第八章高层建筑主体结构工程施工.doc

第八章 高层建筑主体结构工程施工§8-1 国内外高层建筑的发展概况高层建筑是近代经济发展和科学技术进步的产物，至今已有100余年的历史。多年来，世界上最高的高层建筑集中在美国、加拿大，直到80年代末，北美洲一直是世界高层建筑的中心。按1991年公布的排行表，在世界上最高的100座最高建筑中，美国占了78座，加拿大5座，墨西哥1座，即北美洲占了84%，成了当前世界最高建筑的中心。§ 1.我国近代高层建筑的发展第一阶段从新中国成立到60年代末： 初步发展，20层以下的框架结构第二阶段为70年代 2030层，主要用于住宅、旅馆、办公楼 1974年建成的北京饭店新楼(20层，高87.4m，是当时北京最高的建筑) 1976年建成的广州白云宾馆(33层、高114.05m)360040008000800066000300036000300066000800080004000360070000785078502300广州白云宾馆33层，112.45米，剪力墙结构，1976年建成，国内首栋百米高层。第三阶段为80年代§ 仅19801983年所建的高层建筑就相当于1949年以来30多年中所建高层建筑的总和。第四阶段从90年代开始§ （1）高层建筑兴建速度加快§ 19901994年间，每年建成10层以上建筑在1000万平方米以上，占全国已建成的高层建筑的40%§ （2）超高层建筑的发展§ 高层建筑的发展及层数和高度增长更快，建成了多座200米以上的高层建筑2.国外现代高层建筑的发展第一阶段是19世纪中期以前，主要建筑材料是砖石和木材，且设计手段和施工技术的限制，欧美国家一般只能建造6层及以下的建筑。第二阶段是19世纪中期开始至20世纪50年代初§ 1855年发明了电梯系统，使人们建造更高的建筑成为可能§ 高层建筑已经发展到了采用钢结构，建筑物的高度越过了100m大关。第三阶段从20世界50年代开始§ 由于在轻质高强材料、抗风抗震结构体系、施工技术及施工机械等方面都取得了很大进步以及计算机在设计中的应用，使得高层建筑飞速发展§ 美国是世界上高层建筑最多的国家§ 世界上最早的钢筋混凝土框架结构高层建筑，是1903年在美国辛辛那提建造的因格尔斯大楼，16层，高64m。§ 1931年美国纽约曼哈顿建造了102层、高381m的著名的帝国大厦，它保持世界最高建筑达41年之久§ 这一时期,虽然高层建筑有了比较大的发展,但受到设计理论和建筑材料的限制,结构材料用量较多、自重较大，且仅限于框架结构，建于非抗震区§ 90年至今，世界上新建的最高建筑，几乎全部集中在亚洲地区；陆续建成了超过200m、300m的高层建筑。§ 一般高度的高层建筑（80150米）更是大量兴建§ 21世纪，亚洲将成为新的高层建筑中心§8-2 高层建筑结构施工概述1、高层建筑的定义：(1)世界高层建筑委员会1972年建议，将高层建筑划分为以下四类：H 第一类：916层，高度不超过50m;H 第二类：1725层，高度不超过75m;H 第三类：2640层，高度不超过100m;H 第四类：40层以上，高度100m以上。(2)我国对高层建筑的分类：§ 我国民用建筑设计通则(JGJ37-87)中规定：§ 10层及10层以上的民用建筑和总高度超过24m的公共建筑及综合性建筑为高层建筑。§ 建筑高度超过100m的建筑均为超高层建筑。2、 高层建筑的结构体系与施工方法1 结构体系框架结构体系由梁、柱构件通过结点连接组成的结构称为框架§ 优点：建筑平面布置灵活，可形成较大空间§ 缺点：属柔性结构，抗水平荷载、抗震性较差1) 框架结构是多层房屋的主要结构形式，也是高层建筑的基本结构单元。但其H：B5，否则为满足强度、刚度要求，易形成肥梁胖柱。2) 剪力墙结构体系剪力墙结构体系是利用建筑物的内墙和外墙作为承重骨架构成剪力墙结构体系；一般为钢筋砼墙，H140mm 此体系侧向刚度大，可承受较大水平、竖向荷载。缺点：平面被分隔成小开间。施工方法：大模、滑模施工3) 框架剪力墙结构体系框架剪力墙结构体系框-剪结构平面布置灵活，又能较好承受水平荷载，且抗震性能良好。适用1530层，H120m高层建筑。4) 筒中筒结构体系5) 多筒体系筒体体系§ 指由一个或几个筒体作为承重结构的高层建筑结构体系§ 整个筒体如一个固定于基础上的封闭的空心悬壁梁，不仅可抵抗很大弯距，也可抵消扭距，是非常有效的抗侧力体系。§ 建筑结构布置灵活，单位面积结构耗材少。§ 采用滑升模板施工较为适宜。3、高层建筑施工的特点§ 高：建筑物的高度高，施工时垂直运输量大。§ 深：基础埋置深度深，天然地基埋置深度1/12L；桩基1/15L，深基础给施工带来很大的难度。§ 长：建筑物施工周期长。§ 密：高层建筑的施工条件复杂。§8-3高层建筑主体结构施工用机械设备1. 塔式起重机塔式起重机：高层建筑施工中主要是附着式（自升式）和内爬式两种要求：起重臂要长；工作速度要高且能调速；采用小车变幅臂架；改善操纵条件。选择与布置：综合考虑建筑物的高度、结构形式、构件重量、现场布置等，同时要兼顾装、拆场地和建筑结构满足锚固、爬升要求。2. 混凝土泵混凝土泵:连续完成混凝土的水平运输和垂直运输。能有效解决混凝土量巨大的基础施工以及占总垂直运输量左右的高层建筑上部结构混凝土的运输问题。3. 施工电梯施工电梯：又称人货两用电梯，是高层建筑施工设备中唯一可运送人员上下的垂直运输设备。如不采用施工电梯，高层建筑施工中的净工作时间损失将达30%左右。主要运送对象是施工人员、材料、设备和工具等。4. 脚手架u 钢管扣件式脚手架u 爬升式脚手架：套管式附着升降脚手架；悬挑附着升降脚手架；互爬式附着升降脚手架；导轨式附着升降脚手架u 脚手架方案选择原则：安全；适应性强（技术、进度满足要求）；可行、经济；合理选择（依高度、结构、装饰施工等）§8-4 高层建筑主体结构的施工1、 高层框架结构的施工全现浇钢筋混凝土结构施工：主要解决模板组合问题、高强混凝土的制备、泵送和无粘结混凝土的施工问题现浇柱、预制梁和楼板框架结构的施工：一是先浇柱，后吊装预制的梁、板；二是先吊装预制的梁，后浇柱，最后吊装板。2、 高层建筑大模板施工 内浇外挂体系：全部纵横剪力墙均用大模板现浇 内浇外砌体系：外墙挂板改为砌砖；内墙用现浇钢筋砼 全现浇体系：适宜16层以上高层，队内隔墙，纵横承重墙均采用大模板现浇钢筋砼。3、 高层建筑液压滑升模板施工：整体性好，质量高，抗震能力强。施工工艺：滑一浇一，滑三浇一。4、 筒体结构施工1）施工特点：标准层多；工程量大；垂直运输多；工期长，需要考虑冬雨季施工。2）提模施工：是高层建筑现浇筒体结构的一种施工方法，运用升机板来逐层提升墙、柱和梁的模板，由一层一直到顶层，等整个结构工程完成后，才拆除模板。5、 台模：又称为桌模、飞模，是一种由台板、梁、支架、支撑、调节支腿及配件组成的工具式模板。实现一次组装、整体就位、整体拆除和整体吊升。工作原理：利用起重机械从已浇注完的楼层中吊运至上层重复使用，中途不落地。适用于高层建筑大柱网、大空间的现浇砼框架、框-剪、特别适合于无柱帽的无梁楼盖结构工程施工。§8-5 高层建筑施工的安全技术1、 高层建筑脚手架的搭设和拆除：支撑牢固；设安全网、防护板等。2、高层建筑施工的防雷保护措施：做好接地；装避雷针等3、高层建筑施工其他安全措施：四口（楼梯口、电梯口、垃圾口、预留洞口）设盖板；五临边（阳台边、屋面周边、井架侧边、楼层周边、斜道侧边）设双层围栏或设安全网。另要防电、消防安全等。（英文版 ） Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms