州和豫州,五岳：,东岳泰山,（位于山东省泰安市）,五岳,南岳衡山,位于湖南省衡阳市,五岳,西岳华山,位于陕西省华阴市,五岳,北岳恒山（位于山西省浑源县）,五岳,中岳嵩山（位于河南省登封市）,所在地：湖南,洞庭湖,鄱阳湖,巢湖,太湖,所在地：江苏,所在地：江西,所在地：安徽,五湖,洪泽湖,八方：四方和四维的合称。四方：东、南、西、北四维：东南、西南、西北、东北八荒：八方荒远的地方。（远离中原的地方。）,阴阳：阴：山北水南，阳光不易照到之处；阳：山南水北。江河：古代“江”专指长江，“河”专指黄河。关内、关外:汉朝前，“关”特指函谷关；明清时以至现在称东北三省为“关外”。山东、山西:“山”特指崤山，后来有时指太行山。,河北、河南:泛指中原之地，即黄河流域一带。江南：泛指长江以南。江左：即长江以东。江表：长江以外，指江南。,大都东京、汴京京口金陵、建业、建康、江宁、石头城临安姑苏 会稽长安奉天直沽,北京 开封 镇江 南京杭州 苏州 绍兴 西安 沈阳 天津,古今地名,（1）河内：河东：（2）山东：（3）河西：（4）关西：（5）江表：（6）淮左：,黄河以北。黄河以东。崤山以东。黄河以西。函谷关以西。长江下游以南地区。淮水东面。,3、,（1）孔子说：“（周君）以道德教化来治理政事，就会像北极星那样，自己居于一定的方位，而群星都会环绕在它的周围。”北辰：以德治国的统治者。,（2）逝者：流逝的时光。,3、,（3）知者乐水：智者是聪明人，善于思考，反应敏捷，像水一样灵动。仁者乐山：仁者是仁慈宽厚的，安于义理，不易冲动，像山一样稳重。,（4）日月之食：日食，月食。犯了错误，人们都能看到，知错能改，人们都会敬重他。,2、刘禹锡，字梦得：“锡”同“赐”，“禹锡”为“大禹所赐”之意，故字为“梦得”。,李商隐，字义山：商隐，即殷商隐者之意。商朝末年，武王伐纣，天下宗周，伯夷，叔齐义不食周粟，隐于首阳山饿死，李商隐字“义山”与名呼应。,中国100大姓氏排名，看你的姓氏排名第几？01李02王03张04刘05陈06杨07赵08黄09周10吴11徐12孙13胡14朱15高16林17何18郭19马20罗21梁22宋23郑24谢25韩26唐27冯28于29董30萧31程32曹33袁34邓35许36傅37沈38曾39彭40吕41苏42卢43蒋44蔡45贾46丁47魏48薛49叶50阎51余52潘53杜54戴55夏56钟57汪58田59任60姜61范62方63石64姚65谭66廖67邹68熊69金70陆71郝72孔73白74崔75康76毛77邱78秦79江80史81顾82侯83邵84孟85龙86万87段88曹89钱90汤91尹92黎93易94常95武96乔97贺98赖99龚100文,官 名 古代职官情况异常复杂，而且各朝都有变化，可以中央、地方两方面大致掌握。中央官职：皇帝下有丞相或称宰相佐理国政，统领百官。中央一般设六部分管政务，即吏部，户部，礼部、兵部、弄部、工部，部长官称尚书，副职为侍郎。,地方官职：大政区称郡、州或称省，长官分别称郡守、太守（或刺史）、巡抚。基层政权称县，县官称县令或知县，间乎大政区和县之间高州（或府），长官称知州（知府）。,九卿三公卿和公都是官职名称。据历史记载，西周时期周王朝及诸侯都有卿，分上中下三级。战国时期，不少国家沿用。上卿是当时最高的官职。九卿：九卿之说始于秦汉，指的是太常、光禄勋、卫尉、廷尉、太仆、大鸿胪、宗正、大司农、少府九个官职。,三公：周时以司马、司徒、司空为三公，西汉以丞相（大司徒）、太尉（大司马）、御使大夫（大司空）为三公。到东汉时，名称有所改变，指太尉、司徒、司马。三公又叫三司，共同负责军政事务。,科举乡试会试殿试,录取者称为“举人”，第一名称为“解元”。录取者称为“贡生”，第一名称为“会元”。录取者称为“进士”，第一名称为“状元”第二名为“榜眼”第三名为“探花”,拜：授给官职。除：免去旧职任新职。出：出任。升：提升官职。迁：调动官职升官。革：革除官职。罢：罢免、停职。免：免除官职。黜：废黜、贬退。谪：降职远调。削：革职罢官。废：罢免或废黜。斥：屏弃不用。去：去职，被调离。授：封给官职。擢：提拔、选拔。左迁：降低官职调动。退：撤销或降低官职；自己辞职。,Add your title in here,Add your title in here,Add your title in here,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content&Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content&Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content&Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content&Contents mall 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Digital Content&Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Title in here,2.Description of the companys sub contents,Describe a vision of company or strategic contents,1.Description of the companys sub contents,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content&Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content&Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Contents,Title in here,Title in here,Title in here,Click to edit title style,Text in here,Title in here,Text in here,Text in here,2005,2006,2007,2008,Description of the contents Description of the contents,Description of the contents Description of the contents,Description of the contents Description of the contents,Description of the contents Description of the contents,ThemeGallery is a Design Digital Content&Contents mall developed by Guild Design Inc.,Click to edit title style,Click to edit title style,Description of the contents,Description of the contents,Describe a vision of company or strategic 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