外文翻译 在室内设计中的知觉与错觉.doc

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Beside physical methods to modify the limits of interior space, there are also some design decisions and tricks that can change the perception of a visual space. Therefore, its possible to correct interior without redesigning or destruction - breaking old walls and making new ones, for example, with the help of optical illusions that change visual perception of interior space. A room can be visually enlarged, deepened, broadened, heightened, narrowed, or lowered. Things like color, lighting, interior elements placement, integrated horizontal or vertical lines, shapes, mirrors and even style of interior equipment and finishing materials can correct the interior space because they can have a significant impact on the size, proportion and mood of a space. Its possible to achieve great effects by combining knowledge of perception and knowledge of design.Keywords: interior design, sense of vision, visual perception, optical illusion.1 IntroductionThere is considerable scope to achieve great and sometimes surprising effects in interiors formation by combining knowledge of perception, knowledge of optical illusions, visual tricks and knowledge of contemporary interior design.By optical illusions we mean those changes in visual perception of a room size and proportions that occur under the influence of psychological phenomenon, visual memory, visual impressions, color perception, contrasts, brightness intensity and focal brightness, glare, visibility of task detail, illumination. These are the major factors comprising the performance requirements for the visual environment. These are also basic factors influenced our perception of space and our emotional response to space. Proper planning, interior elements, furniture and mirrors placement can correct every space, while color and lighting considerations can be used to emphasize the space or place. With understanding the effect of color and light on the perception of space designers can shape and modify the visual experience of room, for example, by manipulating the perceptual role of lighting ? both to facilitate visual tasks and to define the. visual boundaries and hierarchy of a space, area, or activity. Designers can also manipulate the psychological role of lighting to help establish a sense of intimacy, privacy, coziness, cheerfulness, or somberness in the room. The use of color in interior design should be based on knowledge of color perception and knowledge of color impact on human. Optical effects of colors are a visual effects associated with the perception. They also include various types of optical illusions and visual tricks. Psychological effects of colors are felt in emotional and related to feelings, and impressions. Color of light is also significant. Subtle changes in the color tone of light can influence the subconscious judgment of interior space. A mirror and mirror illusions are an excellent and specific way of modification, in particular enlarging of room space. This effect is created thanks to reflection and optical illusions. Experiments with a mirror and mirror surfaces are justified especially in small-scale rooms like bathrooms, halls, staircases etc. One more thing that also causes the room can be changed and corrected is the style and kind of interior elements and finishing materials. The effect can be a result of material type (wood, metal, glass, plastic, textiles etc.) or material features and characteristics (pattern, texture, ornament, color, gloss etc.). 1, 22 VisionThe sense of vision is based on the eyes ability to absorb and process selectively portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. That electromagnetic spectrum we call light. This sense is particularly essential, because is used for most functions that require a understanding of spatial relationship and detail. First of all, vision includes the process of orientation and the formation of spatial impressions. But it also involves scanning a variety of information cues, making simultaneous or successive comparisons, and assigning mental priorities regarding importance. Vision is used for identification of significant information sources and the subsequent getting of right quantitative and qualitative information. Finally, vision is connected with perception and interpretation movement and rates of change. Perception of color, response to brightness (adaptation, judgment of brightness differences, glare, effect of aging), the visual field (perception of fine detail in the visual field, detection of movement), the luminous environment ? are just some of the areas that should be considered. With understanding of the basic aspects of vision and perception and knowing how the human visual system works, designers can create a great variety of different interior feels. 13 LightsLight affects the visual quality of a space and the sense of well-being experienced by users of that space. Light patterns and structures influence our sense of space, our impressions, and consequently our actions. Therefore, the designer should become sensitive to the uses of sparkle, silhouette, intensity, color tone, and other forms of spatial light. The designer must recognize that the correct use of light structures is fundamental in satisfying some space-activity requirements, such as reinforcing attraction or attention, emphasizing impressions of visual clarity and spaciousness, enhancing impressions of privacy and relaxation, stimulating sensations of spatial intimacy, warmth or coziness, or reinforcing impressions of cheerfulness. 13.1 The Effect of Light on User Orientation and Room ComprehensionSome lighting patterns affect personal orientation and user understanding of the room. Spot-lighting or high-contrast focal lighting affects user attention, consciousness and, for example, user ability of concentration. Wall lighting and corner lighting affect user understanding of room parameters like size, height and shape, determining or modifying the sense of visual space limits. 13.2 The Effect of Light on Impressions of Activity, Setting and MoodOther lighting models seem to suggest that light can be a medium that assist communication of spatial ideas, impressions and moods. In this sense lighting patterns can assist the interior designer in creating impressions of playfulness, pleasantness, seriousness, tension, and other qualities. The designer can also use light patterns to affect psychological and social impressions such as intimacy, privacy, warmth and coziness. Lighting can be used to produce a solemn and festive atmosphere for ceremony, party and show or to produce an austere and sober atmosphere for meditation , relaxation .Lighting can produce a cold, impersonal public place or reinforce an impression of a warm, intimate place where a greater sense of privacy is required. These impressions or moods creating by light are often fundamental in satisfying experience and activity requirements in a designed space and they are essential condition of well-being experienced by user of that space. Lighting in this case should be seen not only as an aesthetic aspect shaping the human environment but rather as a tool for influencing human behavior, performance, and activity. 13.3 Color of LightSubtle differences and changes in the color tone of light can influence the subconscious judgment of the general environment. Perceptual awareness of this aspect of lights is most intense and noticeable when a change first occurs or when the individual first enters a space, before the eyes has time to adapt to the new condition. Subtle shifts in the perceptions of surface tones and colors affect the sense of warmth or coolness associated with the visual space. People tend to associate a warm visual atmosphere with hues of yellow through orange and red to red-purple. Warm light sources like the sun, many incandescent lamps, and some new fluorescent lamps tend to create a dominant impression of visual warmth by emphasizing these hues while graying others. On the other hand, cool light sources, such as skylight and some fluorescent and metal halide lamps emphasize the colors that tend to create a cool visual atmosphere, from hues of blue-purple through blue and blue-green to yellow-green. Detailed observation of these phenomenon may lead to definitive guidelines on the color atmosphere and its impact on sensory responses. Recent research in this area indicates, for instance, that the color tone of an environmental may affect perception of environmental temperature. Designers may be in a position to conserve energy through careful analysis of visually modified sensory responses. 14 Light IllusionsDesigners can shape and modify the visual experience of room, for example, by manipulating the perceptual role of lighting ?both to facilitate visual tasks and to define the visual boundaries and hierarchy of a space, area, or activity. Designers can also manipulate the psychological role of lighting to help establish a sense of intimacy, cheerfulness, or somberness that is appropriate as background for the intended activity. Apparently light and dark are not antagonistic but rather complementary phenomenon. Without shade light can lose much of its effectiveness as a communicating medium. Through the careful manipulation of light and dark or correct using of light stresses designers can shape and modify the visual experience of interior space. When using optical illusions for visual correction of the space, a significant effect is achieved by the correct use of light stresses. Change in the brightness of some room sections resulted, for example, from their different functions, is essential procedure. The effect of increasing the visual height of a room is made with the help of ceiling decoration with integrated lamps. Besides, designers can gain this effect with the use of the 3-D structure of suspended ceilings, mirror glass, illuminating in the top part of a room, or by creation of a shiny surface. Light cold colors and shiny textures visually level ceiling up. Illumination of ceiling with integrated lamps, can create interesting effect ceiling “dangling”above a room.om. Its also possible to evenly illuminate walls and lower corners of a room with small lamps. In this case it will visually look wider. If the space, on the contrary, must be narrowed, designer should illuminate upper corners. To make a right-angled room look more square, to a monotonous and equally illuminating of the three walls designer can add an expressed light stress on the forth wall, the farthest one. Besides that, designers can change visual proportion of the room through the experiments with the light underlying of some interior objects. All the illusions of brightness-contrast may be produced by lighting. Surfaces, forms and details may appear larger or smaller, harsh or almost obliterated, heavy or light. In fact, lighting plays an important part in influencing the mood or expression of a room. A ceiling may be“lifted"by light or it may hang low and threatening when dark, due to relatively little light reaching it. Columns may appear dark on a light back-ground or vice versa , and these illustrate the effects of irradiation. Designer can also create the perception of a larger space with the use of lighting. Just as a lighter colored ceiling creates the sense of openness and spaciousness, so too, can bright windows and natural light. Blinds and window covers minimize window exposure and moderate natural light, so the window coverings should be used sparingly in smaller rooms. Maximizing the natural light will emphasize the space and make the room appear larger and brighter. Its possible to use the reflection of light to make a space look larger. Strategically placing a mirror, or even a collection of mirrors, in the relevant, appropriate part of the room is an easy way to use the reflection of light to advantage in decorating a small space. Decorating a small room with the goal of making limited space feel more spacious can be easy when designer consider the impact of color and light on user perception of space. By using color and light to user advantage, designer can emphasize the space in the room and make small room feel more open and spacious. Space of room may be given a variety of moods or expressions by varying the lighting. The various moods may be considered to be illusions because in fact the room and its physical characteristics have not been altered in reality. It should be obvious that lighting is a factor with high potential of interior creating. 1, 35 Creating Spaciousness with Color IllusionsColor and color combinations are an extremely effective and many-sides instrument available for designers. It possible to visually change the space in all three dimensions by correctly controlling ground-colors and color stresses. It is necessary first to examine the effects of light and dark colors within a small space. Light colors make rooms and objects look larger than they are, while darker colors make them look smaller and heavier. Lighter colored ceilings and floors create the effect of a higher ceiling, whereas traditionally dark colors make ceilings lower. Light colors visually broaden the space and a room seems wider and larger. The same applies to wall color, so using light wall colors with matching light trim and base-boards will also make space seem larger. Although lighter colors do create an airy sense, this does not mean that interior designers are limited to using lighter colors when they arrange and decorate a small room. In practice, contrasting dark colors with lighter colors further emphasizes the effect of spaciousness. For example, a dark couch on light c