讲解：现在分词和过去分词.ppt

第十章 现在分词和过去分词,现在分词(present participle)过去分词（past participle）用法区别讲练结合,现在分词(present participle),现在分词的形式和性质现在分词的一般式现在分词的完成式和被动式现在分词的句法功能现在分词作定语现在分词作状语现在分词作宾语补语现在分词的独立结构,1.现在分词的形式和性质,现在分词(present participle)也是动词的一种非限定形式，即在句子里面不能单独充当谓语动词，但能充当其它的一些成分（定语，表语，补语和状语），并且它们具有动词的性质，所以又是类动词的一种。现在分词是由动词原形加后缀-ing构成，表示主动的或进行的动作。现在分词有时态和语态的变化。,现在分词的一般式,现在分词的一般式所表示的动作与主语动作同时发生：When we arrived,we found him sleeping.我们到达时发现他在睡觉。Living in the suburbs,we have few visitors.因为住在郊外，我们没什么访客。,有时现在分词所表示的动作也可略早于或迟于谓语动作，但两者之间没有时间间隔：,Seeing nobody at home,he decided to leave a note.发现没人在家，他决定留个字条。He went home,finding the door locked.他回到家，发现门是锁着的。当现在分词所表示的动作略迟于谓语动作时，现在分词通常位于句末。,3.现在分词的完成式和被动式,现在分词的完成式,1）现在分词的完成式短语所表的动作都发生在谓语动词所表的动作之前，常用作时间状语和原因状语。如：Having finished her studies,she was anxious to England 她完成学业后，极希望到英国去。（表时间）Not having done it right,I tried again.由于我没有做对，所以又试了试。（否定结构表原因）,2)当要表示一个被动动作时，现在分词就用被动形式。现在分词的一般式和完成式均有被动式形式：,现在分词一般式的被动式。主要表示现在正在进行的动作，也可表示与谓语动作同时发生的动作：Who is the woman being operated on?正在动手术的女人是谁?I saw him being taken away by the police.我看见他被警察带走。,现在分词完成式的被动式。主要表示发生在谓语动词之前且已经完成的动作：,The subject having been opened,he had to go on with it.话题已经开始了，他不得不谈下去。Having been written in haste,the book has many mistakes.这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。比较：Being so ill,she cant go to school.由于病得那么严重，她不能去上学。Having been ill for a long time,he needed time to recover.由于病了很长时间，他需要一段恢复的时间。,1）现在分词作定语,单独的现在分词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而现在分词短语作定语则放在所修饰词之后。如：Tie a piece of cloth round the leg above the bleeding point.用一块布条包扎腿 上出血的地方。,1）现在分词作定语,Weve had a telephone message from your father telling us that you were on the train.我们接到你父亲的电话，告诉我们你在车上。,【注】现在分词作后置定语时，它所表示的动作通常不能发生在谓语动作之前(这也就是为什么现在分词的完成式不能用作后置定语的原因),2）现在分词作状语,现在分词作状语可以表示时间、原因、条件、目的、让步、方式、伴随、结果等多种关系。如：Turning to the rest of the group,he continued.他转向这一群人中的其他人，继续说话。（表时间）Having plenty of money,he was able to travel at once.他有了很多钱，所以能立刻去旅游了。（表原因）Adding them all up,we can find the answer.如果把它们加起来，我们就可以得到答案。（表条件）,2）现在分词作状语,First,money is spent looking after people with illnesses which have been caused by smoking.首先要花钱来照顾那些因吸烟而患病的人.（表目的）Knowing no one in Paris,he joined a group of musicians.（表让步）虽然在巴黎谁也不认识，他还是参加了一个音乐家小组。He earns a living driving a truck.他靠开卡车谋生。（表方式）He died,leaving his wife with five children.他死了，留下他妻子和五个孩子。（表伴随）,3）现在分词作宾语补语,在现在分词作宾语补语的结构中，谓语动词一般是感知动词（如：see，hear，watch，feel,notice,observe,keep,find,listen to,look at等）或者是使役动词（如：have,get,leave,catch,set等），一般表示动作的进行。I saw them forcing the door open with a hammer.我看见了他们强行用锤子砸门。He heard some women and children crying.他听见有些妇女和孩子在哭。,4）现在分词的独立结构,如果句子的主语和现在分词的主语不一致时，现在分词可以有自己独立的逻辑主语。Weather permitting,well have the match tomorrow.天气允许的话，我们将于明天进行比赛。The question being settled,we went home.问题解决之后，我们就回家了。The monitor being ill,wed better put the meeting off.班长病了，我们最好还是延期开会吧。,过去分词（past participle）,过去分词基本用法过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别过去分词的句法功能1）过去分词作定语2）过去分词作状语3）过去分词作为宾语补足语 4）过去分词的独立结构,过去分词基本用法,过去分词只有一般式，没有完成式。过去分词在意义上最主要特点是表被动，在时间上它可以表示多种关系：1)表示已经发生的动作：Born in a poor family,he could not go to school.因生于贫穷家庭，他上不起学。2)表示经常性动作或泛指概念：He is a man loved by all.他是一个受大家爱戴的人。3)表示与谓语动词同时(或几乎同时)发生的动作：He came in,followed by his secretary.他走了进来，后面跟着他的秘书。4)表示现在或过去(当时)的状态：The murderer was brought in,his hands tied behind.凶手被带了进来，双手被绑在后面。,过去分词与现在分词被动式的区别,两者均可表示被动，其区别主要在于它们所表示的时间概念不同，但有时它们也可表示相同的意思：Written in haste,the book has many mistakes.这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。Being written in haste,the book has many mistakes.这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。Having been written in haste,the book has many mistakes.这书因写得仓促，所以错误不少。,1）过去分词作定语,作定语用的过去分词相当于形容词，其逻辑主语就是它所修饰的名词。及物动词的过去分词作定语，既表被动又表完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语，只表完成。过去分词用作定语,如果是单个的，常置于其所修饰的名词之前。We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。,1）过去分词作定语,过去分词短语用作定语时，一般置于其所修饰的名词之后，其意义相当于一个定语从句，但较从句简洁，多用于书面语中。The concert that was given by their friends was a success.他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。The concert given by their friends was a success.,2）过去分词作状语,过去分词作状语表示被动的和完成的动作过去分词可放在主句前作句首状语，后面有逗号与主句隔开；也可放在主句后面，前面有逗号与主句隔开。Written in a hurry,this article was not so good!因为写得匆忙,这篇文章不是很好.Given another hour,I can also work out this problem.再多给一个小时，我也可以解决这个问题。He stood there silently,moved to tears.=Moved to tears,he stood there silently.他静静地站在那里,被感动得热泪盈眶.,3）过去分词作为宾语补足语,分词所表示的动作一定和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系，能够接过去分词作宾补的动词有以下四类:表示感觉/心理状态的动词 表示“致使”意义的动词表示思维活动的动词consider,think等后 表示爱憎意愿的动词如want,wish,like,hate等后,表示感觉/心理状态的动词，如：see,watch,observe,look at,hear,listen to,feel,notice,think等.,I heard the song sung in English.我听到有人用英语唱过这首歌。(过去分词sung的动作显然先于谓语动作heard)I found my hometown greatly changed.我发现我的家乡变化很大.(过去分词changed的动作显然先于谓语动作found),表示“致使”意义的动词，如：have,make,get,keep,leave等。,Ill have my hair cut tomorrow.明天我要理发。He got his tooth pulled out yesterday.他昨天把牙拔了。Dont leave those things undone.要把那些事情做完。,表示思维活动的动词consider,know,think等后。如：,I consider the matter settled.我认为这件事解决了。I thought myself wronged somehow in the bargain.我认为自己在这场交易中有受愚弄了。,表示爱憎意愿的动词如want,wish,like,hate等后。如：,I wanted two tickets reserved.我要预定两张机票。He didnt wish it mentioned.他不愿这事被提起。,【注】使役动词have接过去分词作宾补有两种情况：,(1)过去分词所表示的动作由他人完成。He had his money stolen.他的钱给偷了。(被别人偷去了)(2)过去分词所表示的动作由句中的主语所经历。如：He had his leg broken.他的腿断了。(自己的经历),过去分词的独立结构,This done,we went home.做完这事，我们就回家了。（表时间）All our savings gone,we started looking for jobs.积蓄全用完了，我们就开始找工作。（表原因）She gazed,her hands clasped to her breast.她凝视着，她的双手抱在胸前。（表伴随）,4）过去分词的独立结构,It rained and rained,vehicles bogged down and bridges washed out.（表结果）雨不断地下，车辆陷入泥沼，桥梁被水冲走。,现在分词/动名词做定语的区别,1)现在分词做定语时，中心词跟逻辑主语之间也存在着主谓或动宾关系，动名词表示中心词的内容、用途、目的。如：The sleeping boy is Li Leis bother.正在睡觉的男孩是李蕾的弟弟。The sleeping bag is broken.睡袋破了。,2)使-ing分词作定语时，表示事物的性质或特征；使动词的过去分词作定语时，表示人的心理状态。如：,an exciting event 扣人心弦的事件an excited speech 激动的话语an interesting story 有趣的故事an interested boy 感兴趣的男孩a surprising gift 意想不到的礼物a surprised cry 感到吃惊的叫声a moving deed 一件感人的事迹a moved group 很受感动的人群a frightening dog 令人害怕的狗a frightened boy 感到害怕的男孩,3)现在分词作定语时，表示正在发生的动作；动词的过去分词作定语时，表示已经完成的动作。如：,The question to be discussed this afternoon is very important.今天要讨论的问题很重要。The question discussed last night is very important.昨晚所讨论的问题很重要。The question being discussed now is very important.现在所讨论的问题很重要。,不定式、现在分词及动词的过去分词做状语的区别,不定式做状语主要表示目的、原因和结果；现在分词及动词的过去分词做状语主要表示原因、时间、结果、条件、让步、伴随、方式。,1)作原因状语,不定式、-ing分词都做表示原因的状语，但范围不同。不定式只能在表示情感方面的形容词后做原因状语。如：Im glad to meet you.见到你很高兴。Being late,I was kept here after school.由于迟到了，放学后我被留在这儿。,2)作结果状语,不定式、现在分词都做表示结果的状语，但不定式只表示出乎意料的结果；而-ing分词表示一种自然的结果。如：I bought an expensive computer home yesterday,only to find it used.我昨天买了一台昂贵的电脑回来，结果发现它已被人使用过。He ran very fast breaking the record of our school.他跑得很快，结果打破了学校的纪录。,3)其他情况,现在分词及过去分词不能做目的的状语；不定式不能作时间、条件、让步、伴随、方式状语。,讲练结合:,1.Helen had to shout _ above the sound of the music.A.making herself hearB.to make herself hearC.making herself heardD.to make herself heard,1.D.因为Hellen要使自己讲的话被别人听到，所以要用过去分词作宾补，即：make herself heard；又因为make herself heard是shout的目的，所以用不定式。,2.C.form表示“出现、产生”，是不及物动词，又因为pictures与form是主动关系，故用现在分词作定语。,2.Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV;there are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes.A.to form B.form C.forming D.having formed,3.The man insisted _ a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.A.find B.to find C.on finding D.in finding,3.C.因为insist后要么接that从句，要么接on sth.或on doing sth.，没有别的接法，所以选C。insist on doing坚持要做某事,4.D.因work abroad for twenty years发生在谓语动作(返回祖国)之前，所以用现在分词的完成式。,4.The old man,_ abroad for twenty years,is on the way back to his motherland.A.to work B.workingC.to have workedD.having worked,5.B.因为现在分词作状语只能修饰谓语，而不定式作状语，既可修饰谓语又可修饰形容词或副词，此处修饰形容词silly，要用不定式。又因为“没有锁车”发生在谓语之前，所以用完成式。,5.You were silly not _ your car.A.to lockB.to have lockedC.lockingD.having locked,6.B.因句中的the water与run是主动关系，故选B。leave sth doing sth 意为“使某物一直在做某事”。,6.Dont leave the water _ while you brush your teeth.A.run B.runningC.being runD.to run,7.B.因为flint与introduce(引入)是被动关系，所以用过去分词。,7.When flint（打火石）_ to the market,these products enjoyed great success.A.introducingB.introducedC.introduce D.being introduced,8.A.looking out of the window 为伴随状语。,8.“We cant go out in this weather,”said Bob,_ out of the window.A.lookingB.to lookC.lookedD.having looked,9.D.因为在encourage,persuade,tell,ask,want,order,force等后要用不定式作宾补。encourage sb.to do sth.意为“鼓励某人做某事”。,9.My advisor encouraged _ a summer course to improve my writing skills.A.for me takingB.me takingC.for me to takeD.me to take,10.C.因“等了半个小时”发生在realized之前，故用现在分词的完成式。,10._ in the queue for half an hour,Tom suddenly realized that he had left his wallet at home.A.To wait B.Have waited C.Having waitedD.To have waited,11.B.因为thecompany与know是被动关系，所以用过去分词短语作定语，known as 3M=which was known as 3M。,11.Linda worked for the Minnesota（明尼苏达）Manufacturing and Mining Company,_as 3M.A.knowing B.knownC.being known D.to be known,12.A.get changed 意为“换衣服”。比较：get paid(获得报酬)，get dressed(穿衣服)等。,12.Sarah,hurry up.Im afraid you cant have time to _ before the party.A.get changedB.get changeC.get changingD.get to change,13.B.因为句子主语the girl与attract是被动关系，所以用过去分词短语作状语，表示原因。,13._ by the beauty of nature,the girl from London decided to stay another two days off the farm.A.AttractingB.AttractedC.To be attractedD.Having attracted,14.D.因为happen后接动词不定式是表示“碰巧做某事”；又hear发生在谓语dont know之前，所以要用不定式的完成式。句意是：我不知道你是否已经听说过了，今年九月我要去美国学习。,14.I dont know whether you happen _,but Im going to study in the U.S.A.this September.A.to be heardB.to be hearingC.to hear D.to have heard,15.B.因为only是提醒我们要用不定式表示结果的一个重要标志词；不定式表示结果，不定式的动作发生在谓语之后；又因为the news reporters与tell是被动关系，所以要用不定式的被动式。,15.The news reporters hurried to the airport,only _ the film stars had left.A.to tellB.to be toldC.tellingD.told,16.D.因为have a hard time doing sth.与have difficulty doing sth.相当，意为“在做某事方面有困难”。,16.Having been ill in bed for nearly a month,he had a hard time _ the exam.A.passB.to passC.passedD.passing,17.D.因为the biggest ocean与compare是被动关系，所以要用过去分词。When compared with=When the biggest ocean is compared with=When we compare the biggest ocean with,17._ with the size of the whole earth,the biggest ocean doesnt seem big at all.A.CompareB.When comparingC.Comparing D.When compared,18.C.首先，非谓语动词的否定式要将not,never等放在非谓语动词的前面，所以不能选D。其次，由于“没有完成”与“决定再呆两周”有先后关系，故用现在分词的完成式。,18._ the programme,they have to stay there for another two weeks.A.Not completingB.Not completed C.Not having completed D.Having not completed,19.A.因为口语中you had better常被说成youd better，甚至说成better，本句就属这种情况，其后要接不带to的不定式，即：动词原形。,19.If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week,better _ it youve got some big bills coming.A.forget B.forgotC.forgettingD.to forget,20.C.此题考查spend.(in)doing sth 句型。,20.According to a recent U.S.survey,children spend up to 25 hours a week _ TV.A.to watchB.to watchingC.watchingD.watch,21.C.因为be believed/thought/supposed/said/reported等后要接动词不定式，排除A和B；又因为the flu与cause是被动关系，所以要用不定式的被动式。The flu is believed to be caused by.=It is believed/People believe that the flu is caused by.,21.The flu is believed _ by viruses that like to reproduce in the cells inside the human nose and throat.A.causeB.being causedC.to be caused D.to have caused,22.B.一是因为“发出香味”与“吸引游客”是同时发生的，且smell 作为连系动词没有被动形式，所以答案选B。,22.The flowers _ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature.A.to smell B.smellingC.smelt D.to be smelt,23.A.因为the disc(唱片)与record(录制)是被动关系，这又是已经发生了的事，所以要用过去分词短语作定语,23.The disc,digitally _ in the studio,sounded fantastic at the party that night.A.recorded B.recordingC.to be recordedD.having recorded,24.B.非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子主语一致。根据句意，受到攻击的应是“高楼”，而不是其他，故选B。,24.Having been attacked by terrorists,_.A.doctors came to their rescueB.the tall building collapsedC.an emergency measure was takenD.warnings were given to tourists,25.A。此题考查不定式的完成时。“据说他曾到国外留过学”，由studied可知“留学”这个动作已结束并发生在谓语动作is said之前，所以要用完成式。,25.Robert is said _ abroad,but I dont know what country he studied in.A.to have studied B.to studyC.to be studying D.to have been studying,Thank you for your attention!,