语法精讲系列(二).ppt

语法精讲系列（二）时态和语态,1.(2012全国卷)“Life is like walking in the snow”,Granny used to say,“because every step _.”A.has shown B.is showingC.shows D.showed【解析】选C。考查一般现在时。句意：奶奶过去常常说：“生活就像在雪中行走，因为每一步都看得见。”此处是奶奶过去常常说的一句话，这里是直接引语，句子的内容是生活哲理，所以用一般现在时。故选C。,2.(2012安徽高考)Walmart,which is one of the largest American supermarket chains,_ some of its store open 24 hours on Mondays through Saturdays.A.keeps B.keepC.have kept D.had kept【解析】选A。考查一般现在时。句意：沃尔玛，作为美国最大的连锁超市之一，有些店从周一到周六二十四小时营业。本句话的主语是Walmart，后面的非限制性定语从句分隔了主语与谓语，谓语动词用单数，句子叙述的是一般事实，用一般现在时，故选A。,3.(2012辽宁高考)Mum,I was wondering if you could lend me a few dollars until I _ on Friday.A.get paid B.got paidC.have paid D.had been paid【解析】选A。考查一般现在时表将来。句意：妈妈，我想知道你能否在周五我发薪水之前先借给我几美元。在时间状语从句中用一般现在时表将来，且I与pay之间是动宾关系，所以选A。,4.(2012湖南高考)Close the door of fear behind you,and you _ the door of faith open before you.A.saw B.have seenC.will see D.are seeing【解析】选C。考查动词的一般将来时态。句意：关上你身后的害怕之门，自信大门就在你前面打开了。从前一分句为祈使句可知此语境为将来的情况，而且这是常见句型“祈使句+and+表将来的句子”。故选C。,5.(2012重庆高考)Food supplies in the flood-stricken area _.We must act immediately before theres none left.A.have run out B.are running outC.have been run out D.are being run out【解析】选B。考查现在进行时表将来。句意：洪涝灾区的食品供应即将耗尽。我们必须在用光之前马上采取行动。分析题干语境可知，食品供应即将耗尽。run out为不及物动词短语，不能使用被动形式，由此可排除C和D两个选项。B选项为现在进行时态，可以表示将来，符合题意。因此，正确答案为B选项。,6.(2012四川高考)Did you catch what I said?Sorry.I _ a text message just now.A.had answered B.have answeredC.would answer D.was answering【解析】选D。考查过去进行时态。句意：你听懂我所说的了吗？对不起。我刚刚在回短信。根据句意及时间状语just now可知，回短信的动作发生在问话人说话的那一时间点，即表示过去某一时间点正在发生的动作，故选D。,7.(2012江西高考)Look!Somebody _ the sofa.Well,it wasnt me.I didnt do it.A.is cleaning B.was cleaningC.has cleaned D.had cleaned【解析】选C。考查现在完成时态。句意：看！有人已经擦了沙发。哦,不是我。我没有做。根据前面的Look！可知强调现在的情况，答语中用了过去时，表示过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响用现在完成时，故选C。,8.(2012浙江高考)Alvin,are you coming with us?Id love to,but something unexpected _.A.has come up B.was coming upC.had come up D.would come up【解析】选A。考查现在完成时。句意：阿尔文，你要和我们一起去吗？我想去，但是发生了点儿意外。现在完成时表示过去发生的动作或事情且对现在造成了一定的影响，符合语境，故选。,9.(2012江苏高考)The manager is said to have arrived back from Paris where he _ some European business partners.A.would meet B.is meetingC.meets D.had met【解析】选D。考查过去完成时。句意：据说经理已经从巴黎回来了，他在那儿会见了一些欧洲合作伙伴。根据句中“is said to have arrived”可知，arrive这个动作是在过去发生的，而会见的动作则是在arrive的动作之前发生的，即在过去的过去发生的动作，所以用过去完成时，故选D项。,10.(2012安徽高考)In order to find the missing child,villagers _ all they can over the past five hours.A.did B.doC.had done D.have been doing【解析】选D。考查现在完成进行时。句意：为了找到失踪的孩子，在过去的五个小时里，村民们极尽所能。后面的over the past five hours 意味着用现在完成时或现在完成进行时，所以选择D。,11.(2012北京高考)George said that he would come to school to see me the next day,but he _.A.wouldnt B.didnt C.hasnt D.hadnt【解析】选B。考查一般过去时，易与现在完成时混淆。句意：乔治说他第二天会来学校看我，但是没来。前半句的would come是过去将来时，但是仍然发生在过去，故选B。,12.(2012全国卷)The manager _ the workers how to improve the program since 9 am.A.has told B.is tellingC.has been telling D.will have told【解析】选C。考查现在完成进行时，易与现在进行时混淆。句意：经理从上午9点开始就一直在不停地告诉工人们如何改进这个项目。现在完成进行时表示过去某一动作从过去开始一直延续到现在，现在刚刚结束或还在进行。根据句意选C。,13.(2012重庆高考)Kevin,you look worried.Anything wrong?Well,I _ a test and Im waiting for the result.A.will take B.tookC.had taken D.take【解析】选B。考查一般过去时态，易选A，属易混时态。句意：凯文，你看起来很担忧。怎么了？噢，我参加了一个测试，正在等结果呢。根据答语的后半句可知，现在凯文正在等待测试的成绩，参加测试为一个过去的动作，应该使用一般过去时态。故正确答案为B。,14.(2012陕西高考)Can I call you back at two oclock this afternoon?Im sorry,but by then I _ to Beijing.How about five?A.fly B.will flyC.will be flying D.am flying【解析】选C。考查将来进行时态。句意：今天下午两点我可以给你回电话吗？对不起，那时我正在飞往北京的途中。五点怎么样？根据问句中的two oclock和应答句中的by then可知所填词表示的动作在当时正在进行，用将来进行时，故选C。,15.(2012北京高考)By the time you have finished this book,your meal _ cold.A.gets B.has gotC.will get D.is getting【解析】选C。考查一般将来时。句意：等你读完这本书，你的饭就凉了。此处by the time 后接现在时，表示将来之前发生的动作，故用将来时，选C。,16.(2012湖南高考)Dont worry.The hard work that you do now _ later in life.A.will be repaid B.was being repaidC.has been repaid D.was repaid【解析】选A。考查动词一般将来时的被动语态。句意：别担心。你现在付出的艰辛以后一定有回报。由Dont可知语境为现在，排除B、D两项；由later in life可知为将来的动作，故选A。,17.(2012四川高考)They are living with their parents for the moment because their own house _.A.is being rebuilt B.has been rebuiltC.is rebuilt D.has rebuilt【解析】选 A。考查现在进行时态的被动语态。句意：他们现在暂时和父母一起居住，因为他们自己的房子正在重建。根据句意可知，应使用进行时态，且house与动词rebuild之间为被动关系，故选A。,18.(2012北京高考)Have you heard about that fire in the market?Yes,fortunately no one _.A.hurt B.was hurtC.has hurt D.had been hurt【解析】选B。考查一般过去时的被动语态。句意：你听说市场里发生的那场大火了吗？是的，幸运的是没人受伤。事实是发生在过去的被动动作，所以选B。,19.(2012安徽高考)After school we went to the reading-room to do some reading,only to be told that it _.A.was decorated B.had decoratedC.had been decorating D.was being decorated【解析】选D。考查动词时态和语态。句意：放学后我们去阅览室看书，结果被告知阅览室正在装修。由句子的谓语动词went可知，动作发生在过去，而装修正在进行，故需要使用过去进行时；it指代the reading-room，与动词decorate是动宾关系，故需要使用被动语态，所以应该使用过去进行时的被动语态。,20.(2012辽宁高考)Jack is a great talker.Its high time that he _ something instead of just talking.A.will do B.has doneC.do D.did【解析】选D。考查一般过去时态在特定结构中的用法。句意：杰克喜欢夸夸其谈。现在他该付诸行动而不是仅仅空谈了。在句型“Its high/very time that.”中，从句中的谓语动词用did或should do。所以选D项。,考点 1 主要时态的考查 考查指数 1.一般现在时的4种用法(1)表示现在的状态以及经常性、习惯性的动作例We always care for each other and help each other.(2)表示客观事实或普遍真理(一般不受时态限制)例The sun rises in the east and goes down in the west.,(3)表示起止的动词如come,go,leave,arrive,fly等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作例When does the plane for Brazil start?It starts in ten minutes.(4)在时间、条件或让步状语从句中常用一般(现在)时代替将来时例We will not go to the park if it rains tomorrow.,2.一般过去时的3种用法(1)基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示)；用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有想到的事例He told me he read an interesting novel last night.(2)如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词仍然用过去式(3)在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中用一般过去时表示过去将来的动作例When he let out the idea,she burst out crying.,3.一般将来时的3种用法(1)表示未来的动作或状态常用will/shall+动词原形(常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow，next week等)例I shall go to swim tomorrow if it is fine.(2)表示一种趋向或习惯动作例We will die without air or water.(3)be to do sth.,be about to do sth.表示将来时。,【辨析】,4.过去将来时的3种表达法(1)用would do,was/were going to do sth.表过去将来(2)was/were to do sth.和was/were about to do sth.表过去将来例I was about to leave when the telephone rang.(3)常用于宾语从句和间接引语中，表示过去将要发生的行为或存在的状态,5.现在进行时的3种用法(1)表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作例He is teaching English and learning Chinese.(2)表近期特定的安排或计划例I am meeting Mr.Wang tonight.(3)表示趋向行为的动词，如come，go,start,begin,leave等可用进行时的形式代替将来时例The National Day is coming.,【点津】(1)下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时：表示心理状态、情感的动词，如like,love,hate,care,remember,believe,need等；表存在的状态的动词，如appear,exist,lie,remain,seem等；表示一时性非延续性动作的动词，如allow,accept,permit等；表示感官的动词，如see,hear,notice,feel,smell,sound,taste,look等。(2)always,often等频度副词与进行时连用表示经常反复的行为或表达某种感情色彩，如赞叹、不满、厌烦等。例The girl is always talking loud in public.,6.过去进行时的2种用法(1)过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生的动作例It was raining when they left the station.(2)某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生例When I got to the top of the mountain,the sun was shining.,7.现在完成时的3种用法(1)表示过去的动作对现在的影响例He has gone to Shanghai.(2)表示某一动作从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在，也可能继续持续下去例I have learnt English for three years.(3)在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时例Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.,【点津】(1)现在完成时除可以和for,since引导的状语连用外，还可以和下面的介词短语连用：during/in/over the last(past)few years(months,weeks),in recent years等例I have kept the computer for a year.(2)非延续性动词在完成时中不能和表示一段时间的状语连用,8.过去完成时的3种用法(1)表示过去的过去例When Jack arrived,Mary had been away for almost an hour.(2)表示未曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等，常用had hoped/planned/meant/intended等或者hoped/planned.+to have done例I had hoped to send him a Christmas card,but I forgot to do so.(3)过去完成时用于一些固定句型中例I had hardly got home when it began to rain.That was the first time that he had visited Australia.,9.现在完成进行时的2种用法(1)用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在(还要继续下去)的动作例They have been living here for three years.(2)多与all the time,this week,all night等时间状语，以及for和since引导的短语连用例He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.,考点 2 易混时态辨析 考查指数,考点 3 被动语态的考查 考查指数 1.被动语态的3个考查点(1)被动语态和系表结构的区别被动语态表示的是动作，句子中的主语是动作的对象，句中可以用介词“by”引导的短语例The book was written by a young writer.这本书是一位年轻作家写的。(被动语态)而系表结构则表示主语的特点或所处的状态，一般没有介词“by”引导的短语例The book is well written.这本书写得很好。(系表结构),(2)主动结构表达被动意义可和well,easily等副词连用的不及物动词，如sell,wash,write,read,clean,cook等例The new product sells well.这种新产品很畅销。连系动词taste,smell,sound,prove,feel,look,become,grow,turn,remain,stay,keep等例The theory proved to be correct.这个理论证明是正确的。,某些动词(短语)和句型中：last,happen,take place,break out,belong to,need/want/require doing sth.,be worth doing,be to blame等例The meeting lasted four hours.会议持续了四个小时。例The computer requires/wants/needs repairing.电脑需要修理了。,(3)被动结构表示主动含义get married结婚；be addicted to sth.沉溺于；be seated 坐着；be lost in thought沉思着；be devoted to sth.投身于，专注于；be interested in sth.对某事物感兴趣；be surprised 感到吃惊例They got married last month.他们上个月结婚了。例All of them are interested in English.他们都对英语感兴趣。,2.常用被动语态的5个固定句型(1)It is believed/said/reported/hoped/supposed that.据信/据说/据报道/人们希望/人们认为(2)It must be pointed out that.必须指出(3)It is generally considered that.一般认为(4)It is well known that.大家都知道(5)It must be admitted that.必须承认,考点 4 4种特殊句式的考查 考查指数 1.在句型It is/has been+一段时间+since从句中，since从句中使用一般过去时。但要注意如果since从句的谓语动词为延续性动词时，则表示从该动作结束时算起。*It is/has been three years since he joined the Party.他入党已有三年了。*It is/has been three years since he lived here.他不在这儿住已有三年了。,2.在句型This/It/That is the first(second,etc.)time+that 从句中，that从句使用现在完成时。*This is the second time that I have visited Beijing this year.这是我今年第二次参观北京。3.by the time从句用一般现在时，主句用将来完成时，by the time从句用一般过去时，主句用过去完成时。*By the time you wake up tomorrow,you will have found a nice present.到你明天醒来时，你就会发现一件很漂亮的礼物。*By the time he arrived at the station,the train had left.他到达车站时，火车早已离开了。,4.有些情况发生的时间没清楚表明，但实际上是刚才/刚刚发生的，属于过去时间，应使用过去时态，常见的有I didnt know.或I forgot.等。*I didnt know you were so busy.我不知道你这么忙。,【模拟题组】1.(2013石家庄模拟)Hi，Jack！When did you arrive in Berlin？Last weekend.I _ a different culture since then.A.was experiencing B.will be experiencingC.have been experiencing D.had been experiencing【解析】选C。考查现在完成进行时。句意：Jack！你什么时候到柏林的？上个周末。从那时起，我就一直在体验不同的文化。此题的关键词是since，常用于现在完成时，故选C。,2.(2013廊坊模拟)It _ five or ten years before the new medicine is tested on human beings.A.will take B.took C.takes D.has taken【解析】选A。考查一般将来时。句意：5年或10年后这种新药才能在人类身上试验。根据句子，后面用了一般现在时，表示未来的发展，前面用将来时，故选A。,3.(2013保定模拟)“Youd better not ring me up between 9 and 10.I _ an important meeting then.”Dr.Lee said.A.have B.hadC.was having D.will be having【解析】选D。考查将来进行时。句意：李博士说：“你最好不要在9点和10点之间给我打电话，那时我将正在开一个重要的会议。”根据句子，时间为将来某个时间正在发生的动作，故选D。,4.(2013保定模拟)If only I could have helped you！But I really _ no good idea how.A.have B.hadC.have had D.had had【解析】选B。考查一般过去时。句意：要是我帮助了你该多好啊！可是我真的不知道怎样帮助你。第一句为虚拟语气句，第二句为真实语气的句子，由第一句可知是对过去情况的虚拟，故用一般过去时。,5.(2013北京模拟)What happened to Bill?He _ really fast when suddenly he ran headfirst into a parked car.A.had run B.was runningC.has run D.has been running【解析】选B。考查过去进行时。句意：比尔怎么了？他正飞快地跑着，突然间一头撞到了一辆停着的车上。C选项强调完成，D选项强调最近一直，都和现在有关，排除。A选项描述过去的过去，后面的suddenly提示一瞬间的突发性动作，所以前后应该是过程+突发瞬间的逻辑关系，描述过程使用B选项过去进行时。,6.(2013济南模拟)Do we have to wear our school uniforms tomorrow?I think so.We _ the coming-of-age ceremony in the afternoon.A.will be attending B.have attendedC.attend D.attended【解析】选A。考查将来进行时。句意：我们明天必须穿校服吗？我想是这样。明天下午我们将参加成年典礼。根据原文的tomorrow和in the afternoon，明显可以了解动作发生在将来，故选A。,7.(2013北京模拟)Jonny,I cant believe how much you have changed!You _ at least one foot!A.grow B.grewC.have grown D.are growing【解析】选C。考查现在完成时。句意：琼尼，我都不敢相信你变化那么大！你已经长了至少一英尺！grow的动作明显发生在过去。A选项和D选项描述现在，但是前面的句子强调过去到现在的变化，所以选择C。,8.(2013上饶模拟)Who do you guess I am?Sorry，your name _ my mind.A.slipped B.has slippedC.had slipped D.slips【解析】选B。考查现在完成时。句意：你猜我是谁？对不起，我忘了你的名字。此处表示已经想不起来了。表示对现在的影响和结果，所以用现在完成时，故选B。,9.(2013杭州模拟)Not only _ a promise,but she also kept it.A.did she make B.she made C.does she make D.had she made【解析】选A。考查一般过去时。句意:她不但许下诺言，而且遵守了。本句前面用了倒装语序，许下诺言与遵守诺言是先后相承的动作，都用一般过去时。故选A。,10.(2013郑州模拟)Do you know what Kate is doing now?Well,she _ a book when I saw her a while ago.A.is reading B.had readC.read D.was reading【解析】选D。考查过去进行时。句意：你知道凯特现在正在做什么吗？刚才我看到她的时候她正在读书。根据句意，表示过去某个时刻正在发生的动作，所以选D。,11.(2013郑州模拟)I wonder if Sally has lost my phone number.I _ her call for the last two hours.A.had expected B.have expectedC.am expecting D.have been expecting【解析】选D。考查现在完成进行时。句意：我想知道Sally是否丢了我的电话号码。我过去这两个小时一直在等她的电话。根据句意，表示一直在持续的动作，用现在完成进行时，故选D。,12.(2013邯郸模拟)Are you still very busy?Yes,I _ the report for the manager and it wont take long.A.have just finished B.am just finishingC.had just finished D.am just going to finish【解析】选B。考查现在进行时表将来。句意：你依然很忙吗？是的，我就要完成经理的报告了，它不会用多长时间了。此处用进行时表将来。故选B。,【变式备选】Our food supply _.Wed better get some in case theres _ left.A.is running out;none B.has run out of;noneC.is using up;nothing D.has used up;nothing【解析】选A。考查现在进行时的时态和语态。句意：我们的食品供应快用完了。以防没有了，我们最好再准备些。表示快用完不是已用完;后面有特定范围指食物，故选A。,13.(2013太原模拟)Some analysts predict that slowing economic growth _ many enterprises reduce their intake of new workers.A.contributes to B.has led to C.will cause D.will see【解析】选D。考查一般将来时。句意：有些分析家预测由于经济的增长缓慢，许多企业减少新进工人招收数量。此处根据see sb.do sth.可知选D。,14.(2013成都模拟)How long _ like this?Three weeks!Its usual here that rain _ without stopping these days of the year.A.has it rained;poursB.is it raining;is pouringC.has it been raining;poursD.does it rain;pours,【解析】选C。考查时态的综合应用。句意：雨像这样下已经多久了？三周了！通常这里一年中在这时节倾盆大雨下个不停。第一空根据答语像这样已经下了三周了，所以用现在完成进行时；第二空每年的这些日子都不停地下雨，用一般现在时。故选C。,15.(2013成都模拟)Mary,are you sure your aunt _ back from America?Yes.My mother _ me.I am going to see her now.A.has come;told B.came;had toldC.had come;tells D.is coming;has told【解析】选A。考查现在完成时和过去时的综合应用。句意：玛丽，你确定你姑姑已经从美国回来了吗？是的。我妈妈告诉我的。我现在就要去看她。前句表示对现在的影响和结果，用现在完成时，后句表示过去的动作，用一般过去时。故选A。,16.(2013贵州模拟)I hope you liked the concert last night.How on earth do you know I went to the concert?I _ you.A.havent told B.hadnt toldC.didnt tell D.wont tell【解析】选C。考查一般过去时。句意：我希望你喜欢昨晚的音乐会。你究竟是怎么知道我去听音乐会了？我(过去)没告诉过你。单纯表示过去的动作，故选C。,17.(2013南昌模拟)If it hadnt been raining so hard.Its too bad you _ it.Nancy _ here and she _ to see you.A.didnt make;is;wasB.wont make;will be;wantsC.didnt make;was;wantedD.wont make;would be;wanted【解析】选C。考查动词时态、语态的综合应用。句意：要不是雨下得这么大。很遗憾你错过了。南希刚才在这儿，想见你呢。本题的第一句为虚拟语气，答语为真实语气的句子。事实为过去，用过去时。故选C。,18.(2013太原模拟)Have you seen the movie The Twilight?No.Who _ it?A.had directed B.has directedC.directed D.directs【解析】选C。考查一般过去时。句意：你看过暮光之城这部电影了吗？没有。谁导演的？The Twilight已经上映，导演是过去的动作。故用一般过去时。所以选C。,19.(2013西安模拟)Was the driving pleasant when you went to Sichuan last summer?No,it _ for a week when we arrived,so the roads were very muddy.A.was raining B.has been rainingC.had been raining D.would have rained【解析】选C。考查时态。句意：去年夏天你去四川时开车(旅途)愉快吗？不，当我们到达时已经下了一周雨了，因此道路非常泥泞。下雨发生在到达之前，并且当时仍然在进行，因此用过去完成进行时。,20.(2013北京模拟)Although the Eiffel Tower _ to last for 20 years,it is still standing today.A.has designed B.had designedC.is designed D.was designed【解析】选D。考查动词的被动语态。句意：尽管当初埃菲尔铁塔的设计寿命是20年，但是今天依然矗立在那里。design的动作应该是被动，所以排除主动的A选项和B选项。design的动作发生在过去，所以排除C选项。故选D。,21.(2013上饶模拟)I made a complaint to the manager and the problem _ soon.A.was solved B.had been solvedC.would solve D.has been solved【解析】选A。考查过去时的被动语态。句意：我向经理申诉，问题不久就被解决了。根据soon，指代过去之后不久，用一般过去时。故选A。,22.(2013郑州模拟)The number of deaths from heart disease will be reduced greatly if people _ to eat more fruit and vegetables.A.have persuaded B.are persuaded C.persuade D.will be persuaded【解析】选B。考查一般现在时的被动语态。句意：如果人们都被说服多吃水果和蔬菜，那么因患心脏病死亡的人数将大幅度下降。此处指被说服，在条件状语从句